NaF对高铝粉煤灰合成刚玉-莫来石材料的影响

采用XRD、SEM手段研究了NaF添加量和烧结温度对高铝粉煤灰合成刚玉-莫来石材料的性能、晶体结构和显微形态的影响。实验结果表明,NaF可以有效降低合成刚玉-莫来石材料的烧结温度,在1200℃、NaF添加量为2%时,生成的莫来石颗粒较细小,且均匀分布在玻璃相中,材料的综合性能良好,体积密度为3.08g/cm3,抗折强度为62.11 MPa,莫来石与刚玉的含量比约为2∶1;当NaF添加至4%时,莫来石发育为长柱状,长径比约6~10,并且相互交错成网状,但其含量减少,材料强度降低;NaF添加至8%时,莫来石相消失,材料主晶相为刚玉,同时生成较多的玉米状呈十字交叉形的钠长石晶簇。     

利用高铝粉煤灰合成莫来石的实验研究

利用粉煤灰合成莫来石具有良好的工业发展前景,但由于普通粉煤灰中Al2O3含量较低使得合成莫来石时必须添加大量工业氧化铝,从而增加了合成成本.利用高铝粉煤灰直接制备M50莫来石以及高铝粉煤灰与少量工业氧化铝混合合成M60和M70莫来石,其物理性能可以达到我国<烧结莫来石>标准(YB/T5267-2005),这大大降低了合成成本.研究表明,用未处理过的高铝粉煤灰直接制备低牌号莫来石(M50)适宜的烧结温度为1400 ℃,用处理过的高铝粉煤灰或合成高牌号莫来石(M60、M70)适宜的烧结温度为1500 ℃;恒温时间对合成莫来石的影响远小于烧结温度,高温下缩短恒温时间比低温下延长恒温时间有利于莫来石的生成.     

高铝粉煤灰合成莫来石的SEM和XRD研究

以Al2O3含量为52.72%的高铝粉煤灰和工业氧化铝为原料,在1300～1500℃保温2～4h合成了平均含量超过70%的M50、M60和M70莫来石。用SEM和XRD研究了合成莫来石的显微结构和物相组成。结果表明,未经盐酸处理的粉煤灰比用盐酸处理过的粉煤灰合成的莫来石的晶体和长径比大;随粉煤灰中Al2O3含量的增高,合成的莫来石的晶体尺寸和长径比变小,合成莫来石的温度需相应提高至1500℃;恒温时间长短对合成莫来石的影响远小于烧结温度的影响,高温下缩短恒温时间比低温下延长恒温时间有利于莫来石的生成。以高铝粉煤灰为原料合成M50和M60莫来石较为适宜,Al2O3与SiO2的质量比应控制在1.5～2.0。     

准格尔电厂高铝粉煤灰直接制备M50莫来石的实验研究

利用粉煤灰制备莫来石是粉煤灰高附加值资源化利用研究的一个重要方面,但由于普通粉煤灰中A12O3含量较低,使得制备过程中必须添加大量工业氧化铝,从而增加了合成成本.采用正交实验的方法,利用准格尔电厂高铝粉煤灰直接制备M50莫来石,并用阿基米德法测定莫来石样品的物理性能.经过XRD和SEM对制备的莫来石样品进行物相组成和显微结构研究,结果表明:利用高铝粉煤灰直接制备M50莫来石的物理性能可以满足<烧结莫来石>标准的质量要求.烧结样品其物相组成主要是莫来石和少量的玻璃相.影响烧结合成莫来石的主要因素是烧结温度,其次是恒温时间和试样的成型压力,高温下缩短恒温时间比低温下延长恒温时间有利于莫来石的形成,利用高铝粉煤灰直接制备MS0莫来石适宜的烧结温度为1400℃～1500℃,恒温时间以2h～3h为宜.     

福建龙海土壤垂向剖面元素分布特征

基于福建省龙海市4类典型成土母质的垂向土壤剖面样品分析数据,研究了常量组分和微量元素含量及剖面分布特征。结果表明:研究区在温暖湿润气候条件下,化学风化作用强烈,Ca、Mg、Na、Si、K淋失贫化,含量明显低于全国均值,Al、Fe则相对富集,风化淋溶系数(ba)和硅铝铁率(Saf)值远低于全国土壤,土壤风化程度达到脱硅富铝铁阶段,花岗岩类成土母岩区风化作用尤为强烈;剖面土壤环境质量总体较好,微量元素含量与成土母质密切有关,九龙江口冲海积成因(剖面1)土壤重金属含量明显高于其他3个剖面;多数微量元素垂向分布受常量组分的控制,As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn与土壤中Fe等组分具有显著正相关性。因表层土壤中细粒黏质组分随地表径流淋失或下渗迁移,导致表层土壤低Fe、Al和重金属元素;在生物地球化学循环和人为污染的影响下,Hg、Cd、Pb、Zn等在表层土壤呈富集特征;多数重金属元素的相对富集系数小于1.0,且表层土壤无明显富集特征,认为除Hg、Pb等少数重金属元素外,其他元素受人为污染影响较小。     

铅锌矿床中微量元素富集贫化规律研究——以福建丁家山铅锌矿和江苏甘家巷铅锌矿为例

依据福建丁家山和江苏甘家巷铅锌矿床试验资料,探讨了铅锌矿床中微量元素的富集贫化规律。在两个铅锌矿床中,除存在成矿元素及其伴生元素的富集以外,还存在着部分亲石分散元素、铁族元素、稀土元素等的贫化。发生贫化的微量元素因矿床而异,既有共性又有特殊性。Ba等微量元素在铅锌矿床中显著贫化并且随着Pb矿化增强贫化程度增强的规律,可以作为判断铅锌矿的地球化学异常的成矿前景。此项研究成果为实现地球化学勘查指标的定量化提供了基础。     

ODP 1144站钻孔沉积物中微玻璃陨石的元素地球化学特征

利用电子探针和激光探针等离子体质谱方法分析了取自南海北部的ODP1144钻孔沉积物中的微玻璃陨石和取自邻近的广东省湛江和吴川玻璃陨石的主元素和微量元素组成。结果显示，这些微玻璃陨石属于亚洲-澳大利亚散落区的普通微玻璃陨石。从成分上看，这些微玻璃陨石存在两种不同的类型，其中的绝大部分Al2O3含量在19.0%以上，属于高Al类型，相应的难熔微量元素含量也比较高；个别微玻璃陨石Al2O3含量（13.0%)和难熔微量元素含量较低，微量元素含量和特征比值都与邻近的广东省湛江和吴川的玻璃陨石相近。元素地球化学特征意味着，这些微玻璃陨石来源于同一靶源区，但靶区的物质组成并不均一。     

黔西北玉龙地区稀土含矿层地球化学特征

黔西北玉龙地区稀土含矿层(Pxt)处于宣威组(P₃x)底部,假整合于峨眉山玄武岩组(P_2-3em)之上,是一套富集了Nb、REE的铁质、铝质黏土岩。研究表明,铁质段与玄武岩微量元素、稀土元素配分曲线形态基本一致,说明铁质段与峨眉山玄武岩具亲源性,主量元素投点反映出铁质段物源主要由峨眉山玄武岩提供。铝质段与玄武岩微量元素、稀土配分曲线存在差异,且主量元素投点显示铝质段物源具多源性,表明除峨眉山玄武岩提供物源外,还有部分中酸性岩浆物质提供部分物源。铁质段和铝质段均呈轻稀土富集型,铝质段富集程度更高,轻稀土元素中La、Ce、Pr、Nd富集明显,占轻稀土元素的85.76%～98.36%,重稀土元素中Gd、Dy、Er、Yb富集较明显,占重稀土元素的84.41%～89.33%。铁质段形成于水动力较弱的氧化环境,铝质段形成于水动力强-弱交替的氧化-还原界面,CIA、CIW、ICV值反映铁质段、铝质段经历过强烈的风化改造作用。     

豫北焦作地区本溪组锂元素分布及富集特征

豫北焦作地区本溪组富铝含铁的黏土-铝土岩(矿)广泛分布,其中普遍伴生锂元素,为典型的沉积型锂矿床。为探讨锂元素分布和富集特征以及与主量元素的关系,对本溪组地层层序及沉积特征、岩(矿)石类型及组合进行了系统划分和Li与主量元素相关性分析。结果显示,焦作地区本溪组Li平均含量在平面分布上西部明显高于中、东部,富集程度具有"西高东低"特征;本溪组中各岩(矿)石Li含量差异较大,Li主要富集于本溪组中上部致密块状高铝黏土矿和硬质黏土矿中,部分软质黏土矿、铁质黏土岩和碳质黏土岩中Li有异常富集现象;富锂岩(矿)石Li与Al2O3、SiO2均先呈正相关,后呈负相关,且A/S值为0.8~1.5,Al2O3含量为30%~55%、SiO2含量为25%~45%时,Li最富集。综合分析认为,窑头、常平、盆窑北-张老湾南、焦谷堆-寨豁、栗井-大洼和上刘庄-王窑等矿区,可以连片大面积圈定锂矿体,是该区最佳锂资源潜力区。     

利用高铝粉煤灰制备氢氧化铝的实验

以无水碳酸钠为助剂,分解高铝粉煤灰中的莫来石和铝硅酸盐玻璃相。经中温烧结、酸浸使硅铝分离,调节pH值为5～6纯化含铝滤液,通入CO₂气体酸化等工序,可制备氢氧化铝粉体。采用X射线粉末衍射、扫描电镜、化学分析方法对制品进行表征,结果表明：制备的氢氧化铝为球形颗粒,其粒径为200 nm左右,性能达到GB/T4294-1997的三级标准。实验所采用的工艺路线是高铝粉煤灰资源化高效利用的有效途径之一。     

Geochemistry of Permian Coal and Its Combustion Residues in Huainan Coalfield, China

INTRODUCTIONMany environmental problems may arise during coal min-ing and utilization. Among these prob1ems, much attention hasbeen paid to S(), and NO. emission during coal combustion.But the environmental effects produced by hazardous elementsduring coal mining and utilization are also important and de-serve to be studied (Goodazi, 1995; Finkelman, 1993; Valk-ovic, l983). For example, when coal wastes are used for landreclamation, the harmful elements in them may pollute water,soil an…     

Mineralogical speciation of elements in an eastern Canadian feed coal and their combustion residues from a Canadian power plant

Systematic changes in mineralogy, enrichment and depletion of selected elements, and mineralogical speciation of selected elements in fly ash and bottom ash samples from the Lingan Power Plant were compared to run-of-mine and pulverized feed coal from the Sydney coalfield, Nova Scotia, eastern Canada. The analytical techniques used were an electron microprobe equipped with energy and wavelength X-ray dispersive spectrometers, X-ray diffraction, neutron activation, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray and incident light petrography. Three types of glasses (Fe/O-rich, Fe/Al/Si/O-rich and or Al/Si/O-rich) were identified in the combustion residues; they were formed as a result of the interaction of melted pyrite and clay minerals. Compared to the feed coal, most elements were enriched 10 to20 times in the fly ash. The concentration of the elements in both the fly ash and bottom ash are comparable to coal ash that is generated by the low temperature asher in the laboratory. Some chalcophile elements such as arsenic and lead occurred as a solid solution in pyrite in the feed coal and were concentrated in the float fraction (density: <2.81 g/cm³) of the fly ash with non-crystalline Fe-oxides. X-ray mapping of arsenic in the fly ash and bottom ash indicates that arsenic was evenly distributed as oxide within the Fe/O- and Fe/Al/Si/O-rich glass and crystalline phases in the fly ash, possibly in solid solution. Arsenic is associated with Fe/O and Fe/S crystalline phases in the bottom ash.     

燃煤排放可吸入颗粒物的显微结构与物质组成研究

对我国西南地区三个火电厂排放的可吸入颗粒物(PM10)的显微结构、矿物和化学组成等的研究表明,在PM10中,随着粒径的减小,非球形颗粒的比例增加;同原状飞灰相比,PM10以实心结构为主,多孔和空心结构较少;场发射扫描电子显微镜下,多数PM10颗粒的表面并不光滑,而是布满了次级微细颗粒;PM10的物相组成与燃煤煤种密切相关,小龙潭电厂PM10主要矿物包括石英、石灰、石膏和赤铁矿,而贵阳电厂PM10则以莫来石和石英为主;据单个PM10颗粒化学组成,将PM10分为硅质、铁质、Ca-铝硅质、Fe-铝硅质、Ca-Fe-铝硅质和硫酸钙六种颗粒类型;从不同采样点PM10元素组成看,从静电除尘器(ESP)前到ESP,PM10化学成分变化不大,到ESP后,元素Fe、Ca、Mg和Al的含量急剧减少,而Na的含量则迅速增高.     

燃煤固体产物的矿物组成研究

利用X射线衍射、穆斯堡尔谱与扫描电子显微镜等方法研究中国典型燃煤煤种的燃烧产物的矿物学特征，揭示出不同化学成分以及不同类型产物中矿物组成的差异性。根据化学成分，可将燃煤固体产物分为硅铝质、铁质和钙质三组，硅铝质产物结晶相主要为莫来石和石英，而结渣中基本为莫来石；铁质产物中主要矿物包括α-Fe2O3、γ-Fe2O3与Fe3O4，其含量随锅炉燃烧湿度的变化而变化；钙质产物中矿物种类复杂，飞灰石检出石灰、石膏和石英，沾污中检出石膏、赤铁矿和石类，而结渣中还发现钙的硅酸盐矿物。上述矿物分布特征是由不同成分的硅酸盐熔体在不同热力学条件下的结晶行为所决定的。     

Coal fly ash interaction with environmental fluids: Geochemical and strontium isotope results from combined column and batch leaching experiments

The major element and Sr isotope systematics and geochemistry of coal fly ash and its interactions with environmental waters were investigated using laboratory flow-through column leaching experiments (sodium carbonate, acetic acid, nitric acid) and sequential batch leaching experiments (water, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid). Column leaching of Class F fly ash samples shows rapid release of most major elements early in the leaching procedure, suggesting an association of these elements with soluble and surface bound phases. Delayed release of certain elements (e.g., Al, Fe, Si) signals gradual dissolution of more resistant silicate or glass phases as leaching continues. Strontium isotope results from both column and batch leaching experiments show a marked increase in ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio with continued leaching, yielding a total range of values from 0.7107 to 0.7138. For comparison, the isotopic composition of fluid output from a fly ash impoundment in West Virginia falls in a narrow range around 0.7124. The experimental data suggest the presence of a more resistant, highly radiogenic silicate phase that survives the combustion process and is leached after the more soluble minerals are removed. Strontium isotopic homogenization of minerals in coal does not always occur during the combustion process, despite the high temperatures encountered in the boiler. Early-released Sr tends to be isotopically uniform; thus the Sr isotopic composition of fly ash could be distinguishable from other sources and is a useful tool for quantifying the possible contribution of fly ash leaching to the total dissolved load in natural surface and ground waters.     

粉煤灰土壤及所产蔬菜的有害元素含量变化和环境意义

利用南京第二热电厂湿排的粉煤灰,进行了改良蔬菜土壤的试验,并对试验用的粉煤灰、不同施灰量的土壤及所产蔬菜共３８ 个样品的有害元素和放射性元素含量进行了系统的测定。结果表明：这些元素在土壤中的含量与粉煤灰施用量无明显相关性;在本次试验范围内施用粉煤灰没有造成土壤的污染;其所产蔬菜的这些元素含量也均低于国家卫生标准限值,食用是安全的。     

新疆西准噶尔玛依拉山-萨雷诺海蛇绿岩岩石地球化学特征

以新疆西准噶尔玛依拉山-萨雷诺海蛇绿岩为重点进行讨论．该区出露的火成岩种类较多，表现出构造混杂特点．变质橄榄岩是具有一定亏损程度的地幔残体，LREE的富集主要是后期蚀变的结果．玄武岩的稀土分布型式是平坦型的或LREE略亏损型的．与MORB相比，REE的总量较高，高Fe和Ti，Mg值低，是一种演化的岩石，与东太平洋中隆地高Fe和Ti的铁质拉斑玄武岩成分相当，地球化学特征类似于MORB，可能形成于小洋盆环境．     

粉煤灰土壤主所产蔬菜的有害元素含量变化的环境意义

利用南京第二热电厂湿排的粉煤灰,进行了改良蔬菜土壤的试验,并对试验用的粉煤灰,不同施灰量的土壤及所产蔬菜的３８个样品的有害元素和放射性元素含量进行了系统的测定。结果表明：这些元素在土壤中的含量与粉煤灰施用量无明显相关性;在本次试验范围内施用粉煤灰没有造成土壤的污染,其所产蔬菜的这些元素含量也均低于国家卫生标准限值,食用是安全的。     

Petrogenesis of a basalt-rhyolite tephra from the west-central Afar,Ethiopia

The Cindery Tuff is an unusual tephra fall deposit that contains evidence for the mixing of basaltic and rhyolitic liquids prior to eruption. It contains clear rhyolitic glass shards together with brown basaltic glass spheres and a broadly bimodal phenocryst assemblage. Brown glasses are ferrobasaltic in composition and are similar to the voluminous Pliocene tholeiites of the surrounding west-central Afar volcanic field; both are enriched in the light rare earth and incompatible elements and possess higher ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and lower ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd than MORB. Rhyolitic glasses are subalkaline and, compared to the basaltic glasses, are strongly depleted in the compatible elements and enriched in the incompatible elements. Both glass types have similar incompatible element and isotopic ratios, and with the rhyolite glass showing a 2-fold parallel enrichment in rare earth element abundances over the basaltic glass. These observations suggest that the two glasses are genetically related.Rare glasses with intermediate compositions occur as phenocryst melt inclusions, as mantles on phenocrysts and as free pumice clasts. Their major element contents do not point to an origin by simple hybrid mixing of the basaltic and rhyolitic melts. Rather, major element mixing calculations indicate formation of the intermediate and rhyolite melts by fractionation of the observed phenocryst assemblage, using a starting composition of the observed basaltic glass. Model calculations from trace element data, though lacking from the intermediate glasses, support fractional crystallization. The bimodal mineral assemblage argues against an immiscible liquid origin for the contrasting glass compositions.     

淮南二叠纪煤及其燃烧产物地球化学特征

采用仪器中子活化分析法INAA（instrumental neutron activation analysis)测试了淮南煤田二叠纪主采煤层原煤煤样的地球化学组成，用X－射线荧光光谱XRFS（X－ray fluorescence spectrometry)测试了田家庵和洛河电厂的粉煤灰地球化学组成并与煤样作了对比分析，用电子探针测试了飞灰中主要类型颗粒的化学组成，淮南煤中多数微量元素属正常水平，与克拉克值相比，元素Se,S,As,Sb,Br,U和Cl等在煤中趋于富集，其他元素均趋于分散，有机亲和性弱的亲石元素趋于在粉煤灰中聚集，与铁关系密切的金属元素在粉煤灰中有明显的富集，有机亲合性强的元素在燃烧过程中趋于以气态形式向空气中逸散，粉煤灰中因矿物与粒度的分异明显，致使其化学组成在不同的粒度级和比重级中的分布也有较大的不同，飞灰中一些不定形颗粒主要由铁的氧化物和少量其他金属氧化物组成，硅酸盐类颗粒主要由硅，铝和铁的氧化物所组成，而玻璃珠主要由硅和铝的氧化物组成，残碳中测得的砷，硫和氯的含量最高，说明其对这些元素具有较强的吸附能力，研究粉煤灰的成分特点有助于粉煤灰的综合利用和评价其对环境的 影响。