新疆乌恰萨热克铜矿北矿带库孜贡苏组沉积相、古流向、物源区及其找矿意义——来自砾石统计分析的证据

萨热克盆地库孜贡苏组是萨热克铜矿的赋矿层位,开展沉积相、物源区及古流向研究对隐伏铜矿的勘探具有重要意义。选取萨热克铜矿北矿带库孜贡苏组地表矿化最好的砾岩展开砾石统计分析,结果表明,偏斜度显示砾岩为冲积扇相沉积,砾石叠瓦状和砂岩斜层理产状统计显示古流向为北北东向;砾石成分主要为石英、石英砂岩、砂岩,石英岩等;粒度分布呈宽峰态或尖峰态;物源区为元古宇长城系阿克苏群变质岩剥蚀区;物源补给分为主河流补给和支河流补给2种方式。冲积扇相、古流向、物源区分析确定了矿体的范围、最优的勘探线布置方位和潜在的找矿靶区,具有很好的勘探意义。     

Tidal influence in Cretaceous fluvial strata from Utah, USA: a key to sequence stratigraphic interpretation

Detailed models already exist that outline physical and temporal relationships in marine and marginal marine strata. Such models are still in their infancy in alluvial deposits. Recognition of tidal and estuarine influence in fluvial strata is critical to the development of high resolution sequence stratigraphic correlations between marine and non-marine strata. Strata that have previously been interpreted as low energy meandering river deposits contain sedimentary and biogenic structures that suggest a tidal influence. These structures include sigmoidal bedding, paired mud/silt drapes, wavy and lenticular bedding, shrinkage cracks, multiple reactivation surfaces, inclined heterolithic strata, complex compound cross-beds, bidirectional cross-beds, and trace fossils including Teredolites, Arenicolites and Skolithos. Although none of these structures is unique to tidal processes, the preponderance of data suggests that fluvial systems have been affected by tidal processes well inland of coeval shoreline deposits. These deposits rarely form a significant proportion of a depositional sequence; however, their occurrence allows time significant surfaces to be extended for tens or even hundreds of kilometres inland from coeval shoreline deposits. In Turonian through Campanian strata exposed in the Kaiparowits Plateau of southern Utah, tidally influenced facies are recognized within at least two distinct stratigraphic levels that were deposited during periods of relatively rapid base level rise. These strata form part of an alluvial transgressive systems tract. Landward of each of the marine transgressive maxima, tidal facies are present in fluvial channels that are completely encased in non-marine strata at distances up to 65 km inland from a coeval palaeoshoreline. Our work suggests that such deposits may have gone unrecognized in the past, but they form a significant component of alluvial strata in many depositional sequences. Although these tidally influenced fluvial deposits may be difficult to recognize, they are temporally equivalent to marine maximum flooding surfaces and provide a chronostratigraphic correlation between alluvial and nearshore marine deposits.     

新疆克拉玛依油田三叠系克下组冲积扇内部构型*

应用研究区丰富的密井网和邻近露头资料,探讨了新疆克拉玛依油田三叠系克下组冲积扇内部构型单元的层次划分系统,并建立相应的沉积构型模式。在冲积扇的扇根、扇中和扇缘各亚相带,进一步划分了3个级次的构型要素以表达其内的沉积复杂性。扇根亚相主要由主槽、片流带和漫洪带组成,其中,在主槽内主要发育槽流砾石（岩）体（可细分为砾石坝和流沟）与泥石流沉积,在片流带内主要发育片流砂砾体（可细分为砾石坝和流沟）,在漫洪带主要发育漫洪砂体和漫洪细粒沉积,总体构型样式以广泛分布的砾石坝夹含流沟和漫洪沉积的“泛连通体”为特征;扇中亚相主要由辫流带和漫流带组成,其中,辫流带的主体构型要素为辫流水道（可细分为砂坝和沟道）,总体构型样式为复合宽带状辫流水道砂体与漫流细粒沉积侧向相间、垂向互层为特征;扇缘亚相主要由径流带和漫流带组成,其中,径流带的主体构型要素为径流水道,总体构型样式以窄带状径流水道和漫流砂体镶嵌于漫流—湿地泥岩之中为特征。     

高浓度黏性泥石流堆积层理结构中筛积层和粗化层形成机理的研究

根据高浓度黏性泥石流的观测资料,应用不同类型黏性泥石流的流变特性和流体结构的分类指标-流核比,对高浓度黏性泥石流堆积中的混杂层、筛积层和粗化层理结构进行了成因差异分析。侧重分析了砾石质点在高浓度黏性泥石流蠕动流场中作向上垂直运动的魏森伯效应,并在表面富集形成了筛积层的成因,及其它与粗化层结构的区别。     

辫状河型冲积扇片流带特征与支撑砾岩成因研究

冲积扇砂砾岩油藏是准噶尔盆地勘探热点,尤其是玛湖凹陷特大型砂砾岩油藏的发现,更加表明砾质冲积扇储层研究的必要。选取白杨河冲积扇为研究对象,对砾质辫状河型冲积扇内部片流带以及支撑砾岩的沉积特征和分布规律进行研究,结果表明:1）扇内片流带沉积介于扇根补给水道与扇中辫状水道沉积环境之间,与二者呈过渡接触,片流带规模可达千米级别,内部支撑砾岩的发育改善了片流带储层物性;2）识别出三类支撑砾岩,分别是片流支撑砾岩、沿层理面发育的支撑砾岩以及沟槽底部支撑砾岩,前两者均为超临界水流淘洗成因,后者则为径流改造成因;3）片流支撑砾岩发育于片流沉积,具有较好的成层性以及较高的线密度;沿层面发育的支撑砾岩发育于辫状沟槽沉积环境,形态受限于沟槽规模,可与交错层理砾岩匹配形成大规模优质岩相组合;沟槽底部发育的支撑砾岩发育于辫状水道底部,规模小但连通性好。综上,基于野外露头片流带以及支撑砾岩研究可以为井下砂砾岩油藏开发提供理论支撑。     

东昆仑东段新生代高原隆升重大事件的沉积响应

根据新生代沉积盆地的地层序列、环境演变及地貌和水系变迁分析将研究区新生代高原隆升过程划分为5个重大事件.首次在研究区内海拔5400m的主夷平面上发现古土壤、岩溶角砾岩及钟乳石等, 认为沱沱河组上段细碎屑沉积及五道梁组石膏沉积(中新世) 是主夷平面形成期的沉积响应, 提出了主夷平面的高程具有东西向排列的盆岭地貌特点, 这种高程差异反映了后期构造隆升的不均衡, 应该是上新世以来差异断块抬升的结果; 早更新世中期(1525.5ka后) 一套河流砂砾卵石沉积是青藏运动C幕的沉积响应, 体现在布尔汗布达山的强烈上升和成山; 早更新世晚期(1113.9~836.3ka) 先湖滨砾石沉积, 后转为河流砂砾卵石沉积, 是昆黄运动在研究区的沉积响应, 并体现在马尔争-布青山的强烈上升和成山, 中更新世早期冰碛物的发育说明昆黄运动后研究区已隆升达到"水汽冻结高度"; 研究区T5阶地沉积前的强烈下蚀, 柴达木盆地内陆水系溯源侵蚀切过布尔汗布达山主分水岭, 袭夺了昆南断裂带原由西向东流向共和古湖的东西向水系并到达阿拉克湖一带, 晚更新世洪冲积角度不整合于中更新世洪冲积之上等是共和运动的具体表现.      

嫩江现代河流沉积体岩相及内部构形要素分析

嫩江是松辽盆地北部一条多河型河流。本文以黑龙江省富裕县塔哈乡大马岗嫩江现代河流沉积露头为例,运用Miall结构要素分析法对嫩江现代河流沉积体岩相类型、层次界面及内部构形要素进行了系统研究,表明大马岗沉积体主要由块状层理细砾相、大型及小型低角度槽状交错层理细砂相、同沉积变形层理细砂相、波状交错层理细砂相、薄层状粉砂质泥与细砂互层相、微波状层理粉砂相、块状层理泥质粉砂相、水平层理泥相、块状层理粉砂质泥相等16种岩相构成,不同岩相空间分布变化差异较大。在大马岗沉积体内部识别出1～5级层次界面,划分出具有成因意义的7种构形要素:河道、砾质坝、侧向加积沉积体、单一侧积砂层、纹层砂席、砂底形及越岸细粒沉积,这种构形要素的划分丰富了Miall的分类方案。     

松辽盆地东南缘六台地区下白垩统营城组二段砾岩沉积特征及成因模型

松辽盆地东南缘六台地区营城组二段发育一套冲积扇砾岩层。根据砾岩成因不同分为泥石流砾岩、河道砾岩和漫流砾岩等沉积类型,其中泥石流砾岩最为发育。通过研究泥石流砾岩的成分、结构成熟度和粒度分布特征,并运用经验公式最终判断其为再沉积的水上泥石流砾岩。河道砾岩和漫流砾岩沉积类型在本区保存较少,或许曾经在单个旋回中非常发育,但是被下个旋回猛烈的泥石流所改造。河道砾岩和漫流砾岩中层理的收敛方向及硅化木走向均表明本区古水流方向为近北西—东南向。根据古水流向等信息判断出本区砾岩的物源来自北西方向的北山,并在此基础上建立了本区砾岩冲积扇成因模型。     

东昆仑东段第四纪成山作用过程与地貌变迁

东昆仑山的现代地貌格局为一系列北西西向的山系和盆地(谷地) 相间列, 第四纪沉积和岩相分布与地貌格局存在良好的匹配性, 第四纪不同时代沉积反映了山系的成山作用过程.显著地貌分异首先出现于北部的布尔汗布达山, 即早更新世中晚期(1525ka), 表现为受布尔汗布达山地貌控制的其南部山脚的早更新世中期(1525ka) 左右冲洪积物的始现.南部马尔争—布青山的成型发生于早中更新世之交, 这次成山作用在整个青藏高原昆仑—黄河源地区具有广泛影响.更南部的查哈西里山在1113.9~979.6ka间的沉积特征也显示了这一事件的影响, 即由湖相转变为冲洪积相, 但在这一时期查哈西里山总体仍为沉积区, 山系并未形成, 山顶最高层位粗冲洪积物的砾石成分统计和砾石扁平面产状统计仍显示物源来自北部, 沉积与北部隆起的马尔争-布青山有关, 查哈西里山真正隆起高于两侧, 应发生在晚更新世.伸展断裂组合与地貌之间的良好耦合关系表明, 东昆仑地区山体的崛起与伸展断裂构造之间存在密切的成因关系.山系突出于高原面的成山作用主要受控于近南北向的伸展作用, 这一伸展作用应与青藏高原整体隆升后边缘的重力失稳垮塌及均衡作用相联系, 这种伸展垮塌随着时间的迁移向南发展.      

广元上寺剖面下三叠统飞仙关组风暴岩:巨型季风体制下的极端气候事件?

早三叠世扬子地台位于特提斯东北缘,研究者根据大量地质证据和模拟实验证实该时期巨型季风强度最大,且控制了整个泛大陆和周边海域的气候循环.笔者于川西北广元上寺剖面下三叠统中发现一套保存完好的风暴岩,其发育于飞仙关组下部,风暴沉积特征明显,风暴侵蚀构造、风暴撕裂构造和层理构造发育;根据沉积构造、岩石性质等识别了Sa-Sb-S...     

万州西溪铺松散堆积体成因分析及稳定性评价

根据勘探钻孔资料,对西溪铺一带松散堆积体的特征及成因进行了详细的探讨.研究结果表明:分布在基岩面高程190m以下的斜坡与基岩面高程140～150 m平台上的粉质黏土夹碎石土层是由滑坡作用形成的(即西溪铺滑坡);分布在基岩面高程190 m以上的粉质黏土夹碎石土层是由崩积、残积及坡积作用形成的;卵石砂土层是苎溪河的冲积作用形成的.对西溪铺滑坡的形态、滑动面特征、水文地质条件及形成年代等进行了论述,这些特征说明西溪铺滑坡曾发生过一次大型的堆积体滑动、多次小型的表层滑动,其是在一级阶地形成时代T1以后的几千年之内形成的.根据下伏卵石砂土层的地质结构,对西溪铺滑坡的稳定性进行了评价,评价结果表明库水位的变化对西溪铺滑坡的稳定性有巨大的影响,在滑坡的防治设计中必须引起高度的重视.     

Late Quaternary stratigraphic development in the lower Luni,Mahi and Sabarmati river basins,western India

This study reviews the Quaternary alluvial stratigraphy in three semi-arid river basins of western India i.e., lower Luni (Rajasthan), and Mahi and Sabarmati (Gujarat alluvial plains). On the basis of OSL chronologies, it is shown that the existing intra-valley lithostratigraphic correlations require a revision. The sand, gravel and mud facies are present during various times in the three basins, however, the fluvial response to climate change, and the resulting facies associations, was different in the Thar desert as compared to that at the desert margin; this makes purely lithostratigraphic correlations unviable. It is further shown that the rivers in the Thar desert were more sensitive to climate change and had small response times and geomorphic thresholds as compared to the desert-margin rivers. This is illustrated during the early OIS 1, when the Luni river in the Thar desert was dynamic and showed frequent variations in fluvial styles such as gravel bedload braided streams, sand-bed ephemeral streams and meandering streams, all followed by incision during the early Holocene. The coeval deposits in Sabarmati, however, only show a meandering, floodplain-dominated river. Late Quaternary alluvial deposits in these basins unconformably overlie some older deposits that lack any absolute chronology. Based on the facies types and their associations, and the composition and architecture of the multistoried gravel sheets in the studied sections, it is suggested that older deposits are of pre-Quaternary age. This hypothesis implies the presence of a large hiatus incorporating much of the Quaternary period in the exposed sections     

黔东北地区寒武系清虚洞组钙质风暴岩及其地质意义

在黔东北铜仁-江口地区下寒武统清虚洞组下部发育一套特征典型、序列特殊的钙质风暴岩.该风暴沉积的底面侵蚀构造清楚,板片状泥晶灰岩砾石呈菊花状排列,发育丘状交错层理、负载构造、递交层理和小波纹层理等沉积构造,为典型的浅海风暴岩.该风暴沉积序列的最大特点是含有大量钙质鮞粒.另外,不同的、类似于近源和远源的风暴沉积序列出露于同一剖面的相邻层位,可能反映了风暴登陆路径或者风暴流强度的差别.该风暴沉积的发现,对建立与黔中和湘西北同期地层的沉积学对比剖面、探讨风暴沉积模式的空间变化具有重要意义.     

Lateral variation in gravelly sediments and processes in an alluvial fan-fan-delta setting,north of Durgapur

Sedimentological study of the digitated lobes of gravel and associated sediments in the north of Durgapur results in identification of five major facies. Facies analysis indicates the sediments were deposited from an alluvial fan that has prograded in to an inferred shallow body of water. The analysis also suggests debris flow deposits dominate proximal part, modified grain flow and turbidity current the middle part and current generated channel and non-channel deposits in the distal part of the alluvial fan — fan-delta sequence.     

山东惠民凹陷古近系湖泊地震涌浪记录的新发现

在陆相湖盆中,地震引起的各种作用力可以对各种先成沉积物进行改造而形成原地震积岩,同样地震可引发涌浪、浊流及碎屑流而形成地震涌浪沉积及震浊积岩.通过大量岩心观察描述和成像测井资料分析,首次提出惠民凹陷中央隆起带沙河街组含有丘状交错层理的碎屑岩与典型的原地震积岩(包括震裂岩、震褶岩、自碎屑角砾岩等)紧密共生,当属于地震作用引发涌浪的沉积产物.本区地震涌浪沉积中发育丘状及洼状层理、包卷层理、平行层理、块状层理、波痕、冲刷及截切面等沉积构造.根据沉积特征和分布位置,本区地震涌浪沉积划分为两种类型,即位于涌浪基面附近的含塑性泥砾的搅动型和涌浪基面与正常浪基面之间的回流型.垂向上地震涌浪沉积一般位于原地震积岩之上,震浊积岩之下,组成完整的原地震积岩—地震涌浪沉积—地震浊积岩序列或原地震积岩—地震涌浪沉积序列.本区地震涌浪沉积的发现和研究,将为地质学家识别陆相湖盆地震事件沉积提供对比标准.     

吕梁山地区新近纪晚期地层研究进展

通过对吕梁山西部保德和柳林两个典型剖面的研究,认为山西柳林卫家洼保德组剖面结构与保德剖面相同,完全可以对比。保德组下部的砂砾石确为水成堆积无疑,但是上部的棕红色黏土与棕黄色的钙质结核层越来越被广大学者认为是风尘堆积,中部则为下部水成堆积物与上部红黏土与钙质结核的过渡地段。《中国地层指南及中国地层指南说明书》规定:组的含义在于岩性、岩相和变质程度的一致性,除去变质程度不说,保德组下部水成堆积物和上部风尘堆积根本不是同一相环境所能包含的岩石组合,因此不能用一个组来定义,应予解体。保德组下部的水成堆积物划为芦子沟组,相当于初始定义的"芦子沟系"或"芦子沟砾岩";保德组上部风尘堆积仍称之为保德组,相当于初始定义的保德红土;在这种划分下芦子沟组为不整合于前新生代基岩之上,整合伏于红黏土之下的山前冲积扇相堆积。保德组为整合于芦子沟组之上静乐组之下的所有风尘堆积。     

河北平原区固安G01孔岩芯特征及第四纪地层划分

河北平原发育巨厚的冲积、冲洪积沉积物,其岩性、岩相变化明显,仅仅依靠钻孔岩芯的岩性组合、沉积相分析难以建立具有代表性意义的地层层序,测试手段的发展和研究精度的提高,为建立河北平原区广大冲积平原的标准地层提供了可能。文章通过对第四系标准孔G01孔(钻孔深度415.5 m)的岩芯观察,按照沉积物颜色、沉积环境、沉积旋回和沉积构造等特点,将G01孔揭示的松散沉积物分为9大岩性段:第1岩性段主要为灰黑色粘土及灰黑色中砂,代表了河漫滩沉积和河道沉积;第2~5岩性段主要为灰黄-灰绿色粘土-粉砂质粘土-粉砂,发育水平层理和块状层理,局部发育波状层理,代表了河漫滩沉积;第6~9岩性段主要为灰黄-棕红色粘土、粉砂质粘土、粘土质粉砂夹灰黄色粉砂、细砂及砂砾层,代表了边滩、河道沉积和河床滞留沉积。通过对古地磁实验结果的分析得出,0~105.5 m为布容正极性时,105.5~183.7 m为松山反极性时,183.7~415.5 m为高斯正极性时。以磁性地层为主导、岩性地层特征和14C测年数据为辅,对固安G01孔第四纪岩性地层(183.7 m内)进行初步划分,其第四纪地层的下更新统、中更新统、上更新统和全新统的对应深度分别为183.7~105.5 m、105.5~59.2 m、59.20~21.45 m和21.45~0 m。     

吉林龙岗火山群火山碎屑基浪堆积特征与成因机理

吉林龙岗火山群火山碎屑基浪堆积是中国少数保存较好的、近代喷发的低平火山区之一。基于岩性、岩相与相序的识别与分析,火山碎屑基浪堆积序列由分选性和磨圆度较差的玄武质砂、砾和火山灰构成的毫米级-厘米级厚高频率韵律有序叠置而成,堆积物中发育大量的块状层理、似丘状层理、低角度板状交错层理、槽泊层理、平行层理、冲蚀槽等堆积构造。横向上低平火山由内至外其碎屑粒度、堆积构造、厚度存在着一定规律变化,与易混淆的火山岩区地面流水沉积和火山碎屑流堆积物存在明显的差别。岩浆射汽喷发晚期往往伴随斯通博利式喷发和夏威夷式熔岩流,三者构成一个完整火山活动旋回。     

大别山南麓阳逻组砾石层砾石形貌学研究

阳逻组砾石层分布于大别山南麓长江北岸地区,是长江中游地区一个重要的第四纪地层单位.其成因主要有两种观点:一种观点认为阳逻组砾石层为古长江冲积物,后期经过构造抬升而在长江北岸形成阶地;另一种观点认为其为大别山南麓河流冲积扇.砾石层中的砾石形貌记录了砾石的演化历史,对砾石进行形貌学研究可以用来进行古环境重建.文章选取武汉地...     

Triggering upstream channel incision in the fluvial systems of the trunk valley of Wadi Watir drainage basin, South Sinai Peninsula, Egypt

Dredging the alluvial fans for repaving the international road located in the bottom of the Wadi Watir valley produced vertical cliff faces of different heights, and at different locations of the fans. The heights of the cliff faces resulted in considerable elevation differences between the surface of the dredged alluvial fans and the local base level provided by the Watir trunk valley. The principal geomorphic response to this anthropogenic intervention is triggering upstream channel incision waves at different intensities in the fluvial systems of the downstream reaches of the Watir drainage basin. The channel incision processes resulted in subsequent geomorphic adjustment scenarios that vary from widening the active channels on the surface of the dredged fans, triggering rockfalls from the adjacent hillslopes, and transporting coarse alluvial deposits from the main sediment sources of the fluvial systems, and eventually re-depositing them as sheetform gravel, channelform gravel, and new fan lobes. The major outcome of the various geomorphic adjustment processes was changing the role of the alluvial fans within the fluvial systems from buffer zones where fan aggradation was dominant into dynamic coupled zones. Being coupled zones, the dredged alluvial fans allowed high potential of mass transmission from the feeder catchment areas into the Watir trunk valley. Under such conditions, it could be stipulated that considerable changes in the morphology of landscapes are highly anticipated in response to flash flood events that intermittently occur in the Watir drainage basin.