南海sCHIsM 模式不同垂向坐标研究

基于 sCHIsM 模式建立南海三维流场模式,进行了设置 g 坐标 、sZ 坐标与局地 g 坐标的数值模拟研究。结果表明, 在不加同化条件下, 垂向坐标对南海斜压环流和海温模拟有比较明显的影响, 在越南外海尤为显著, g 坐标和局地 g 坐标能 够较好地模拟出越南外海的涡旋, sZ 坐标对涡旋的模拟效果比较差, 局地 g 坐标对海温的模拟效果最好, 而 g 坐标对海温 的模拟结果最差。总体而言, 局地 g 坐标可以兼顾南海斜压环流和海温模拟的要求。     

RSG数字高程模型的自动综合研究

数字高程模型(DEM)作为对地表的数字描述,已逐渐成为国家空间信息基础设施的重要组成部分。探讨了对RSG结构DEM实施自动综合的需求,认为对规则方形格网(RSG)结构DEM综合必须基于合理的存储结构。提出的基于线性四叉树的综合模型能很好的兼顾RSG的结构保留和冗余消除。     

一种基于数据层次性分析的水深综合研究

在分析和借鉴传统的水深综合理论和方法的基础上,开展水深数据的层次性分析,对水深数据进行分类、定级和聚合等处理方法研究。在满足制图综合规范的基础上,按照水深分类数据的重要性和特征性排序,重组综合方法使用顺序和结构,从而构建层次水深综合模型。该模型能够实现水深综合的流程控制,兼顾水深综合的质量要求,为进一步开展水深自动综合的实用性研究提供了理论和技术支持,具有一定实用价值。     

复合极值分布的参数估计及其在工程设计中的应用

在海洋工程、水利工程等建筑工程中，合理地确定多年一遇波高、洪水量等，对于建筑物设计的安全和造价问题是十分重要的。兼顾安全和费用两方面的要求，就得在各种各样的计算方法中选择较为理想的方法进行推算。就海浪波高设计而言，     

COMCOT数值模式的介绍和应用

介绍了一个成熟的海啸数值模式-COMCOT模式.COMCOT模式是一个能够模拟海啸产生、传播和增水全过程的基于浅水波方程的有限差分模型.模型采用多层网格嵌套,根据海啸在不同区域的传播特点和要求,分别选用不同的分辨率和计算设置,从而兼顾了模式的精度和计算效率.利用此模式模拟了2006年12月26日台湾南部7.2级地震产生海啸波的传播情况,结果与两个潮位站的海啸波监测数据相吻合.     

某型寻北仪系统软件任务调度策略

分析了某型寻北仪系统的硬件特点及相应的软件要求,限于寻北仪的单任务操作系统,需要一种任务调度策略来实现多任务实时性。基于此,对常规的RM调度和EDF调度策略进行了分析研究,设计实现了一种在寻北仪的单任务弱实时操作系统下,可以进行多任务动态实时调度的策略。该策略结合RM和EDF两种方法的特点,既考虑到任务的频度,又兼顾任务的重要程度,寻北仪工程样机证明了该方法的合理性、有效性。     

蔡春江治疗溃疡性结肠炎经验

介绍了蔡春江主任医师治疗溃疡性结肠炎的经验。分析其病因病机以湿热毒邪为主,脾虚与湿热共存。以扶正祛邪、寒热兼顾为治疗原则,常用葛根芩连汤合痛泻要方加减。从善用风药、不忘芳香、久病通络、适时固涩、内外兼顾5个方面介绍了其用药特点。     

动力定位船舶伪逆法与混沌粒子群法相融合的推力分配算法研究

动力定位船舶一般都装备冗余推进器,推力分配求解将直接影响最终定位的效果。针对伪逆法在推力分配中存在问题,提出一种把伪逆法和混沌粒子群法(CPSO)相融合的推力分配算法,该组合算法方便处理推力器各种限制条件,计算简单,能兼顾船舶的能耗及操作性,解决奇点问题。最后以某挖泥船为例,仿真结果表明该推力分配算法具备一定的实用指导价值,能有效提高船舶的定位性能。     

东中国海潮波自适应数值模型及其数值模拟

首次为整个东中国海设计出一种自适应网格 ,利用自适应网格能同时兼顾网格的光滑性、正交性及疏密程度的特点 ,得到了物理平面上的网格分布。该网格既与边界适应 ,又在水深变化急剧的东海陆坡处得以加密 ,从而使坐标变换下的三维模式成功实现了跨越陆坡的计算。用该模式模拟了海域的潮汐变化。依据所得结果绘制出 M2 分潮的同潮图和潮流椭圆。模拟结果与现有的数值研究结果基本一致 ,表明此模式在该海域的适用性     

基于小型三维阵列的瞬态声源快速被动定位方法

重物在落水和着底过程中都会产生瞬态声信号,这类信号可被运用于浅水区域水下目标定位。 针对浅水区域目标定位的问题,提出了一种基于小型立体五元基阵的瞬态声源快速被动定位算法。 在分析重物落水信号特征的基础上,选取合适的广义互相关加权函数求得传声器之间的声程差,运用快速最小二乘搜索算法进行声源定位。 结果表明:运用 5 传声器阵列可以同时兼顾定位精度和鲁棒性,且满足实时性要求,该方法可运用于浅水区域瞬态声源定位等领域。     

Tradable permit programs: What are the lessons for the new Alaska halibut catch sharing plan?

To address long-standing allocation conflicts between the Pacific halibut commercial fishing sector and recreational charter (for-hire) sector in Alaska, an Alaska halibut catch sharing plan (CSP) is being implemented in 2014 that has a provision allowing the leasing of commercial individual fishing quota to recreational charter businesses. This one-way inter-sectoral trading allows for the charter sector to increase its share of the total allowable catch while compensating commercial fishermen. This type of catch shares program is novel in fisheries. In this paper, the literature on non-fisheries tradable permit programs (TPPs) that have similarities to the Alaska halibut CSP program is examined. Several successful TPPs are discussed, including ones from emissions trading programs, water quality trading programs, water markets, and transferable development rights programs. They are then evaluated in terms of their similarities and differences to the Alaska CSP program. Characteristics not part of the current CSP that other TPPs have used and that may increase the likelihood for the CSP to be effective in achieving its primary goals (if they are implemented) are identified, such as allowing more flexible transfers (e.g., internal transfers), intertemporal banking, cooperative structures, and multi-year leasing.     

Taiwan's response to international fisheries management after 2005 as influenced by ICCAT and fishers' perception

It is widely recognized that fishing states are obliged to exercise flag state responsibility over their vessels. In an attempt to become a responsible fishing actor, Taiwan has endeavored to manage its distant water fishing fleet in accordance with international fisheries management. However, the long-standing problems of illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing, fish laundering, and fishing overcapacity, which remained unsolved during the 1990s and early 2000s, brought its management capability into doubt. Failure to address these problems undermined the credibility of all management measures and ultimately resulted in a recommendation adopted by International Commission for the Conservation of the Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) in 2005. This recommendation significantly affected Taiwan's distant water fishing policy. This paper examines how Taiwan assimilated this outside force into its fishing policy as a new response to international fisheries management and how fishers perceived this response. It shows that Taiwan's efforts in controlling distant water fisheries marked a big change, specifically manifest in three noticeable actions - reducing excessive bigeye-targeted efforts, deterring IUU fishing, and strengthening fisheries management. The study advises that management of small tuna vessels be effectively exercised and recommends future actions on providing subsidies for fishers to partially offset costs incurred by rule compliance, streamlining their administrative work, enhancing communication with them, putting more enforcement and meaningful penalties in place. Finally, the study indicates the existence of an interaction in the international fisheries management scheme, potentially favoring Taiwan to bargain for fishing rights and a favorable status in the participation of regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) in the future if it continues to exercise effective control of distant water fisheries.     

Conservation of vaquita marina in the Northern Gulf of California

Vaquita marina, a small species of porpoise endemic to the Northern Gulf of California in Mexico, is the world's most endangered cetacean species. With the purpose of preserving vaquita, the Mexican government launched PACE-Vaquita in 2008. This voluntary program offers an innovative schedule of compensations: as in a payment-for-conservation program, PACE-Vaquita compensates for temporary reductions in fishing effort; as in a program to accelerate technology adoption, PACE-Vaquita compensates for switching to vaquita-safe fishing methods; and as in a buyback program, PACE-Vaquita compensates fishermen for a permanent exit from fisheries. This paper seeks the factors explaining fishermen's participation in PACE-Vaquita during its first year of operation. Analysis is carried out through a multinomial logit specification on a data set collected one week after the enrollment deadline. This paper shows that fishermen with skills in alternative economic activities more likely quit fishing, and fishermen with relatively less productive vessels more likely switched to vaquita-safe fishing methods. Discussion of public policy implications is provided.     

基于个体模型的东海鲐鱼渔场形成机制研究

鲐鱼Scomber japonicus资源丰富,在我国近海渔业中占有重要地位。其渔场的形成受海洋环境的制约,本文确定鲐鱼运动和物理环境之间的响应关系,建立起了基于个体的东海鲐鱼生长洄游模型。结果显示,鲐鱼集群分布与捕捞生产渔场基本吻合,鲐鱼聚集主要受台湾暖流、大陆沿岸水、黑潮影响,往往集群在一定温度范围内并在冷暖交汇区温盐梯度大偏暖水一侧。在台湾暖流和沿岸水交汇的锋面附近、台湾暖流暖水舌前端、黑潮与中国大陆沿岸水形成的潮境区域均有大量的鲐鱼聚集,并形成渔场。产卵位置的变动使偏西产卵位置的鲐鱼由于受台湾暖流影响较大,鲐鱼会呈长带状大量聚集在台湾暖流和沿岸水的锋面附近,并使在台湾暖流暖水舌前端的聚集数量增多,而偏东的产卵的鲐鱼受黑潮影响较大,聚集分布范围较大,会使黑潮形成的锋面附近聚集数量增多,而使台湾暖水舌的前端的聚集量减少。正常产卵位置在生存率方面是最佳产卵位置。研究表明鲐鱼所处空间位置不同,会影响其集群的位置,用数值模型验证了物理环境会对鲐鱼的洄游和渔场的形成产生影响。     

Angler perceptions of California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) depredation and marine policy in Southern California

California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) off the coast of Southern California are known to damage both commercial and recreational fishing activities, causing decreases to fish catch and damage to gear. Their increasing population has intensified the potential for conflict between sea lions and anglers, likely requiring changes to current legislation. The recreational fishing community in Southern California is a valuable and largely underutilized source for information and potential solutions to management and legislative problems. This recreational fishing survey-based study conducted in 2013 utilized personal interviews, conducted in the field with recreational anglers and commercial passenger fishing vessel (CPFV) crews in Southern California, to gather data on: (a) the occurrence and impact of sea lion depredation on the local fishing, (b) angler awareness and opinions on current legislation, and (c) the conflict between fishing activities and conservation efforts. Results show that surveyed CPFV operators and private boaters had the most conflict with sea lions and perceive them as more of a problem than anglers on piers, jetties or kayaks. The conflict was also reportedly more prevalent in San Diego County compared to the other counties surveyed (Orange, Los Angeles and Ventura). Participating CPFV operators were overwhelmingly in support of a government culling program for sea lions, while recreational angler respondents did not feel that a control program was necessary. These CPFV operators reported more money lost, and were willing to pay more for an effective deterrent device. There was also a consensus among respondents that fish catch is declining, yet anglers were unsatisfied with the effectiveness of current legislation designed to increase fish stocks. These data will provide a better understanding of California sea lion depredation in Southern California and its effect on recreational anglers in order to aid future mitigation efforts. Additionally, these results provide stakeholder feedback on local marine protected areas and other fisheries management legislation, and build a foundation for future conservation and education programs.     

我国海洋捕捞业政策变迁、结构特征及优化研究——基于政策文本的量化分析

自20世纪80年代以来,我国出台了众多海洋捕捞相关政策,厘清这些政策变迁规律对海洋捕捞业的健康发展具有重要意义。本文对1986年以来我国海洋捕捞业的政策文本展开量化分析,构建政策时间维度、政策工具维度、政策价值维度三维政策文本分析框架,梳理当前捕捞业政策变迁和结构特征,并深入分析了捕捞业政策与现实的匹配性。研究发现,海洋捕捞业的部分政策目标之间存在一定的冲突和矛盾;政策工具体系全面,但不同政策工具数量分布不均衡;早期政策的经济价值取向突出,社会、生态价值相对不足,需要适时调整政策价值取向。未来应明确政策目标,推动海洋捕捞管理范式由投入控制向产出控制的转变;优化政策工具组合,引导渔民自觉养护海洋渔业资源,提高海洋捕捞业政策的有效性;整合政策价值取向,协调产业发展、资源养护和渔民利益的关系,推动海洋捕捞可持续发展。     

IFQs and total factor productivity changes: The case of the Gulf of Mexico red snapper fishery

This study investigates changes in the total factor productivity (TFP) and identifies the main sources of TFP growth following the adoption of an individual fishing quota (IFQ) program in the Gulf of Mexico red snapper commercial fishery. Utilizing an unbalanced panel of 722 vertical line vessels Malmquist indices were derived from an output-oriented stochastic distance frontier. The analysis shows that the IFQ program had a positive impact on the productivity of the fleet and that most of the productivity gains were due to improvements in technical efficiency. The study also finds that changes in technical efficiency were time variant suggesting that the exit of the less efficient vessels and easing of command and control regulations such as trip limits and short fishing seasons were responsible for most of these gains. Changes in the exploitable biomass of red snapper were found to have a moderate impact on productivity growth whereas the impact of technological progress was minimal.     

Investigation of strategies to improve the recycling effectiveness of waste oil from fishing vessels

The marine ecological environment and fishery resources can be severely polluted or destroyed by waste oil from fishing vessels if they are emitted directly into the ocean without any proper pre-treatment process. International conventions such as MARPOL 73/78 regulate waste-oil emissions and require the installation of a waste oil–water separator only for ocean-going ships of over 400 gross tons. Hence, these international conventions are not applicable to most fishing ships due to their low gross tonnages. In addition, space on most fishing vessels is too limited to allow waste-oil storage tanks or a waste oil-water separator to comply with international maritime regulations. Because a significant amount of waste oil is produced by fishing vessels around the world every day, effective strategies or measures are needed to prevent this waste oil from polluting the marine environment. This study thus investigates strategies and measures for improving the effectiveness of waste-oil collection from fishing vessels. This study found that existing procedures for the collection and treatment of waste lubricating oil on land could be applied to the management of waste oil and bilge water from fishing vessels. Sufficient oil–water separators and storage facilities for the collection of waste oil should be placed at each fishing port and shipyard. Fishermen should then be required to deliver their waste oil to these storage facilities, from where it can be transported to legal recycling companies for further treatment. In addition, fishing harbor authorities should bear definitive responsibility for monitoring the illegal dumping of waste oil and for checking the waste-oil record books of fishing vessels. Each maritime country should enforce relevant laws and regulations to reduce the emission of waste oil from fishing vessels into the ocean.     

海洋捕捞与海水养殖监管系统研究

文章针对海洋渔业由于过度捕捞造成渔业资源枯竭的问题,提出了一种基于海洋遥感(ORS)、全球定位系统(GPS)和海洋地理信息系统(MGIS)等高新技术的海洋捕捞与海水养殖监管系统设计方案,可以远程自动对海洋渔业区域的水质多参数信息和养殖环境视频信息进行综合采集、传输及监控,也可以自动采集传输渔船RFID身份识别信息、渔船AIS自动识别信息、渔船GPS定位信息和捕捞生产视频信息等,并通过海洋精细渔业专家系统ES进行渔业养殖监控、渔业环境资源监测评估、渔船船数和功率数控制和海洋捕捞生产渔情监测等。该系统可以实现海洋渔业精细化捕捞和海洋渔业精细化养殖,促进海洋渔业可持续发展。     

A critical review of fishing agreements with tropical developing countries

Many African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries sell fishing licenses to distant water fleets. Fishing agreements have the potential to improve the performance of local fishing sectors. They create income that can be reinvested into domestic industries and often go along with partnerships in management and enforcement. However, many fishing agreements run a serious risk of undermining sustainable resource management. The present study critically reviews trends in distant water fishing as well as identifies those tropical host countries most dependent on fishing agreements. It is shown that traditional, more responsible distant water fleets (DWFs) are being displaced by less responsible, low-cost DWFs and that the most vulnerable host countries are small coastal states with large exclusive economic zones that lack the ability to benefit from value adding processes associated with fishing. The results suggest that the once-promising concept of fishing agreements is gradually posing a threat to both economic development and environmental sustainability of ACP countries.