分时窗合成地震记录方法在南黄海的应用

南黄海以往一般采用单时窗合成地震记录,即对测井曲线求得反射系数与理论子波进行褶积,但由于地层浅部和深部的频率不同,导致合成地震记录和实际地震剖面吻合得不好.提出了对地震资料采用分时窗提取子波合成地震记录的方法,从井旁地震道提取地震子波进行频谱分析,地层浅部和深部地震子波的主频和波形不同,并考虑时延特性,采用分析结果的地...     

高精度合成地震记录制作及层位精细标定

地震资料精细解释和储层预测需要对地质层位和砂体进行准确标定,合成地震记录的精度直接影响到地质层位的准确标定.在保证合理的时深关系、准确的反射系数前提下,利用测井资料得到确定性子波为提高合成地震记录精度的有效途径,理想化的雷克子波为判别地震资料品质的有效手段,二者结合提高了合成地震记录层位精细标定的精度.以南海北部珠江口...     

合成地震记录制作在油气勘探中的应用

合成地震记录的制作是油气勘探的基础,它是连接地质、测井和地震资料的桥梁。从合成地震记录的基本原理出发,结合油气勘探过程中的具体研究实例,分析了VSP资料与合成地震记录时深关系的差异性、地震资料对合成记录的影响和子波的选择;最后,利用勘探实例着重用阐述合成地震记录在油气勘探中的应用,主要包括把握区域速度、明确储层地震响应特征、识别地震资料的多次波和剔除地震资料的地质＂假象＂。     

用DFS-V地震仪辅助道记录折射地震信号的方法

用DFS-v地震仪辅助道记录折射地震信号的方法在国内尚属首次采用。本文把此法与其它折射地震信号记录方法的优缺点进行了比较分析,进而对采用此法的有关技术问题及其技术意义作出阐述。     

长江中下游冷夏与海气相互作用

本文应用１９５２－１９８７年长江中下游地区７－８月气温资料，在划分冷夏年的基础上，研究了长江中下游夏季温度变化同北太平洋ＳＳＴＡ和热带ＯＬＲ异常的关系，进而分析了在埃尔尼诺事件当年和次年长江中下游夏季温度距平的差异性。结果表明在埃尔尼诺事件当年，长江中下游夏季温度明显偏低，它同赤道东太平洋正ＳＳＴＡ，赤道中太平洋ＯＬＲ负异常以及西太平洋副热带海域负ＳＳＴＡ，印尼附近ＯＬＲ正异常相联系，即同热带太平     

SAR海洋数据图象的定标系统

合成孔径雷达能够应用于地学各领域是基于ＳＡＲ图象记录了地物对微波的后向散射特性，因此对ＳＡＲ图象数据的定标就显得尤其重要，本文参考国我对星载ＳＡＲ传感器的定标方法，针对在海洋上ＳＡＲ定标工作国外做的较少，结合海洋ＳＡＲ应用遥感的特点，提出了对星载ＳＡＲ的图象数据进行定标的技术方法，理论依据和针对海洋的星载ＳＡＲ定标系统的构成。     

子波零相位化、反褶积与地震记录分辨率的关系

讨论了地震记录分辨率的概念及影响地震记录分辨率的几个关键处理环节和它们之间的关系 ,指出了目前常规处理方法的有效使用范围和局限性 ,提出了需进一步改进的问题。     

黄土沉积的地球化学记录与古气候演化

通过对陕西岐山黄土剖面加密连续采集的样品所进行的化学全分析及某些微量元素的测定,结果表明,该剖面元素组分演化的阶段与黄土－古土壤的叠置有很好的对应性,它们所揭示的末次冰期－间冰期旋回以及全新世以来的气候变化可以与深海氧同位素记录进行对比,其中末次冰期和全新世时期某些地球化学指标还优于深海记录,具有更高的分辨率。     

全新世高温期气候不稳定性记录

对黄土高原黄土剖面中的黑垆进行了植物孢粉植物硅酸体,碳同位素和化学分析测试,结果表明,黑垆土良好地记录了全新世高温期气候不稳定性,在大致９－６ｋａＢ．Ｐ．期间,曾发生数次强度不等的快速变化。     

死海地堑梅察达（Masada）附近的史前地震变形

死海地堑梅察达（Ｍａｓａｄａ）附近的史前地震变形ＳｈｍｕｅｌＭａｒｃｏ和ＡｍｏｔｚＡｇｎｏｎ活动地区的古地震记录对于评价过去的地震活动及地震灾害是很有价值的．一个理想的地震记录要有跨时久远的可靠、清晰和可测年代的地震指示．我们认为Ｌｉｓａｎ湖（古死海...     

Ocean-bottom-seismograph of the Institut für Geophysik,Hamburg

The ocean bottom seismograph (OBS) of the Institut für Geophysik, Hamburg (IfG) is designed for refraction seismic experiments and for recording microseismic noise. Hydrophone signals are recorded directly on a casette tape recorder with a band width of 3–60 Hz. Signals from three component 1 Hz seismometers are recorded on a 2nd casette tape recorder in FM for a frequency range of 0.1–1 Hz. A telemetering buoy at the surface is connected with the OBS by a polypropylene rope.     

Data recording and processing for high-resolution frequency analysis

This paper discusses the practical considerations associated with analyzing analog data signals to very high resolution in frequency. In the problem considered here, the data set is recorded on analog tape, digitized, and processed on a digital computer. A primary concern is that recorder speed variations, or flutter, can produce artifacts which might become evident when high-resolution spectral analysis is performed. This study concludes that fractional millihertz analysis resolution can be achieved with existing analog tape recorder technology. Another problem which must be considered is the efficient storage of the large data sequences resulting from processing long-time signal records. The use of two-stage frequency analysis is described as an approach to addressing this problem. Finally, the implementation issues associated with the periodogram and AR (autoregressive) estimation algorithms are outlined. It is anticipated that the discussion of practical considerations given here will be useful to researchers who must address problems that are similar to those cited in this paper.     

A Pull-Up Shallow Water Seismometer

An inexpensive Pull-Up Shallow Water Seismometer (PUSS) has been designed and built to conduct long range seismic refraction experiments in the North Sea and the continental shelf around Britain, with the particular goal of studying the crustal and lithospheric structure under the epeirogenic basin of the North Sea. Signals from a gimbal-mounted 3-component geophone and a hydrophone are frequency modulated and mixed with clock and flutter correction signals before being recorded on a standard speed cassette tape recorder, with one hour of recording time. A 100 hour programmable timer allows the interval between the time of reset of the clock and each shot window of optional 5 or 10 min duration, to be preselected. The PUSS is launched and recovered using a pull-up technique originally developed for current meters. The replay system is also described.In May 1976 sea trials of 5 PUSSes were conducted along a 200 km refraction line in the North Sea. The encouraging performance of the equipment resulted in the decision to build a further 10 units and to proceed with a 400 km refraction line planned for the summer of 1977.     

Ocean bottom seismograph development at Hawaii Institute of Geophysics

Three distinct ocean bottom seismograph (OBS) systems have been developed at the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics to satisfy the different requirements for short-range refraction and anisotropy experiments, long-range refraction experiments, and short-term and semi-permanent monitoring for earthquakes. One system, originally designed for semi-permanent use in conjunction with a monster buoy of the IDOE North Pacific Experiment has been modified for emplacement off Oahu. It contains 3-component 1 Hz seismometers and a hydrophone and obtains power and transmits data via tow conductor cable. Two additional systems were designed for short-term use: a 2 Hz telemetering system (TOBS); and 4.5 Hz free-fall pop-up system (POBS). The TOBS contains 3-component seismometers and a hydrophone and transmits data to the ship via light-weight single-conductor electromechanical cable and an HF-VHF radio link from a surface buoy. The bottom package also includes a backup tape recorder. This system exhibits the advantages of real-time data acquisition (e.g. precise timing, rapid appraisal of data quality, optimum use of explosives, and common recording with other data) and the complexities and difficulties associated with a deep-sea mooring. However, use of cable with near neutral bouyancy permits the design of a deep-water system with low weights and stress levels. The POBS is a self-contained package containing a vertical and single horizontal seismometer, hydrophone, cassette tape recorder, and pre-set timed release. This system is relatively simple and inexpensive. Total weight of 150 kg in air (before launch) permits emplacement and retrieval from a ship with no special equipment by two (strong) persons. Experience to data suggests that the optimum deployment scheme for many studies is a combination of TOBS's and POBS's.Hawaii Institute of Geophysics Contribution 835.     

Display of acoustic reflection profiles using a dot matrix plotter

Acoustic reflection profiling data display is traditionally done with the aid of a facsimile type of recorder. It is not uncommon to record the unprocessed acoustic data on a tape recorder for subsequent playback through a laboratory computer. This still involves the use of some sort of facsimile recorder for the ultimate display of profiles. This paper presents the results of a study to adapt a high-speed digital dot matrix plotter for the ultimate display in place of the conventional facsimile recorder. Because a minicomputer drives the display directly, a host of signal conditioning procedures are permitted, with the final display being generated in real time. Algorithms are developed to control the marking density, allow adaptive threshold control, bottom tracking, automatic gain control, and de-emphasis of water column boundary reverberation. These techniques are just a few of the many that can be employed since the computer can readily be carried on a large ship in deep water, or a small vessel in a harbour. Shallow water is the difficult case for high energy acoustic sources because the water column boundaries behave much like an excited acoustic cavity. For this reason, a section of seismic profile is shown which was obtained with a 7·5 kHz pinger in only 8 m of water in Narragansett Bay. This research was partiallysupported by the Division of Computer Research of the National Science Foundation.     

A permanent seismic station beneath the Ocean Bottom

The Hawaii Institute of Geophysics began development of the Ocean Subbottom Seisometer (OSS) system in 1978, and OSS systems were installed in four locations between 1979 and 1982. The OSS system is a permanent, deep ocean borehole seismic recording system composed of a borehole sensor package (tool), an electromechanical cable, recorder package, and recovery system. Installed near the bottom of a borehole (drilled by the D/V Glomar Challenger), the tool contains three orthogonal, 4.5-Hz geophones, two orthogonal tilt meters; and a temperature sensor. Signals from these sensors are multiplexed, digitized (with a floating point technique), and telemetered through approximately 10 km of electromechanical cable to a recorder package located near the ocean bottom. Electrical power for the tool is supplied from the recorder package. The digital seismic signals are demultiplexed, converted back to analog form, processed through an automatic gain control (AGC) circuit, and recorded along with a time code on magnetic tape cassettes in the recorder package. Data may be recorded continuously for up to two months in the self-contained recorder package. Data may also be recorded in real time (digital formal) during the installation and subsequent recorder package servicing. The recorder package is connected to a submerged recovery buoy by a length of bouyant polypropylene rope. The anchor on the recovery buoy is released by activating either of the acoustical command releases. The polypropylene rope may also be seized with a grappling hook to effect recovery. The recorder package may be repeatedly serviced as long as the tool remains functionalA wide range of data has been recovered from the OSS system. Recovered analog records include signals from natural seismic sources such as earthquakes (teleseismic and local), man-made seismic sources such as refraction seismic shooting (explosives and air cannons), and nuclear tests. Lengthy continuous recording has permitted analysis of wideband noise levels, and the slowly varying parameters, temperature and tilt.Hawaii Institute of Geophysics Contribution 1909.     

A digital event-recording ocean bottom seismometer capsule

The ocean bottom seismometer capsule contains a 1 Hz. vertical seismometer and triggerable or programmable digital recording system. The output of the seismometer is continuously digitized at a preselected rate of 64, 128, or 256 samples/sec. The digital data words are mixed with a time code and synchronization characters, serialized and passed through a 1536 sample shift register which acts as a delay line. The serial output bits are then encoded and recorded on a SONY TC800B tape recorder which is turned on when a seismic event occurs. The event trigger occurs when the seismic signal jumps to 8 times the time averaged input signal. A memory may be programmed to run the recorder on a schedule so that small amplitude signals from refraction shots are sure to be recorded. Data are recovered using the same recorder for playback and a decoder which provides an analog output for field data interpretation or a digital output for computer analysis. An acoustic transponder allows precise ranges between the capsule and ship to be determined. In addition, commands for the capsule to release or to transmit diagnostic data may be given from the surface ship. The capsule falls freely to the ocean bottom. After a predetermined time or when a release command is received, it is released from a 68 kg steel tripod and floats to the surface. A dual timer and explosive bolt system is used to increase recovery reliability.The first capsules were designed and constructed between October 1972 and October 1973. Good results were obtained from 38 out of 43 launchings made on six expeditions in 1974, 1975, and 1976. Four capsules have been lost.     

Digital system for recording fish echoes

A system to record digitised echo information from echo sounders has been developed as part of a project to improve methods of estimating the abundance of fish stocks around New Zealand. The depth of echoes appearing at the echo‐sounder receiver is determined, followed by a sequence of samples of the echo envelope defining its shape. All data are digitised and recorded on a seven‐track digital magnetic tape recorder. The system is designed to preserve as much information about the echoes as possible. In contrast to other published systems designed to either “count” or “integrate” fish echoes, this system allows free choice of methods of analysis.     

Ocean bottom seismograph

The ocean bottom seismograph described in this paper has been developed primarily for recording earthquakes on the mid-oceanic ridges. The instrument is suitable for dropping onto the most rugged areas of the ocean floor. Acoustic tracking with the ship's precision echo sounder enables it to be located there relative to both the topography of the sea bed and the ship. The outputs of a 3-component seismometer and a hydrophone are recorded in FM form on a low-power magnetic tape recorder designed specifically for the instrument.     

Pop-up bottom seismic recorder (PUBS) of the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences,U.K.

A pop-up bottom seismic recorder designed for seismic refraction experiments was built by the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences in 1968. The device is housed within a 71 cm diameter sphere weighing 270 kg when launched. signals picked up by a hydrophone are recorded in analogue form on magnetic tape in the band 2–100 Hz. The total continuous recording period is 12 hr but the lifetime of the system can be effectively extended by cycling the tape-recorders to allow shooting to go on for up to 3 days. Ballast release is by acoustic command or by pre-set clock. The instruments have been used in water depths from 150 to 4820 m making a total of 63 deployments with a 95% recovery rate. A new version with three-component geophones is being built.