基于高光谱的湿地植被分类研究

光谱特征的选择对于湿地植被的识别精度和效率有直接的影响。本文以萨克拉门托-圣华金三角洲为研究区,基于Hy Map航空高光谱遥感影像数据,分析湿地植被的一阶微分和二阶微分光谱特征。在上述分析的基础上基于均值置信区间的波段选择法对一阶微分、二阶微分进行波段选择,根据获取的有效特征波段构建特征集,利用C5决策树分类算法产生规则集,并对实验区的湿地植被进行了分类研究。结果表明:湿地植被的一阶微分、二阶微分能够突出不同湿地植被光谱曲线在不同波段的增速不同,利用均值置信区间的波段选择法能够对特征波段起到降维效果,根据降维后的特征波段采用C5决策树分类算法,可以实现湿地植被在物种水平上的识别,并达到较好的分类精度。     

基于光谱特征的湿地植物种类识别

光谱特征的选择对于湿地植被的识别精度和效率有直接的影响作用。以美国舍曼(Sherman)岛水域为研究区,基于Hy Map航空高光谱遥感影像数据,分析湿地植被的一阶微分光谱和光谱吸收特征,利用逐步判别分析法筛选识别精度较好的光谱特征参数参与C4.5决策树分类。结果表明:4种湿地植被的一阶导数光谱特征差异较小,吸收特征差异性相对较大;基于一阶微分光谱特征和光谱吸收特征利用C4.5决策树进行分类,可以实现湿地植被在物种水平上的识别,并达到较好的分类精度。     

基于分数阶微分的土壤含水量高光谱响应特征与估测模型构建

面向滨湖地区土壤含水量信息的高效获取,以洪湖272个土壤样本为例,测定可见-近红外反射光谱,对原始和两种预处理后的光谱进行0～2阶分数阶微分处理（间隔为0.2阶）,探究土壤含水量的分数阶微分（fractional-order derivative,FOD）光谱响应特征;以此为基础构建土壤含水量估测模型并进行对比,探究最佳的预处理与微分阶数组合。结果表明：随着微分阶数的增加,土壤光谱在水分特征波段1 450 nm、1 950 nm和2 200 nm附近谷值逐渐突出,1 950 nm处的VIP峰值逐渐增强;分数阶微分在特定波长和阶数下能提高土壤含水量和光谱之间的相关性,使用Savitzky-Golay(SG)平滑+0.6阶微分的光谱数据建立的模型精度最佳,预测决定系数为0.86,相对分析误差值为2.62,且在不同用地类型的交叉验证中都取得了良好效果。     

高光谱数据与水稻指数及叶绿素密度的相关分析

分析了北京大屯科技站不稻叶面积指数（ＬＡ）、叶绿素密度（ＣＨ．Ｄ）与高光谱分辨率遥感数据在整个生育期内的变化过程。利用微分技术处理不稻群体反射光谱以减少土壤等低频背景光谱噪音的影响。通过单相关分析和逐步回归方法研究不稻ＬＡＩ、ＣＨ．Ｄ分别与光谱反射率、反射率的一阶微分光谱的相关关系,并建立预测回归方程。结果表明,微分技术能够改善数据与ＬＡＩ、ＣＨ．Ｄ的相关性,ＣＨ．Ｄ与光谱数据的相关明显优于同ＬＡ     

高光谱数据与水稻叶面积指数及叶绿素密度的相关分析

分析了北京大屯科技站水稻叶面积指数 (LAI)、叶绿素密度 (CH .D)与高光谱分辨率遥感数据在整个生育期内的变化过程。利用微分技术处理水稻群体反射光谱以减少土壤等低频背景光谱噪音的影响。通过单相关分析和逐步回归方法研究水稻LAI、CH .D分别与光谱反射率、反射率的一阶微分光谱的相关关系 ,并建立预测回归方程。结果表明 ,微分技术能够改善光谱数据与LAI、CH .D的相关性 ,CH .D与光谱数据的相关明显优于同LAI的。     

美国西部黄松叶面积指数与高光谱分辨率CASI数据的相关分析

本文介绍了美国俄罗冈州西部黄松的叶面积指数(LAI)与小型航空光谱制图成像仪(CASI)获取的高光谱分辨率数据进行的相关分析。在试验场地上使用LAI-2000植物冠层分析仪测得8个LAI值(0.87—2.72)。对CASI数据进行一阶和二阶微分处理,以减少土壤背景光谱对森林光谱的影响。使用逐步回归分析方法探索LAI与CASI数据的关系。由回归分析产生多元线性方程和相应的拟合度(GOF)及估计LAI的标准误(SE)。结果说明光谱微分技术能够提高LAI和CASI数据的相关性,因而可以改善LAI的估计精度。如,对于单通道LAI预测的最高GOF值是0.681,SE是0.345,而经一阶和二阶光谱微分处理后,GOF被分别提高到0.904和0.898,SE被分别降低到0.189和0.195.     

昆明冬季典型作物的高光谱特征对比研究

为开展昆明市冬季典型作物高光谱特征对比研究,借助SOC 710vp便携式光谱仪,获取白萝 卜和云南大苦菜的高光谱数据,对比原始、一阶微分及连续统去除光谱,并构建光谱特征参数.结果表明:①两种作物的原始光谱曲线走势相似但白萝 卜的反射率较高;②500～760 nm两种作物的一阶微分值差异较为显著,红边位置、光谱幅值和面积特征参数区分效果较好;③经连续统去除后,可见光范围内作物间可分性增强,划分波段范围并结合吸收特征参数,可有效辨别.可见,利用光谱曲线和特征参数区分作物是可行的,将为云贵高原地区作物精细识别和高原特色现代农业建设提供理论依据.     

不同季相针叶树种高光谱数据识别分析

利用高分辨率光谱仪在实地测得的光谱数据来识别美国加州的６种主要针叶树种。树冠阴面和阳面的高光谱数据分别在１９９６年夏、秋测得。首先对原始光谱数据作简单处理,然后进行６种数据变换：对数变换、一阶微分变换、对数变换后一阶微分变换、归一化变换、归一化变换后一阶微分变换及归一化后对数变换。采用相邻窄波段逐步加宽的办法,测试不同波段宽度对树种识别精度的影响。所有的变换方法及波段宽度试验最后均由神经元网络算法产生的树种分类精度来评价。试验结果表明对数变换后一阶微分和归一化变换后一阶微分能够获得高于９４％的平均精度;归一化变换和微分处理能够限制阴影的影响;２０ｎｍ的波段宽度用于识别此６种针叶树种是较为理想的。我们发现太阳高度角变化对树种识别影响不大。     

指示冬小麦条锈病严重度的两个新的红边参数

通过人工田间诱发不同等级条锈病,在不同生育期测定了36条感染不同严重程度条锈病的冬小麦冠层光谱及相应叶片的生理生化参量。对测定的冬小麦红边一阶微分光谱进行分析,发现随着病情严重度的增加,红边一阶微分的前峰(700nm附近)越来越明显,后峰(约在725—740nm)越来越不突出,以红边一阶微分的双峰特征随病情指数的变化为基础,设计了两个新型的红边参数:DSr和Ar,它们可以分别用来描述红边一阶微分光谱曲线的陡峭度和不对称性,与其他常用的红边参数(红边位置、红边一阶微分最大值,红边一阶微分所包围面积)相比,新参数反演病情严重度的精度更高。     

面向桉树和车桑子精准识别的高光谱特征变换方法比较分析

相对于遥感影像,高光谱遥感影像具有光谱信息,为精准识别植被提供了新的技术支持.对高分五号(GF-5)高光谱数据进行光谱变换,结合植被指数,分析各种光谱变换方法对植被的识别能力.首先提取研究区主要的两种植被端元光谱,对实验区进行分类,依据植被分布位置,确定这两种植被分别为桉树和车桑子;然后对植被的反射率光谱进行一阶、二阶...     

Inversion of Vegetation Components Based on the Spectral Mixture Analysis Using Hyperion Data

Hyper spectral remote sensing is widely used to identify ground objects as a result of the advantages of ground radiation intensity characteristics and spectral position characteristics, in which inversion of vegetation components is the difficult point and hotspot. In this study, Huma county of Heilongjiang Province was selected as the study area, the canopy spectra of four types of typical vegetation were measured in situ firstly, including mongolian oak, cotton grass, lespedeza and white birch. Then, on the basis of analyzing the canopy spectral characteristics and their parameterization, the spectral differences of different vegetations were located, and the parameterization method of characteristics identification was determined. Finally, Hyperion data were used to calculate the canopy albedos based on the bidirectional reflectance model of vegetation canopies, and to map the vegetation components in the study area by use of linear spectral mixture model. The results showed that inversion of vegetation components in high vegetation-covered area was accurate using the canopy albedos and liner spectral mixture model, and was identical with the field sampling, which validated the feasibility of canopy albedos and liner spectral mixture model for the inversion of vegetation components.     

高分辨率遥感植被分类研究

以南京市区的植被覆盖为研究对象,基于IKONOS遥感影像,采用决策树分类算法,根据各种植被光谱特征建立知识库,提出基于光谱信息的植被分类方法,继而结合高分辨率影像特有的纹理特征引进局部一致性指数对该方法进行改进,提出结合纹理信息的高分辨率遥感植被分类方法,分类总体精度从仅利用光谱信息的83.16%显著提高到91.89%,Kappa系数达到0.8886。采用Quickbird遥感影像对该方法进行验证,分类总体精度为91.94%,Kappa系数为0.8783,表明该植被分类方法能有效地对植被进行分类与识别,精度较高,且对于不同数据源的植被分类具有一定的普适性,为实现植被的自动化提取提供了理论依据和有效的方法途径。     

Study of fractional vegetation cover using high spectral resolution data

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of vegetation cover on soil spectra and relationship of spectral indices with vegetation cover. Multi-date spectral measurements were carried out on twelve wheat fields. Five sets of measurements were taken during the growth period of wheat crop. Field reflectance data were collected in the range 350 to 1800 nm using ASD spectroradiometer. Analysis of data was done to select narrow spectral bands for estimation of ground cover. The ratio of reflectance from vegetation covered soil and reflectance from bare soil indicated that spectral reflectance at 670 and 710 nm are the most sensitive bands. Two bands in visible (670 and 560 nm), three bands in near infrared (710, 870 and 1100 nm) and three bands in middle infrared (1480, 1700 and 1800 nm) were found highly correlated with fractional cover. Vegetation indices developed using narrow band spectral data have been found to be better than those developed using broad- band data for estimation of ground cover.     

Estimation of vegetation LAI from hyperspectral reflectance data: Effects of soil type and plant architecture

The retrieval of canopy biophysical variables is known to be affected by confounding factors such as plant type and background reflectance. The effects of soil type and plant architecture on the retrieval of vegetation leaf area index (LAI) from hyperspectral data were assessed in this study. In situ measurements of LAI were related to reflectances in the red and near-infrared and also to five widely used spectral vegetation indices (VIs). The study confirmed that the spectral contrast between leaves and soil background determines the strength of the LAI–reflectance relationship. It was shown that within a given vegetation species, the optimum spectral regions for LAI estimation were similar across the investigated VIs, indicating that the various VIs are basically summarizing the same spectral information for a given vegetation species. Cross-validated results revealed that, narrow-band PVI was less influenced by soil background effects (0.15 ≤ RMSE_cv ≤ 0.56). The results suggest that, when using remote sensing VIs for LAI estimation, not only is the choice of VI of importance but also prior knowledge of plant architecture and soil background. Hence, some kind of landscape stratification is required before using hyperspectral imagery for large-scale mapping of vegetation biophysical variables.     

Lightning flash mensuration using video from the space shuttle Columbia (STS‐32)

Abstract

Environmental data are often utilized to guide interpretation of spectral information based on context, however, these are also important in deriving vegetation maps themselves, especially where ecological information can be mapped spatially. A vegetation classification procedure is presented which combines a classification of spectral data from Landsat‐5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and environmental data based on topography and fire history. These data were combined utilizing fuzzy logic where assignment of each pixel to a single vegetation category was derived comparing the partial membership of each vegetation category within spectral and environmental classes. Partial membership was assigned from canopy cover for forest types measured from field sampling. Initial classification of spectral and ecological data produced map accuracies of less than 50% due to overlap between spectrally similar vegetation and limited spatial precision for predicting local vegetation types solely from the ecological information. Combination of environmental data through fuzzy logic increased overall mapping accuracy (70%) in coniferous forest communities of northwestern Montana, USA.     

植物营养胁迫与光谱特性

主要介绍了植物营养胁迫与光谱特性的关系,列举了多个用植物光谱分析方法诊断植物营养水平的实例,提出了提高诊断精度的几种途径。     

高光谱吸收特征参数反演草地光合有效辐射吸收率

在植被光合有效辐射吸收率(FAPAR)遥感估算中被广泛采用的植被指数法,其估算精度往往受到"红波段吸收峰"峰值点光谱反射率易饱和特征的影响。考虑到高光谱吸收特征参数能较好地诠释地物光谱吸收特征的细节信息,基于微分法与包络线去除法研发"高光谱曲线特征吸收峰自动识别法"识别对FAPAR敏感的特征吸收峰,再结合连续统去除法以及光谱吸收指数(SAI)提取FAPAR的高光谱吸收特征参数,构建估算天然草地冠层水平FAPAR的高光谱吸收特征参数模型。结果表明:(1)天然草地冠层FAPAR与高光谱吸收特征参数具有很好的相关性,其中,"红波段吸收峰"SAI对FAPAR变化最为敏感,在植被覆盖度较高时,其饱和性相比"红波段吸收峰"峰值点反射率与归一化植被(NDVI)值有较大的提升。(2)以"红波段吸收峰"SAI为变量的对数方程为FAPAR的最佳估算模型,在植被覆盖度处于中与高时,其FAPAR预测精度比NDVI模型有不同程度的提高。研究采用的高光谱吸收特征参数一定程度上弥补了部分植被指数因饱和问题在估算FAPAR时的不足,可作为植被FAPAR反演的新参数,适用于中、高覆盖度的天然草地FAPAR监测。     

植被指数时序数据距离测度方法评价

利用MODIS增强型植被指数(EVI)时序数据,基于中国陆地生态系统55种植被类型上的468个测试点和一个测试区进行了实验,综合比较欧氏距离、光谱信息离散度、光谱角余弦、核光谱角余弦、相关系数、光谱角余弦-欧氏距离6种距离测度方法对遥感植被指数时序数据聚类精度的影响,结果表明:相关系数方法的聚类精度最差;光谱角余弦-欧氏距离方法充分利用了植被指数时序数据的曲线幅度和形状特征,在这6种距离测度方法中表现出了最优的聚类效果;只对光谱亮度敏感的欧氏距离方法或只对曲线形状敏感的光谱角余弦方法,无论是在区分地物类型方面,还是在区域应用上,表现效果均较差;核光谱角余弦虽然在点数据测试上表现较差,但在区域应用上却有较好的表现;光谱信息离散度无论是在点数据测试上还是在区域应用上均表现出了较为适中的效果。     

Crop cover and crop phenological information from red and infrared spectral responses

Possibility of utilizing the red and infrared spectral information for assessing status of vegetation cover and consequential crop phenological information are discussed. The experiment was conducted in a potential agricultural area around Mandya town of Karnataka State and airborne spectral information was obtained through modular multispectral scanner from a height of 1000 meters above the ground level. The spectral information of red (0.66–0.70 urn) and infrared (0.77–0.86 urn) bands was extracted with the aid of an interactive computer system : the multispectral data analysis system. Based on the spectral information, the data was analysed and interpreted with the support of ground information. Crop fields without vegetation were observed to have infrared/red ratio in the range of 0.70 to 0.97 and also it was possible to distinguish wet and dry paddy field. Crop fields covered with vegetation exhibited higher infrared/red ratio depending on the nature of crop growth. For instance, rice crop exhibited spectral ratio of 0.78 at the time of planting, 3.52 at the time of maximum vegetation growth and 2.04 during the maturation phase. In case of sugarcane crop, the increase and decrease in spectral ratio were gradual because of its longer duration. From infrared and red band information it was possible to distinguish crop species based on rate of change of vegetation cover which corresponded with the change in spectral ratios. The temporal information expressed in two dimensional space for red and infrared band also enabled clearly to distinguish between rice and sugarcane.     

基于混合像元分解理论的路域植被等量水厚度遥感反演

为削弱混合像元对植被参数反演的影响,提出了基于混合像元分解理论反演路域植被等量水厚度的方法。利用PRO4SAIL模型正演获得的高光谱窄波段数据,模拟Landsat 8遥感影像宽波段植被冠层光谱数据,并进行等量水厚度的敏感植被指数的筛选;对覆盖研究区域的Landsat 8遥感影像进行线性混合像元分解,获取更加精确的植被冠层光谱反射率;同时,利用支持向量机构建等量水厚度估测模型,实现对路域植被等量水厚度的遥感反演。研究结果表明,利用混合像元分解后得到的植被冠层光谱参与模型反演得到的路域植被等量水厚度更加符合实际情况,为遥感影像反演植被参数提供了有效数据。