甘肃省测震台网地震台站地震计方位角检验与校正

利用2007年8月—2013年9月甘肃省测震台网记录的549个MS≥6远震事件的P波资料,对所属44个地震台站分量方位等问题进行检核计算。考虑到地震计维修、更换等因素,提供了甘肃省测震台网地震台站按时间序列计算的方位角偏差及方位校正变化情况,以保障测震台网数据的连续性与可靠性。研究结果表明,反演的方位偏差与文献[1]的结果基本一致,表明中国"十五"数字地震网络确实存在部分台站方位偏差较大等方面问题。因此,在进行现代地震学研究中应充分考虑台站地震计方位误差较大和研究时间段内方位角变动等因素的影响。     

利用P波质点运动估算中国东北地区固定台站地震计方位角

现代地震研究依赖于可靠的三分量观测数据,地震计的北分量是否严格指北将直接影响研究的准确性。然而,受台站附近磁异常或人为安装错误的影响,地震计的方位角可能出现偏差。基于东北地区154个固定台站2020年的远震数据,利用P波质点运动方法,估算了每个台站的北向分量方位角,以判断台站地震计是否存在方位角偏转问题。结果表明,84%的台站运行良好,12%的台站存在方位角偏差绝对值过大（>20°）或分量极性反转等问题。此外,分析后发现方位角偏转较大会导致H-κ叠加方法计算得到的地壳厚度和地震波速比出现偏差。因此,为确保地震学分析的可靠性,固定台站的地震计方位角需要进行定期校标。     

利用P波质点运动估计“中国数字地震观测网络”地震计方位角

新近建成的中国地震台阵(CEArray)由中国国家数字地震台网(CNDSN)、31个区域地震台网以及几个小孔径台阵构成,台站总数逾千,其中宽频带台站850多个。这一巨大台阵的建成为日常的地震活动监测及窥探地球内部结构提供了前所未有的契机。许多现代地震学研究都要进行垂向和水平分量的旋转,用以分离不同类型的地震波。因此两个水平分量的方位信息构成了正确旋转的关键。我们分析了CEArray台阵记录到的远场P波质点运动,并用以估测每个台站的BHN分量方位角。我们提出了一种基于信噪比的多事件方法来获取最佳方位角,可以很好地解释台站记录的P波质点运动特征。该方法可以给出方位角的稳健估值,包括基于背景噪声水平的误差。我们发现近1/3台站存在不同程度的方位角相关问题,包括水平分量方位角偏差、分量命名错误、以及单个或多个分量的极性反转等。这些问题在基于旋转的地震学分析中必须要慎重考虑。     

中国西北、西南地区地震台站地震计方位角偏差估计

选取2019—2020年西藏、云南、四川、青海、新疆地震台网记录的MS≥5.5远震事件P波数据，采用P波质点运动方法，计算中国西北、西南地区211个地震台站方位角及其随时间的变化。结果显示，约53%的台站方位角偏差绝对值始终小于3°，运维状况极佳；约39%的台站方位角偏差绝对值保持在3°—10°，运维良好；约9%的台站方位角偏差绝对值大于10°，少数台站存在极性反转等现象。在运行维护过程中，部分台站受到更换或移动地震计等人为因素的影响，地震计方位角出现短时跳变现象。为保证地震数据的可靠性，应定期对台站方位角进行检查和校正，以便为地震学研究提供可靠的基础数据。     

方位角对地方震震级测定的影响

收集了湖北省数字测震台网2007—2015年记录到的数字地震波形,利用震相清晰的台站测定了地方震震级,并计算了其与中国地震台网中心公布震级的偏差.在此基础上,以每个数字测震台站为中心,按照每30°为一个区间,将每个台站记录到的地震事件分为12个区间,对每个区间的平均震级偏差和标准离差予以统计分析.结果显示,除去24个无地震事件区间,300个区间的平均震级偏差中,81.7%的偏差小于0.3;再除去14个样本数为1的区间,其余286个区间的方位标准离差中,98.3%的离差小于0.5.经校正后各区间的平均震级偏差和方位标准离差均有所下降,表明地震传播方位对地方震震级测定的影响有所降低.因此,针对数字测震台站对不同方位地震所测定的震级偏差存在的差异进行相应校正是必要且有意义的.      

钻孔应变观测中潮汐因子离散性与各向异性原因探讨——“十五”数字地震观测网络分量钻孔应变仪首批观测资料分析解释

中国数字地震观测网络"十五"计划期间,在全国布设约40台我国自主研发的YRY-4型分量式钻孔应变仪.现已取得一批固体潮观测数据,计算M2波潮汐因子的结果表明,潮汐因子的相对精度最高达到了0.001.在此基础上,发现各观测点潮汐响应(潮汐因子)与理论模型比较有很大的离散性及有规律的方位各向异性.本文提出断层隔离是造成各台站潮汐因子偏离理论值及方位各向异性的主要原因.有限元断层地块模型应变方位响应与台站实测方位响应的一致,支持了这一观点.潮汐响应各向异性现象有望在地质构造研究、城市断层探测、地块活动微动态、地震烈度区划等研究领域发挥作用.也可为GPS等空间大地测量观测数据改进潮汐位移修正,提供参考.     

利用单点六分量地震提取面波频散谱的数值验证

面波频散反演是揭示地下速度结构的一项重要手段.传统面波勘探技术侧重于多台站阵列数据频散分析.旋转地震学理论框架下六分量地震观测时,仅利用单台站记录的平动与旋转分量就可以获得面波频散曲线.本文从频率域谐振分析出发,利用模态叠加正演方法,讨论了不同模型下平动与旋转联合估算Rayleigh波相速度的可靠性.结果表明：单台站多分量地震数据估算的频散曲线受多种因素影响,估计过程存在一定的系统误差;典型浅层地质模型下,单点估算与多道面波分析方法（MASW）提取的Rayleigh波频散曲线在低频段吻合性好;若要降低单点多分量地震估算的系统误差,仍需研发配套的波场分离与不同阶频散谱的高精度提取技术.

     

鄂尔多斯块体及周缘上地幔各项异性结果探讨分析

搜集整理鄂尔多斯地块及周缘地区已有上地幔各向异性研究结果,进一步探讨地震计方位对SKS各项异性研究的影响。结果表明,区域各项异性反演结果整体上较为可靠。地震计方位偏差对SKS各向异性反演结果的影响,表现为(Ф,δ_t)两参数的综合变化,而非单一参量变化。因此,在研究SKS等现代地震学时,应进行地震计方位角的校正。     

SplitRacer:用于远震剪切波分裂半自动分析和解释的MATLAB代码和图形用户界面

我们给出了MATLAB环境下的一个图形用户界面,用于远震剪切波分裂分析。鉴于越来越大型的地震学实验,设计SplitRacer来快速处理大型数据集,因为它集成了自动和用户主导步骤,这使得可根据用户自己的质量标准来进行直观的分析。SplitRacer提供了一系列用来确保精确测量以及用户友好的特征。可以从数字地震台网网络服务国际联合会成员的所有数据中心直接下载数据。将现有数据分割成1个小时的三分量地震波形后就很容易被使用。起初是自动数据检查,然后是对有问题的震相的目视评估。我们通过分析台站记录事件的质点运动并和理论反方位角进行比较来估计传感器的可能偏差。剪切波分裂分析是基于最小(切向)能量法(Silver and Chan,1991),这约束了快波偏振方向和延迟时间。可以对一系列时间窗进行重复测量来做统计误差分析。SplitRacer提供了每个台站单个震相分裂测量的概况,这可用于检测方位依赖性。为了推断台站下方的各向异性,SplitRacer为用一个或两个各向异性层模型,或平滑变化的各向异性模型来拟合观测数据提供了可能。此外,SplitRacer还提供了一个和两个假想层的多震相联合分裂分析,其中同时使用给定台站的所有事件来约束各向异性模型。这显著降低了噪声的影响,并使测量更稳健。作为示例,我们将应用SplitRacer来约束伯克利数字地震台网的固定台站BKS下方的地震各向异性。     

中国数字地震学的发展战略问题

“九五”期间中国国家数字地震台网,区域数字地震台网和流动数字地震台网的建设,为发展中国数字地震学提供了有利条件。如何发挥这一新的观测系统的效益,是跨世纪中国地震学发展的核心问题之一。本文结合国家数字地震建设项目的实际,讨论了“十五”期间中国数字地震学的发展战略问题。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Dissolved Carbohydrate Concentration,Composition, and Bioavailability to Microbial Heterotrophs in Stream Water

Dissolved total carbohydrates (DTCH), dissolved free monosaccharides (DFMS), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), biodegradable DOC (BDOC), and humic substances (HS) were measured in White Clay Creek (WCC), a stream in southeastern Pennsylvania Piedmont, USA. Samples were collected over different seasons and under baseflow and stormflow conditions. DOC concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 12.8 mg/L C with the highest concentrations associated with stormflows. Carbohydrates ranged from 0.42 to 12.4 μM and accounted for 2.9 to 12.7% of the DOC. Humic substances represented the major DOC fraction, accounting for 55 to 72% of the DOC pool under all flow conditions. The humic fraction had a lower carbohydrate content (4.4%) than the non-humic fraction of DOC (7.2%). Stormflow DOC was enriched in carbohydrates relative to baseflow DOC, but the percentage of humic-C changed little. Carbohydrates were primarily present as dissolved polysaccharides (55%), but a significant fraction was bound to humic substances (40%), while a small proportion was present as monosaccharides (5%). The major monosaccharides in stream water, listed in order of decreasing concentration, included glucose, galactose, rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, and fucose. On average (30.6 ± 7.4)% (n = 44) of the stream water DOC was biodegradable, and carbohydrates accounted for 9.9 to 17.7% of the BDOC.