随钻方位电磁波电阻率成像模拟及应用

随钻方位电磁波电阻率成像资料在地质导向中起着至关重要的作用。利用三维有限差分数值模拟方法计算随钻电阻率仪器激发的电磁场随仪器方位变化的规律,分析实现方位电阻率测量以及成像的原理及方法。数值模拟结果表明：在常规随钻电磁波仪器的基础上,增加倾斜或横向接收(发射)天线,可以实现地层方位的预测和判断,同时方位电磁波电阻率成像结果受相对井斜角、地层电导率对比以及地层地质构造的影响;利用方位电阻率成像以及定向信号成像结果可以预测和判断层界面、地层方位特征以及各向异性地层走向;幅度比电阻率成像效果优于相位差电阻率成像;在均匀各向异性介质中,线圈距和工作频率越大,视电阻率受垂向电阻率影响越大;线圈距越大,定向幅度信号越强,能预测的层界面的距离越大。     

二维电阻率图像重建的一种新方法

本文提出了一种新的二维电阻率成像方法,即电阻率层析成像.介绍了电阻率成像的几种供收方式,借鉴地震波和电磁波的反投影技术,应用电阻率反投影并联合使用常规算法,即导电α中心法作正演计算、非线性最小二乘法作反演修改,从而进行二维电阻率的图像重建.用Fortran语言编制了实现上述过程的程序,进行了大量数字模拟实验,获得较好的成像效果.     

中心回线瞬变电磁测深法快速电阻率成像方法及应用

利用导电全空间与均匀半空间中心回线源和磁偶极子在阶跃电流激发下磁场公式和扩散速度的定义,导出了不同条件下瞬变场的扩散速度公式。在此基础之上,引入瞬变电磁测深全区视电阻率定义数值计算方法,给出了电阻率成像的一阶与二阶近似公式,从而建立了一套中心回线瞬变电磁测深快速电阻率成像方法。模型检验结果、实测剖面电阻率成像以及对大地电磁测深视电阻率曲线进行静偏移校正效果均良好,说明该方法是可行的、有效的。      

高密度电阻率法二维成像方法及其应用

高密度电阻率法在工程勘察和环境监测中是一种很重要的勘探手段，高密度电阻率法二维成像理论与方法的研究在理论和实际应用上都有着很重要的意义。随着地球物理反演和成像技术研究的兴起和发展，层析成像技术在高密度电阻率法中的应用，提高了高密度电阻率法的勘探质量和精度。本文献电阻率法层析成像技术的前提条件及高密度电阻率法二维成像理论与方法进行了粗浅探讨，最后给出了一些应用实例。     

从高密度电阻率成像法到三维空间上的包气带水文学

高密度电阻率成像法是新近出现的通过测定介质电传导特性的地球物理勘探方法。它方便、快速和多尺度，可对探测对象进行无损的、三维的和动态的监测。由于包气带中发生的各种物理、化学、生物和水文过程不可避免的都会引起介质电阻率的变化，通过高密度电阻率成像法可以对这些过程进行三维的动态监测，从而为我们在三维空间上认识各种包气带过程创造了条件。本文首先介绍了高密度电阻率成像法在半无限的介质表面上应用时的电极布置、测定和反演计算方法，然后介绍了影响介质电阻率的因素。最后，从电阻率空间分布的差异性和时间上的变化性方面，介绍了目前高密度电阻率成像法的应用领域和研究方向，以期能促进高密度电阻率成像法的广泛应用和推动三维空间上的包气带水文学的研究。     

三维电阻率成像新方法及应用

三维电阻率成像法包括近似三维反演因子和综合子空间解释器,三维反演因子用于正向线性电阻率近似解译,综合子空间法是共轭梯度法的变换,是求解大型最优化问题的有效方法.三维成像是线性反演问题,不需正演模拟或敏感度修改.在非线性三维反演中,三维电阻率成像技术可直接获取三维电阻率的分布信息,或提供中间过程的模式修改.野外资料验证表明,三维成像技术可提供电阻率空间的分布信息.     

直流电井间三维直接成像

在分析电性不均匀体对电位影响的基础上，确定了直接成像的参数。该参数在井间没有电性不均匀体时，等于背景电阻率，而当井间存在低阻或高阻不均匀体时，则小于或大于背景电阻率，很好地反映了井间不均匀体的电阻率性质和位置。然后介绍了井与井之间成像参数的插值方法和用SURFER软件成像的方法，并给出了几个直接成像的例子。     

井-井电阻率2.5维近似成像研究

在使用有限单元法解决了井-井2.5维正演问题后,采用矩形剖分方式将井间剖面离散成若干个点,再将正演所得的视电阻率数据采用一种新颖的方式分配重组到井间每个离散点上,绘制出了井间剖面电阻率近似成像图。该近似成像方法避开了反演成像中庞大的内存需求和计算量,计算效率高,并且成像结果表明该方法具有较好的效果,是一种行之有效的井间视电阻率资料处理手段。     

瞬变电磁电阻率成像法探测岩体渗漏通道的研究及应用

本文利用等效代换的方法建立计算瞬变电磁响应的概念及方法,通过视电阻率和视深度的计算,进行实测剖面的二维电阻率成像,并利用该成像技术探测某水库岩体集中渗漏通道,获得良好的效果。     

高密度电法在水电站选址覆盖层厚度探测中的应用

高密度电阻率法是以人工向地下施加外电场,然后通过探测场的参数变化获得电性局部差异,从而认识被测目标的一种勘探手段.该方法可利用覆盖层与下部基岩存在的电性差异来测定覆盖层的厚度.由于其效率高、探测深和精确的地电剖面成像,已成为在水文和工程地质勘察中最有效的方法之一.这里简要阐述了高密度电阻率法发展过程、勘探原理、野外工作方法,并将该方法应用到水电站选址覆盖层厚度探测中,获得了测区部位的视电阻率二维成像图.结合测区地形地质条件、地球物理特征,通过对视电阻率二维成像图异常形态,高低阻等特征的分析,推断出了地下覆盖层厚度,为水电站选址建设提供了依据.     

隧道瞬变电磁克希霍夫偏移成像与地质灾害探测

隧道绿色施工不仅需要预报工作面前方突水突泥等低阻异常,更需要查明灾害体的地质构造,为灾害预警与防治提供保障。传统的瞬变电磁解释方法仅能够提供单一电阻率信息不能满足隧道地质灾害治理要求。因此,将虚拟波场成像技术引入到瞬变电磁隧道探测技术中,期望实现灾害体电性与结构综合解释。首先,根据波场变换原理将瞬变电磁数据转换到虚拟波场;然后,利用电阻率成像算法计算工作面前方电阻率建立虚拟波场速度模型,利用波动方程克希霍夫积分解进行波场延拓实现瞬变电磁虚拟波场偏移成像;最后,综合电阻率与偏移成像结果对工作面前方地质体进行解释,判断地质灾害体的电性与构造特征。分别采用充水溶洞、充水断层两类常见灾害模型对算法进行验证。充水断层模型电阻率成像结果可以识别工作面前方低阻异常,但是异常分布范围略有增加,且不易判断倾斜角度;而偏移成像结果有效地识别异常的边界位置且对应准确,更易容判断异常倾斜方向。充水溶洞模型电阻率成像结果可识别溶洞的低阻异常与位置,但是异常形态与实际模型略有偏差;偏移成像结果圈定了模型的前后边界且与模型吻合较好。实测数据偏移成像结果有效圈定了低阻异常位置与裂隙形态,预测结果与已知出水孔情况相符。理论模型与实测数据结果表明,虚拟波场克希霍夫偏移成像结果既包含地质灾害体的电阻率分布,又能识别灾害体电性分界面,为地质灾害预警与防治提供了丰富的地质信息。      

Resistivity imaging survey to delineate subsurface seepage of hydrocarbon contaminated water at Karbala Governorate,Iraq

This research is an attempt to accomplish a 3-D resistivity imaging survey, which was carried out near a water well contaminated with hydrocarbon materials in Karbala governorate. Two-dimensional resistivity imaging measurements were collected along four parallel profiles, using a Wenner array with electrode spacing of 1 m. The RES3DINV program was used to invert the apparent resistivity data. The results displayed a resistivity distribution of the subsurface in a three-dimensional volume. Thus, both the horizontal and vertical extents of the contaminated zone were displayed. This technique revealed a low resistivity zone at depth ranges from 3 to 6 m in the investigation area, but the seepage starts at depth ranges between 2 and 3 m and continues down depth (may be to the groundwater level). This low resistivity zone is the most likely location for a subsurface seepage of contaminated water. It is clear that the sufficient measurement points along 2-D lines in a small area can increase the 3-D imaging resolution, and nearly real 3-D imaging can be achieved, when the size of subsurface anomaly compared with the electrode spacing (a) of the Wenner array is taken into consideration.     

Geostatistical integration using 2-D electrical resistivity and 3-D gravity methods for detecting cavities in a karst area

Two-dimensional (2-D) electrical resistivity and three-dimensional (3-D) gravity explorations were undertaken to estimate the 3-D distribution of karst cavities at the area of Yongweol-ri in Korea where ground subsidence has occurred. Although the gravity method is a low-cost way of analyzing a 3-D continuous structure, its vertical resolving power is poor. In contrast, the electrical resistivity method can provide a 2-D and/or 3-D subsurface structure with a much higher lateral and vertical resolution than the gravity method. Accordingly, geostatistical methods and density information were used to enhance the 2-D resistivity structure revealed by the electrical resistivity method into a 3-D structure. The assumptions are, first, that each data set senses the same underlying geological structure in terms of different material properties and, secondly, that two different material properties are correlated locally or globally throughout the entire target area. As a result, the distribution of limestone cavities can be estimated under the assumption that they are mostly filled with groundwater and clayey soils and have abnormally low levels of resistivity and density. The estimated distribution corresponds with the grouting, borehole imaging and monitoring data. In this example, it can be seen that the integration analysis of 2-D electrical resistivity and 3-D gravity methods is a very powerful tool for 3-D subsurface imaging and that the method can provide enhanced imaging capabilities for 3-D cavities.     

综合物探技术在两水滑坡勘察中的应用

滑坡是地质灾害中最常见的、分布范围最广,产生危害最严重的一种。结合工区地质情况和地球物理特征,本文选用了高密度电法、瑞雷波法以及地震映像法在滑坡区进行研究和应用。研究表明,相比常规的勘察手法,采用综合物探方法对滑坡进行勘察,实验表明:高密度电法对地下的电性分布有较好的的反映,但无法直接判断滑动面的几何形态;地震映像法能够较为直观的反映地下弹性界面的起伏情况,对不良地质现象反映明显;瑞雷波法对浅层有较高的分辨率,可以不受地层速度的干扰,能够较详细的探测滑坡体的内部情况。不仅解决了单一物探结果的多解性问题,提高了结果的准确性,而且工作效率高、相对成本较低。     

Time-lapse resistivity investigations for imaging saltwater transport in glaciofluvial deposits

Five intersecting resistivity sections have been measured in glaciofluvial deposits hosting an aquifer of regional importance situated along a heavy traffic highway in Sweden. The winter salt spreading has caused a regular salinity increase through the years. For imaging the transport of saltwater in the aquifer, the sections were measured exactly in the same location before and after winter, and interpreted using a time-lapse inverse procedure. Some auger drilling and RCPT data were available for correlation. After winter, the resistivity had generally decreased under the water table and increased above it. The decrease in resistivity in the saturated zone is interpreted as a plume of more saline groundwater created by de-icing salt from the road. The increase in the upper layer can be explained by changes in temperature and soil moisture. The study shows that time-lapse resistivity investigations has potential for imaging hydraulic pathways in complex hydrogeological environments.     

Comparison of geoelectrical imaging and tunnel documentation at the Hallandsås Tunnel, Sweden

For construction in rock a thorough pre-investigation is important in order to avoid unforeseen conditions which may delay the work. It is crucial to remember the results from this investigation in the further work, and use the experience from the construction to update the geological prognosis and reduce the uncertainties. Different geophysical methods have proved valuable tools in such investigations. In this work the electrical imaging is evaluated with regards to the method's applicability. The evaluation is done qualitatively by comparing the electrical imaging with tunnel documentation from a tunnel in Southern Sweden. By evaluating the result continuously when making the tunnel a more detailed geological prognosis can be compiled and used in the continued work with the tunnel. The parameters used for the comparison are lithology, Q, RQD, weathering and water leakage. The result was that virtually every change in electrical resistivity image coincides with a change in rock conditions. The general trend was that high resistivity corresponded with good quality gneiss whereas low resistivity corresponds to poor quality rock e.g., high weathering, low RQD, low Q and/or several lithological contacts. The intermediate resistivity is often amphibolites or rock with water bearing fractures. The results were supported by in-situ resistivity measurements inside the tunnel and resistivity logging in a core drilling. Geoelectrical imaging proved to give valuable information for a detailed geological model, which could be compiled for a section where the tunnel had not yet been drilled as a help for planning of the continued tunnel work. As is the case other geophysical methods it is clear that for the interpretation of data a priori information about the geological setting is necessary.     

高密度电法评价岩溶地下水分布

本文利用高密度电法对第四系土层进行了勘查,利用所得到的高密度电阻率反演剖面资料,进行了分析,切片,形成等深度的高密度电阻率勘查反演电阻率平面分布,推断地下水的空间活动规律。对利用高密度电阻率勘查推断地下水的空间活动规律进行了一次有益的尝试,为进一步认识地面塌陷和预防治理提供科学依据。