祁连山海北高寒草甸地区植物生长期的光合有效辐射特征

分析了祁连山海北高寒草甸地区 1998年植物生长期内光合有效辐射 (PAR)的日、季节变化特征。结果表明 :PAR日变化与太阳总辐射 (Eg)日变化趋势一致 ,表现为单峰型变化过程 ,日总量最大可达 11.7MJ·m-2 左右。植物生长期内的 4月下旬～ 9月中旬季节变化较为复杂 ,雨季来临之前的 4～ 6月较高 ,其它时间较低 ,旬平均最高在 5月达 85 .2 3MJ·m-2 。PAR在Eg中所占的比例 (η)晴天状况下日平均在 0 .36～ 0 .41之间 ,阴天稍高 ,植物生长期内 η的旬平均在 0 .32～ 0 .43之间。分析还表明 ,PAR与Eg日总量具有很好的正相关关系 ,从而可依Eg的变化量来估算PAR。同时计算表明 ,海北高寒草甸地区植物群落对PAR的光能利用率为 0 .5 8%左右     

东疆黑戈壁太阳紫外辐射变化特征

本文利用东疆红柳河黑戈壁下垫面陆气相互作用观测站2017年太阳紫外辐射、总辐射和气象站天气现象观测数据，对东疆黑戈壁不同时间尺度和不同天气背景下的太阳紫外辐射A波段(UVA)和B波段（UVB）的变化特征进行了分析。结果表明：1）紫外辐射UVA和UVB日变化呈正态分布，UVA、UVB最大瞬时辐照度为67.97W·m-2、2.15W·m-2，日均最大曝辐量为2.09MJ·m-2和0.05MJ·m-2，年曝辐量为400.31 MJ·m-2和8.63 MJ·m-2；季节变化呈现夏季高，冬季低、春季高于秋季的特点；年变化呈现倒“U”型，年变化幅度呈夏季大，冬季小的趋势。2）紫外辐射占总辐射的比例呈夏高冬低的特点。不同天气下，其比例变化幅度也不相同，晴天大于雨天。3）太阳紫外辐射的月和年平均量以及紫外辐射年均值占总辐射年均值的比例，东疆黑戈壁地区都明显高于其他地区。     

太湖地区太阳紫外辐射的初步研究

本文利用 1998年 1— 12月太湖湖泊生态系统研究站的太阳辐射观测资料进行分析 ,得到此间太湖地区近地面太阳紫外辐射及其占太阳总辐射比例的变化特征。结果表明 :该地区太阳紫外辐射年平均日总量为 0 .73MJ· m-2· d-1,大于临近的上海 ;紫外辐射瞬时极大值为 5 0 W· m-2 ;紫外辐射在总辐射中所占比例年平均值为 6 .2 % ,也比上海要大 ;其年变化特征与上海相同 ,夏季大冬季小     

成都市太阳辐射时间变化特征及对气候因子的影响

基于成都市1991至2020 年太阳总辐射、直接辐射、散射辐射、气温、蒸发、日照时数等气象资料,采用线性趋势、Maan-KendaⅡ等方法研究太阳辐射的年、月、日变化特征,以及太阳总辐射的变化对气温、蒸发等气候因子的影响。结果表明：太阳总辐射、直接辐射逐年增多趋势明显,线性倾向率分别为29.69、20.25 MJ·m-2/a;太阳总辐射2010 年出现突变,突变年后较突变年前年平均太阳总辐射增多497.22 MJ·m-2。散射系数呈逐年减小趋势,线性倾向率为每10 年减少0.6。太阳总辐射与气温、蒸发、日照时数呈正相关,均通过显著性检验。太阳总辐射每增加10 MJ·m-2/a,年平均气温升高0.006℃,日照时数增加1.7 h,蒸发量增大1.2 mm。对太阳辐射增加的原因分析,人类活动造成的气溶胶含量减少可能是太阳辐射增加的一个原因。     

民勤地区紫外辐射的观测与模拟研究

利用2010年春季民勤加强观测实验的地面辐射资料,分析了民勤沙漠干旱区总紫外辐射的变化特征,并对该地区的紫外辐射进行了估算和模拟。结果表明,紫外辐射和太阳总辐射表现出一致的变化特征,层云对两者的反射能力比卷云强。2010年6月紫外辐射的瞬时最大值为55.92 W·m-2,平均日总量为1.07 MJ·m-2,紫外辐射与太阳辐射比例的平均值为4.7%,其变化范围在3%~9%之间。根据晴空指数(Kt)与最大紫外辐射(UV0)及太阳总辐射(G)建立了民勤地区紫外辐射(UV)的估算方程:UV=2.94+1.22×(Kt×UV0)和UV=0.047G,均能较好地估计该地区的地表紫外辐射。由于受输入参数精度的限制,辐射传输模式SBDART低估了晴空条件下的紫外辐射,低估的总平均值为1.12 W·m-2(约5.6%),变化范围在-2.8~0.2 W·m-2之间。     

东莞市典型天气的辐射特征及影响因子分析

通过对东莞观测站进行太阳辐射观测,得到2011年1—12月数据,来统计分析地面太阳短波辐射和地面、大气长波辐射的变化特征。分析典型天气的辐射特征及影响这些辐射变化的因子。结果表明:晴天向下短波辐射、反射辐射、地面长波辐射日总量最大,阴天次之,雨天最小。阴天和雨天的大气长波辐射均大于晴天。有云、雨的天气,净辐射的量值及其日变化特征都受到不同程度的影响。     

黄土高原典型塬区冬小麦地表辐射和能量平衡特征

利用2006年4～7月黄土高原陆气相互作用试验实际观测资料,分析了黄土高原典型塬区冬小麦生长过程中不同天气条件下的地表通量特征。发现在不同天气条件下辐射平衡和能量平衡特征有很大变化。地面向上长波辐射在晴天、阴天、降水天时依次减小,到达峰值时间约滞后总辐射峰值到达时间1 h左右。大气向下长波辐射与地表向上长波恰恰相反,晴天量值最小,基本稳定在300 W·m-2左右,阴天和降水天依次增大。潜热是能量通量的主要消耗项,在夜间也大于零,夜间感热则为负值。土壤热通量达到峰值时间滞后于净辐射峰值到达时间约1.5 h,其日平均值晴天为正,阴天约为零,降水天则为负值。日平均波文比阴天大于晴天和降水天。植被覆盖度高时,土壤植被系统截留的总辐射也高。     

拉萨地区生物有效紫外辐射初步分析

根据1996～1998年由NILUV紫外辐射仪在西藏拉萨地区观测的紫外辐射资料,分析了青藏高原拉萨地区生物有效辐射的分布特征.结果表明,1997年日正午最大生物有效紫外辐射剂量率(UV dose rate)达到500mW m-2,最小值为9.7 mW m-2;晴天时生物有效辐射剂量率的日变化呈规则曲线,且早晚小,中午大;一年中紫外辐射变化的总趋势是由太阳天顶角决定的,紫外辐射的日变化和年变化是其最主要、最基本的变化;西藏拉萨地区的月平均红斑辐射剂量明显高于全球其他同纬度地区.     

应用Penman公式对江西省太阳总辐射变化特征的探讨

利用1961～2000年赣州站、南昌站的年太阳总辐射与相关气象要素资料,结合Penman公式,运用6种计算净长波辐射的方法估算了两站的年太阳总辐射;建立了估算该地区年太阳总辐射的绝对误差权重法（Method of Absolute Errors,MAE）,并给出了适用于江西省的绝对误差权重系数,以此方法计算了江西省其他76站的年太阳总辐射;并分析了该地区年太阳总辐射的时空分布特征及其变化趋势,发现：（1）1961~2000年间,江西省大部分地区太阳总辐射在3800～4400 MJ·m-2·a-1;南部偏东地区较大,且存在有一大值中心;西部地区为江西省太阳总辐射最小的地区;（2）40年间,江西省年太阳总辐射呈明显下降趋势,每10年减少143.70 MJ·m-2。78站中,有63站的太阳总辐射的下降趋势通过了α=0.05的显著性检验,8站表现为上升趋势;江西省北部及南部地区太阳总辐射下降较大;中部地区下降相对较小,且在鄱阳湖东侧有一低值中心。     

额济纳地区苜蓿地光合有效辐射(PAR)的基本特征

利用额济纳地区查干毛道饲草料基地（主要种植苜蓿）内2001年6～9月的辐射观测资料．对该荒漠绿洲的光合有效辐射（PAR）的月变化、日变化、极值及其所占太阳短波辐射比例ηQ的一些基本特征作了分析和讨论,并与张掖、临泽、太湖地区及美国Texas站作了比较,发现该地区PAR的夏季总量、月平均日总量及各项极值都大于前述其它站点,辐射资源十分丰富;晴天日和阴天日PAR的变化有明显的区别;对于ηQ,云和水汽、太阳辐射强度、光周期对它都有影响。     

Plant drought tolerance trait is the key parameter in improving the modeling of terrestrial transpiration in arid and semi-arid regions

陆面过程蒸腾作用的模拟制约着天气,气候降水预测的精确度.近几十年来,为了更好地描述植被蒸腾的水力约束,陆面过程模式发展了基于植物性状的植物水力胁迫方案.然而,我们对于植物性状在蒸腾模拟中的地位仍然缺乏了解,植物性状对蒸腾的重要性仍需进一步量化.本研究利用Morris方法评估植物性状参数在通用陆面模式植物水力胁迫方案(CoLM-P₅₀HS)中的重要性,针对17种植物性状,筛选出最为重要的:耐旱性状(P₅₀),气孔性状,和光合作用性状.在12个FLUXNET站点中,参数的重要性由归一化敏感度来衡量.P₅₀的重要性随着降水的减少而增加,而气孔性状和光合作用性状的重要性则随着降水的减少而减少.在干旱或半干旱地区,P₅₀比气孔性状和光合作用性状更重要,这意味着当植物经常经历干旱时,水力安全策略比植物生长策略更关键.而耐旱性状的巨大变异性进一步暗示了多种植物水力安全策略的共存.忽视P₅₀的变异性可能会对陆面过程模式蒸腾作用的模拟造成严重误差.因此,为了更好地表示植物水力功能的变异性,需要增加对耐旱性状的观测并耦合到陆面模式中.     

On the Formulation of Lagrangian Stochastic Models of Scalar Dispersion Within Plant Canopies

Lagrangian stochastic models, quadratic in velocity and satisfying the well-mixed condition for two-dimensional Gaussian turbulence, are used to make predictions of scalar dispersion within a model plant canopy. The non-uniqueness associated with satisfaction of the well-mixed condition is shown to be non-trivial (i.e. different models produce different predictions for scalar dispersion). The best agreement between measured and predicted mean concentrations of scalars is shown to be obtained with a small sub-class of optimal models. This sub-class of optimal models includes Thomson's model (J. Fluid Mech. 180, 529–556, 1987), the simplest model that satisfies the well-mixed condition for Gaussian turbulence, but does not include two other models identified recently as being in optimal agreement with the measured spread of tracers in a neutral boundary layer. It is therefore demonstrated that such models are not universal, i.e. applicable to a wide range of flows without readjustment of model parameters. Predictions for scalar dispersion in the model plant canopy are also obtained using the model of Flesch and Wilson (Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 61, 349–374, 1992). It is shown that, when used with a Gaussian velocity distribution or a maximum-missing-information velocity distribution, which accounts for the measured skewness and kurtosis of velocity statistics, the agreement between predictions obtained using the model of Flesch and Wilson and measurements is as good as that obtained using Thomson's model.     

Numerical Study of the Response of an Atmospheric Surface Layer to a Spatially Nonuniform Plant Canopy

High-accuracy large-eddy simulations of neutral atmospheric surface-layer flow over a gapped plant canopy strip have been performed. Subgrid-scale (SGS) motions are parameterized by the Sagaut mixed length SGS model, with a modification to compute the SGS characteristic length self-adaptively. Shaw’s plant canopy model, taking the vertical variation of leaf area density into account, is applied to study the response of the atmospheric surface layer to the gapped dense forest strip. Differences in the region far away from the gap and in the middle of the gap are investigated, according to the instantaneous velocity magnitude, the zero-plane displacement, the potential temperature and the streamlines. The large-scale vortex structure, in the form of a roll vortex, is revealed in the region far away from the gap. The nonuniform spatial distribution of plants appears to cause the formation of the coherent structure. The roll vortex starts in the wake of the canopy, and results in strong fluctuations throughout the entire canopy region. Wind sweeps and ejections in the plant canopy are also attributed to the large vortex structure.     

A Lagrangian Solution to the Relationship between Source Strength and Concentration Profile Under Conditions of Local Advection

We propose a two-dimensional Lagrangian analytical solution for relating source strength and concentration profiles within and above a plant canopy. The new solution describes passive scalar dispersion under conditions of local advection through a fetch correction function in a one-dimensional Lagrangian analytical dispersion model. The model is capable of predicting absolute concentration profiles of passive scalars for different fetches for situations in which the reference concentration is known or the background concentration is available. Tests of the model showed good agreement with measurements from field and wind-tunnel experiments.     

Response of the mean global vegetation distribution to interannual climate variability

The impact of interannual variability in temperature and precipitation on global terrestrial ecosystems is investigated using a dynamic global vegetation model driven by gridded climate observations for the twentieth century. Contrasting simulations are driven either by repeated mean climatology or raw climate data with interannual variability included. Interannual climate variability reduces net global vegetation cover, particularly over semi-arid regions, and favors the expansion of grass cover at the expense of tree cover, due to differences in growth rates, fire impacts, and interception. The area burnt by global fires is substantially enhanced by interannual precipitation variability. The current position of the central United States’ ecotone, with forests to the east and grasslands to the west, is largely attributed to climate variability. Among woody vegetation, climate variability supports expanded deciduous forest growth and diminished evergreen forest growth, due to difference in bioclimatic limits, leaf longevity, interception rates, and rooting depth. These results offer insight into future ecosystem distributions since climate models generally predict an increase in climate variability and extremes. CCR Contribution # 941     

A Lagrangian stochastic model for the trajectories of particle pairs and its application to the prediction of concentration variance within plant canopies

A simple Lagrangian stochastic model for the trajectories of particle pairs in high Reynolds-number turbulent flows is presented. In this model, the velocities of particle pairs are initially correlated but subsequently each particle moves independently. The independent single-particle trajectories are simulated using Thomson's model [J. Fluid Mech. 180, 529–556, 1987]. This two-particle model exactly satisfies the well-mixed condition for Gaussian turbulence when length scales, characterizing the two-point Eulerian velocity correlation function, vanish. Temperature variances, due to heat released as a passive scalar from an elevated plane source, within a model plant canopy (Coppin et al. Boundary Layer Meteorol. 35, 167–191, 1986) are shown to be well predicted by the model. It is suggested that for strongly inhomogeneous flows, the two-point Eulerian velocity function is of secondary importance in determining the simulated trajectories of particle pairs compared to the importance of ensuring satisfaction of the two-to-one constraint (Borgas and Sawford. J. Fluid Mech. 279, 69–99, 1994); i.e ensuring that one-particle statistics obtained from the two-particle model are the same as those obtained from the corresponding one-particle model. Limitations of this modelling approach are discussed.     

气候暖干化对西北四省(区)农业种植结构的影响及调整方案

利用陕、甘、宁、青四省(区)141个气象站1961-2008年的气象要素值计算和分析得出,暖干化是西北四省(区)现代气候变化的基本特征。年平均气温表现为一致的增温趋势,每10年增温0.27℃,1996年是突变年。年降水量自1961年以来呈持续下降趋势,1986年是转折年,1987-2008年年平均降水量比1961-1986年平均减少20～40mm。以黄河为界,黄河以东降水量呈减少趋势,每10年减少10～40mm;黄河以西呈增多趋势,每10年增加10mm左右,减少的幅度明显高于增加的幅度。进入21世纪,气候暖干化的势头有所减缓。在分析不同区域自然资源特点和气候暖干化及其对农作物影响特征的基础上,运用系统规划理论,采用气候生态相似原理,提出了陕、甘、宁、青四省(区)13个不同地域农业种植结构调整方案。为了加快农业结构调整进程,使农业结构调整方案收到明显的生态、社会和经济效益,提出了四个方面的保障措施。     

A Parameterization of Bowen Ratio with Respect to Soil Moisture Availability

The Bowen ratio (B) is impacted by 5 environmental elements: soil moisture availability, m, the ratio of resist-ances between atmosphere and soil pores, ra/rd, atmospheric relative humidity, h, atmospheric stability, ΔT, and environment temperature. These impacts have been investigated over diverse surfaces, including bare soil, free water surface, and vegetation covered land, using an analytical approach. It was concluded that: (a) B is not a continuous function. The singularity exists at the condition αhcb=h, occurring preferably in the following conditions: weak turbulence, stable stratified stability, dry soil, and humid air, where hcb, defined by Eq.(11) is a critical variable. The existence of a singularity makes the dependence of B on the five variables very complicated. The value of B approaches being inversely proportional to m under the conditions m≥mfc (the soil capacity) and / or ra/rd→0. The proportional coefficient changes with season and latitude with relatively high values in winter and over the poles; (b) B is nearly independent of ra/rd during the day. The impact of m on B is much larger as compared to that of ra/rd on B, (c) when h increases, the absolute value of B also increases; (d) over bare soil, when the absolute surface net radiation increases, the absolute value of B will increase. The impact of RN on B is larger at night than during the day, and (e) over plant canopy, the singularity and the dependcies of B on m, ra , and h are modified as compared to that over bare soil. Also (i) during the daytime unstable condition, m exerts an even stronger impact on B, at night, however, B changes are weak in response to the change in m; (ii) the value of B is much more sensitive in response to the changes of turbulent intensity; (iii) the B response to the variation of h over a vegetation covered area is weaker; and (iv) the singularity exists at the condition hcp=h instead of αhcb=h as over bare soil, where hcp is defined by Eq.(49). The formulas derived over bare soil also hold the same when applied to free water bodies as long as they are visualized as a special soil in which the volumetric fraction of soil pore is equal to one and are fully filled with water. Finally, the above discussions, are used to briefly study the impact on the thermally induced mesoscale circulations.     

大气中CO_2含量增长后的温室效应对我国未来农业生产的可能影响

大气中CO_2含量升高引起的气候变化是目前人们十分关注的问题,地球变暖是不少科学家的共同看法.本文根据赵宗慈估算的CO_2含量增加1倍时对我国气候的可能影响,分析了这种变化对农业热量资源及农业生产的可能影响.结果表明:积温将增加无霜期延长,种植界线向北推移,对我国粮食产量的影响区域间差异较大,三北地区为增产趋势,华南为减产趋势.     

Modification of Two-Equation Models to Account for Plant Drag

A modification of the most popular two-equation (E–φ) models, taking into account the plant drag, is proposed. Here E is the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and φ is any of the following variables: El (product of E and the mixing length l), (dissipation rate of TKE), and ω (specific dissipation of TKE, ). The proposed modification is due to the fact that the model constants estimated experimentally for ‘free-air’ flow do not allow for adequate reconstruction of the ratio between the production and dissipation rates of TKE in the vegetation canopy and have to be adjusted. The modification is universal, i.e. of the same type for all E–φ models considered. The numerical experiments carried out for both homogeneous and heterogeneous plant canopies with E–φ models (and with the E–l model taken as a kind of reference) show that the modification performs well. They also suggest that E– and E–ω schemes are more promising than the E–El scheme for canopy flow simulation since they are not limited by the need to use a wall function.In addition, a new parameterization for enhanced dissipation within the plant canopy is derived. It minimizes the model sensitivity to C _μ, the key parameter for two-equation schemes, and whose estimates unfortunately vary considerably from experiment to experiment. The comparison of results of new modified E– and E –ω models with observations from both field and wind-tunnel experiments shows that the proposed parameterization is quite robust. However, because of uncertainties with the turbulence Prandtl and Schmidt numbers for the E– model within the canopy, the E–ω model is recommended for future implementation, with the suggested modifications.