Soil-vegetation-atmosphere radiative transfer model in microwave region

The radiative transfer is one of the significant theories that describe the processes of scattering, emission, and absorption of electromagnetic radiant intensity through scattering medium. It is the basis of the study on the quantitative remote sensing. In this paper, the radiative characteristics of soil, vegetation, and atmosphere were described respectively. The numerical solution of radiative transfer was accomplished by Successive Orders of Scattering （SOS）. A radiative transfer model for simulating microwave brightness temperature over land surfaces was constructed, designed, and implemented. Analyzing the database generated from soil-vegetation-atmosphere radiative transfer model under Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System （AMSR-E） configuration showed that the atmospheric effects on microwave brightness temperature should not be neglected, particularly for higher frequency, and can be parameterized. At the same time, the relationship between the emissivities of the different channels was developed. The study results will promote the development of algorithm to retrieve geophysical parameters from microwave remotely sensed data.     

Review on retrieval of lunar regolith thickness by active and passive microwave measurements

It is one of the important methods to retrieve lunar regolith thickness using active and passive microwave techniques. The retrieval of lunar regolith thickness is based on microwave radiation transfer process simulation in the regolith media. The lunar regolith model is first introduced, and the features of the involved physical parameters are indicated thereafter, such as dielectric constants, surface roughness, particle size and thermal grads of the lunar regolith. The time delay and the migration of the radar echoes from the different interfaces is the key problem for active microwave measurement. And the simulation of the microwave radiative transfer in the regolith media is the important technique for the passive microwave measurement. The important parameters and the physical mechanism for the two measurements are also presented.     

Review on retrieval of lunar regolith thickness by active and passive microwave measurements

It is one of the imPortant methods to retrieve lunar regolith thickness using active and passive microwave techniques. The retrieval of lunar regolith thickness is based on microwave radiation transfer process simulation in the regolith media. The lunar regolith model is first introduced, and the features of the involved physical parameters are indicated thereafter, such as dielectric constants, surface roughness, particle size and thermal grads of the lunar regolith. The time delay and the migration of the radar echoes from the different interfaces is the key problem for active microwave measurement. And the simulation of the microwave radiative transfer in the regolith media is the important technique for the passive microwave measurement. The important parameters and the physical mechanism for the two measurements are also presented.     

Atmospheric radiative transfer simulation for atmospheric correction of remote sensing data

IntroductionThe radiance leaving the earth-atmosphere sys-tem which can be sensed by a satellite borne ra-diometer is the sum of radiation emission fromtheearth surface and each atmospheric level that aretransmittedtothe top of the atmosphere.The radia-tion emissionfromthe earthsurface andthe radianceof each atmospheric level can be separated fromtheradiance at the top the atmospheric level a satellitemeasured.Thus,the earth surface parameters willbe retrieved from the surface radiance after a…     

Atmospheric radiative transfer simulation for atmospheric correction of remote sensing data

The radiance leaving the earth-atmosphere system which can be sensed by a satellite borne radiometer is the sum of radiation emission from the earth surface and each atmospheric level that are transmitted to the top of the atmosphere. The radiation emission from the earth surface and the radiance of each atmospheric level can be separated from the radiance at the top the atmospheric level measured by a satellite borne radiometer. However, it is very difficult to measure the atmospheric radiance, especially the synchronous measurement with the satellite. Thus some atmospheric radiative transfer models have been developed to provide many options for modeling atmospheric radiation transport, such as LOWTRAN, MODTRAN, 6S, FASCODE, LBLRTM, SHARC, and SAMM. Meanwhile, these models can support the detailed detector system design, the optimization and evaluation of satellite mission parameters, and the data processing procedures. As an example, the newly atmospheric radiative transfer models, MODTRAN will be compared with other models after the atmospheric radiative transfer is described. And the atmospheric radiative transfer simulation procedures and their applications to atmospheric transmittance, retrieval of atmospheric elements, and surface parameters, will also be presented.     

陕西省地(市)级遥感应用系统的设计与实现

从拓宽地（市）局遥感应用服务产品的领域、改善服务产品的形式、提高服务产品水平的角度,提出了适合地（市）级遥感应用系统的建立方法和资料处理流程,使地、市遥感应用进入定量分析的阶段.开发的基于局地数据集的地（市）级遥感应用处理软件, 可同时处理EOS和NOAA、FY卫星接收的数据资料,并可进行植被长势、沙尘暴、干旱等监测.通过配发的遥感数据和应用处理软件将为我省各地（市）初步建立起遥感应用系统.     

APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY TO POPULATION ESTIMATION

This paper attempts to explore a new avenue of urban small-regional population estimation by remote sensing technology, creatively and comprehensively for the first time using a residence count method, area (density)method and model method, incorporating the application experienqe of American scholars in the light of the state of our country. Firstly, the author proposes theoretical basis for population estimation by remote sensing, on the basis of analysing and evaluating the history and state quo of application of methods of population estimation by remote sens-ing. Secondly, two original types of mathematical models of population estimation are developed on the basis of remote sensing data, taking Tianjin City as an example. By both of the mathematical models the regional population may be estimated from remote sensing variable values with high accuracy. The number of the independent variables in the lat-ter model is somewhat smaller and the collection of remote sensing data is somewhat easier, but the deviation is a little larger. Finally, some viewpoints on the principled problems about the practical application of remote sensing to popu-lation estimation are out forward.     

AN ASSESSMENT OF LAND USE CHANGES IN FUQING COUNTY OF CHINA USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY

Fuqing County of southeast Chian has witnessed significant land use changes during the last decade.Re-mote sensing technology using multitemporal Landsat TM images was used to characterize land use types and to monitor land use changes in the county.Two TM scenes from 1991and 1996 were used to cover the county and a five-year time period.Digital image processing was carried out for the remotely sensed data to produce classified images.The images were further processed using GIS software to generate GIS databases so that the data could be further spatially analyzed taking the advantages of the software.Land use change areas were determined by using the change detection technique.The comparison of the two classified TM images using the above technologies reveals that during the five study years,a large area of arable lands in the county has been lost and deforestation has taken place largely because of the dramatic in-crease in built-up land and orchard.The conclusive statistical information is useful to understand the processes,causes and impacts of the land use changes in the county.The major driving force to the land use changes in the county ap-peared to be the rapid economic development.The decision makers of the county have to pay more attention to the land use changes for the county‘s sustainable development.     

THEORIES AND METHODS OF STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF MODERN LOGISTICS DEVELOPMENT——A Case Study of Dalian City, China

1IN T R O D U C T IO N As a risingindustry,modern logisticpslaya vitalrolein thedevelopment ofurban economy . Meantime , many expertsin theworld are interestedin modern logistic.s Study on modern logisticsismostly focused on man - agement and program (HES…     

卫星遥感与地球系统的时空耦合关系研究

本文从卫星的小型化、系列化以及信息共享的多样化等方面阐述了卫星遥感的发展趋势及特点,同时,探讨了地球巨系统的内涵及特点,并以干旱区为例,建立了时空耦合的概念模型,最后分析了卫星遥感技术在数字地球研究中的作用及意义.     

NECESSITY AND METHOD OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF CHINA

1INTRODUCTIONFor recent years, many countries have increasingly paidattention to the research on strategic environmental as-sessment (SEA) and taken it as one of key supportingtools for pursing sustainable development (BROWNand THERIVEL, 2000; PRARTIDARIO…     

土壤水分微波反演方法进展和发展趋势

土壤水分是连接地表水循环和能量循环的关键参量,精确获取该参量对于理解气候变化、地表水文过程、地气间能量交换机理等具有重要意义。微波遥感由于其较为合适的探测深度和坚实的理论基础在观测地表浅层土壤水分上具有很大优势,结合反演方法可以获取空间连续的土壤水分含量,有助于更加客观认知土壤水分的时空演变机理。随着微波遥感数据的不断丰富,多种微波遥感土壤水分反演方法相继涌现,为了更好地了解其发展和趋势,本文总结了当前土壤水分微波反演常用的卫星遥感数据并分析其发展趋势,后从主动微波反演、被动微波反演和多源协同反演3个方面梳理了各类土壤水分微波反演方法的原理、发展和优缺点,最终总结出目前微波遥感土壤水分反演方法的发展趋势：即土壤水分微波反演方法的时空普适性逐渐增强、面向高时空分辨率的土壤水分微波协同反演方法快速发展以及土壤水分微波反演方法的智能化水平不断提高。     

城市化进程下北京平原渗流场与地面沉降发展演化模拟

北京地面沉降已有60多年的历史,其发生发展与半个多世纪城市的快速扩张密不可分.从整个北京平原地下水系统出发,梳理多年时间序列(1950-2015年)的城市发展规模、人口、水资源及开采动态等数据,结合遥感技术解译不同年代北京平原的不透水面变化,分析其对降雨入渗补给量的影响;构建整个北京平原含水层-弱透水层三维结构系统,借助PMWIN软件建立区域尺度的地下水流-地面沉降耦合模型,利用长期水位及沉降观测数据对模型进行识别验证;开展长时间序列的北京平原地下水水头场与地面沉降演化模拟,研究快速城市化进程下北京平原多层含水层系统渗流场演变与地面沉降响应特征.研究表明:长时间尺度区域地下水流场-地面沉降演化模拟基本再现了地面沉降形成和发展演化的过程;北京地下水开采历史与地面沉降发展历史具有一致性,而不同沉降区地面沉降发展受地下水开采和城市发展双重控制,是二者综合作用的结果.     

SCENARIOS SIMULATION OF COUPLING SYSTEM BETWEEN URBANIZATION AND ECO-ENVIRONMENT IN JIANGSU PROVINCE BASED ON SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODEL

1IN T R O D U C T IO NU rbanizationand eco-environment coupling is uniqueand complex,and itsmechanisms and ruleshave pro-voked much scholarship(B RENNA,1999).More than100yearsago,HOWARD(1898)publishedG ardenC ities of Tom orrow to revealthe interrelationshibpes-tween citygrowth and itseco-environment,and he triedtodealwiththeissuewithrationalplanningway,buthefailed(BOURNE and SIMMONS,1978).However,onlysincethe1920s had thetopicspeciallybeen intensfiied.AftertheChicago schoolhad…     

南麂列岛海洋自然保护区信息系统开发与应用

南麂列岛国家级海洋自然保护区管理信息系统是采用集成技术开发的专用信息系统。该系统建立了可科学管理南麂列岛自然保护区的地理空间数据、贝藻类数据、水文气象数据、文本数据、多媒体数据等数据库系统,具有空间数据和属性数据的管理、更新、查询及其扩展等功能。介绍了南麂列岛土地覆盖状况分析的应用实例。系统对提高南麂列岛自然保护区管理,同时建设海洋类型的自然保护区信息系统具有重要的示范作用。     

洪水预警监测和损失评估系统的设计与应用

介绍了遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术在防洪领域的应用,提出了洪水预警监测和损失评估系统的设计原则,并根据面向对象的思想设计系统的各功能模块,实现数据管理、影像处理、空间分析和模拟输出的功能。     

IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF RIVER SYSTEM——Case Study of Shanghai, China

1INTRODUCTION Since the 1750s, promoted by Industry Revolution and the rapid development of science and technology, large-scale urbanization swept over the world. So far, it isestimatedthatmorethan60%oftheriversin the world have been experienced high levels of human modifica- tion (ALLAN, 1995). River systems have now become oneofthemostdeeplyhuman-affectedecosystemsinthe earth. To approach the impact ofhuman activitieson riv- ersystem as a multidiscipline topic has been a focus of res…     

Investigation and Assessment of Landslides and Debris Flows in Sichuan Province of China by Remote Sensing Technique

Taking TM images, ETM images, SPOT images, aerial photos and other remote sensing data as fundamental sources, this research makes a thorough investigation on landslides and debris flows in Sichuan Province, China, using the method of manual interpretation and taking topography maps as references after the processes of terrain correction, spectral matching, and image mosaic. And then, the spatial characteristics of landslides and debris flows in the year of 2005 are assessed and made into figures. The environmental factors which induce landslides and debris flows such as slope, vegetation coverage, lithology, rainfall and so on are obtained by GIS spatial analysis method. Finally, the relationships of landslides or debris flows with some environmental factors are analyzed based on the grade of each environmental factor. The results indicate： 1） The landslides and debris flows are mainly in the eastern and southern area of Sichuan Province, however, there are few landslides and debris flows in the western particularly the northwestern Sichuan. 2） The landslides and debris flows of Sichuan Province are mostly located in the regions with small slope degree. The occurring rate of debris flow reduces with the increase of the vegetation coverage degree, but the vegetation coverage degree has little to do with the occurrence of landslide. The more rainfall a place has, the easier the landslides and debris flows take place.     

THE STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF THE LAND RESOURCES SYSTEM IN THE FARMLAND SHELTER FOREST REGION IN THE NORTHEAST PLAIN

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Study of Panjin Wetlands Along Bohai Coast： （I） the Information System of Wetlands Based on 3S Technique

Based on previous studies on Panjin wetlands along the coast of the Bohai Sea, this paper adopts RS, GIS and GPS techniques and establishes the information system for Panjin wetlands. The system involves many functions, such as identification and classification of wetlands, calculation of the area of wetlands and storage of the information of the wetland management. Moreover, our study indicates that remote sensing technique is a useful tool for great macrography, speediness and accuracy to carry out the extraction, analysis, management and handling of information together with geography information system, which has prospective applications in similar kinds of research.