朝鲜半岛历史火山喷发记载

研究火山喷发现象的历史记载对确定历史火山喷发事件及其年代具有重要意义。根据朝鲜半岛历史文献,系统整理和研究历史火山喷发现象的记载后,得出如下认识:1)直观的历史火山喷发事件有公元1002年济州岛火山喷发、1007年济州岛以西近海火山喷发和1597年中国吉林长白县境内的望天鹅火山喷发。2)根据"雨灰"(火山灰)记载可确定的火山喷发事件分别发生在公元1265、1401—1405、1668、1673、1702年等,推测均为长白山天池火山喷发。3)公元1373年的"雨白毛"(火山毛)记载,推测为长白山天池火山喷发事件。4)公元1533年的"天火",若其为火山喷发物,则可能是长白山天池火山喷发。公元1601—1609年的"天火",可能是中国吉林龙岗火山喷发事件,或是长白山天池火山喷发事件。5)史料记载的"雨土"乃是黄土沉降现象并非火山灰。依据"雨土"提出的长白山火山喷发事件不成立。     

长白山天池火山碎屑流灾害区划

在回顾总结了国外火山碎屑流灾害分析模型研究历史的基础上,本文选取了Flow3D模型对我国东北地区长白山天池火山未来大喷发可能产生的火山碎屑流进行了灾害区域划分。以长白山天池火山现代地形为依据,设定了11条未来爆炸式火山喷发时产生的火山碎屑流的可能流动线路。模拟结果表明,在喷发柱高度为10km的情况下,灾害区划最大半径为13.7km;在喷发柱高度为20km的情况下,灾害区划最大半径为35.4km;在喷发柱高度为30km的情况下,灾害区划最大半径为57.8km。在此基础上,得出了长白山天池火山未来发生中规模、大规模和超大规模火山喷发时火山碎屑流的覆盖范围,完成了我国第一幅长白山天池火山碎屑流灾害区划图。     

长白山天池火山——一座具潜在喷发危险的近代火山

通过对长白山天池火山近代喷发历史、喷发规模、喷发物类型的调查和研究,提出该火山是一座具潜在喷发危险的大型近代活动火山.建议开展对该火山的动态监测和系统研究.     

长白山天池火山密码破译势在必行

长白山天池火山是中新世以来多次喷发并造成严重灾害的火山。通过十几年的火山地质及火山地震监测研究认为长白山天池火山近期不会马上喷发，但它是一座具有潜在喷发危险性的活动火山，并提出建立长白山火山观测站的重要意义，讨论了天地火山密码的破译需要调动各方面有利因素和有利条件。     

长白山天池火山晚更新世以来喷发序列研究

<正>长白山天池火山位于吉林省东部的中朝边境线上,是长白山火山系统中3座大型的复式层状火山之一。2002—2006年一系列的火山扰动事件和约1000年前的布里尼式大喷发使天池火山成为我国乃至东北亚地区最具有潜在喷发危险的活火山。同时,鉴于其危险性和火山学研究中的重要样本价值,各国学者对长白山天池火山进行了大量研究,并获得了一系列资料。前人研究认为,天池火山的喷发活动可分为3个阶段,分别为造盾喷发阶段、造锥喷发     

长白山天池火山的地质构造背景

用地质学、地球物理学和地震学相结合的途径分析表明,长白山天池火山处于活动构造背景中,西太平洋板块自日本海沟向我国大陆的持续俯冲作用是长白山天池火山喷溢的主要诱发机制,天池火山的未来喷发可能受北西西向走滑机制的控制。     

长白山遥测地震台网的建设

长白山天池火山历史上记载有多次喷发.这些年来,我国对近代活动火山的研究又有新的进展.要建立长白山火山地震观测遥测台网对火山活动性进行监测研究,是很多研究人员的期望,吉林省地震局早期就开始了对长白山天池火山的研究与监测. 在1993年～1994年,国家地震局科技监测司下达了由地球物理研究所四室与吉林省     

长白山天池火山监测与灾害防御

对吉林省长白山天池火山历史喷发灾害进行了分析,指出了火山灾害可能带来的后果,并根据长白山天池火山现状和火山灾害特点．提出了火山灾害防御对策。     

利用卫星遥感技术监测长白山天池火山活动性

正位于中朝边界的长白山天池火山是一座具有潜在灾害性喷发的大型近代活动火山。长白山天池火山历史上发生了多次喷发事件,曾造成了巨大的灾难,发生在公元946年的大喷发,就规模和猛烈程度而言,属于全球近2000年以来最大的爆炸喷发之一。鉴于此,"九五"和"十五"期间,中国地震局等几家单位对长白山天池火山进行了较为系统的地质、地球物理探测研究,并进行了以地震活动、形变、地球化学变化为主的固定、流动台网监测研究工作,取     

长白山天池火山千年大喷发火山碎屑流相模式及灾害区划研究

长白山天池火山千年大喷发火山碎屑流分布范围广泛,是国内火山碎屑流领域重要的研究对象。前人研究表明：（1）长白山天池火山千年大喷发火山碎屑流搬运堆积机制复杂,且火山碎屑流近源、中源部分一般分布在人迹罕至尚未开发的地方,火山碎屑流相模式尚未系统建立;（2）火山碎屑流是长白山地区主要灾害类型,尚未有专题的灾害区划图;（3）早期粒度分析主要采用人工法测试,精度低,误差大,大量微米级碎屑的动力学信息流失。     

长白山火山监测研究规划的初步构想

在总结长白山火山监测研究工作的基础上，充分借鉴国内外经验，结合吉林省的实际，笔者提出了加强长白山火山监测规划的初步构想，这对于建立长白山火山观测站及开展火山监测研究均具有实际意义。     

浅述五大连池火山区浅层气体钍、氡与断裂构造和火山活动的关系

在五大连池火山区流体化学研究原有工作的基础上，对火山群的重要区段开展了野外踏勘、气体普查，特别是用放射性气体测量方法对火烧山、老黑山、笔架山、药泉山等火山区进行了Tn、Rn测量。通过大量实测资料，分析和研究了Tn、Rn等气体和火山、火山活动、断裂构造、断裂活动性及其他地质条件的关系，初步查明了五大连池火山区的气体组成特征、分布和形成规律，对地下主要气体的成因、气体和火山构造活动及其它地质条件的关系进行了初步探讨，并提出了对五大连池火山区气体观测的初步设想和建议。     

The hydrothermal system of Nevado del Ruiz volcano,Colombia

Hot springs and steam vents on the slopes of Nevado del Ruiz volcano provide evidence regarding the nature of hydrothermal activity within the summit and flanks of the volcano. At elevations below 3000 m, alkali-chloride water is discharged from two groups of boiling springs and several isolated warm springs on the western slope of Nevado del Ruiz. Chemical and isotopic geothermometers suggest that the boiling springs are fed by an aquifer having a subsurface equilibration temperature of at least 175°C, and the sampled warm spring is fed by an aquifer having a subsurface equilibration temperature near 150°C. Similarities in conservative solute ratios (e.g., B/Cl) indicate that the alkali-chloride waters may be related to a single reservoir at depth. Isotopic ratios of hydrogen and oxygen indicate that recharge for the alkali-chloride aquifers comes mostly from higher elevations on the volcano. Steam vents and steam-heated bicarbonate-sulfate springs at higher elevations, along a linear structural trend with the alkali-chloride springs, may be derived partly from the alkali-chloride water at depth by boiling. Steam from the vents (84°C) yields a gas geothermometer temperature of 209°C. Acid-sulfate-chloride and acid-sulfate waters are discharged widely from warm springs above 3000 m on the northern and eastern slopes of Nevado del Ruiz. Similarities in B/Cl and SO₄/Cl ratios suggest that the acid waters are mixtures of water from an acid-sulfate-chloride reservoir with various proportions of shallow, dilute groundwater. The major source of sulfate, halogens, and acidity for the acid waters may be high-temperature magmatic gases. Available data on hot spring temperatures and compositions indicate that they have remained fairly stable since 1968. However, the eruption of November 13, 1985 apparently caused an increase in sulfate concentration in some of the acid springs that peaked about a year after the eruption. Long-term monitoring of hot spring compositions over many years will be required to better define the effects of volcanic activity on the Nevado del Ruiz hydrothermal system.     

地震地热说原理与应用

从地震与火山资料出发,定义了地震柱的概念,全球划分24个地震柱并逐个研究.发现了地幔深部能量自下而上逐层驱动的稳定通道,揭示了浅源地震与中深源地震的差异性、壳内地震与火山的同一性、本尼奥夫剖面的独立性、地震柱活动的间歇性、地震柱的衰变性等自然现象,探讨了地震柱的成因,构成了M型的热机带.同时,对全球GPS观测资料与大洋中脊带的继承性运动和脊轴扩张的比较研究,揭示了当前大陆漂移的优势方向,构成了W型的冷机带.两大系统呈倒扣之势并具有相位差异或许由于地球自转角速度的变更所造成,从而构成了当今地球的地貌差异.冷机带造成大陆漂移的渐变而热机带造成壳内强震和火山的灾变,形成地震地热说的两个研究体系.文中给出了地震地热说应用方面的几个例子.     

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF VOLCANIC ROCKS STRUCTURE AND LITHOFACIES OF DALIUCHONG VOLCANO IN THE TENGCHONG VOLCANIC FIELD,YUNNAN PROVINCE

A set of grey-purple layered volcanic rocks are found widely distributed from the mountain flank to the main peak of Daliuchong volcano, but it's difficult to identify whether they are volcaniclastic rock or lava rock just by field investigation and the crystal structure observation under microscope. The study of matrix microstructure of the volcanic rocks can help to identify the volcanic facies. We recognize the eruptive facies rocks through observation of the matrix microstructure and pore shape with comparison to those of the volcanic vent facies, extrusive facies and effusive facies rocks under microscope, thus the mentioned layered volcanic rocks could be named as dacitic crystal fragment tuff. Combining the joint work of field investigation, systematic sampling, chemical analyzing and microscopic observation, we summary the Daliuchong volcanic facies as follows:1. The effusive facies lava constitutes the base of Daliuchong volcano and was produced by early eruption.2. The explosive facies is composed of dacite crystal fragment welded tuff and volcanic breccia and mainly distributes on the W, S and NE flank of the volcanic cone.3. The volcanic conduit with its diameter more than one hundred meters is located about 100 meters south of the main peak of the Daliuchong volcano.4. The extrusive facies rock is only exposed near the peak of Daliuchong volcano.Therefore, the volcanism of Daliuchong volcano can be speculated as:Large-scale lava overflowing occurred in the early eruption period; then explosive eruptions happened; at last, the volcanisms ceased marked with magma extrusion as lava dome and plug.     

五大连池火山与冷泉

在对火山活动与温泉关系的分析基础上，讨论了五大连池区的冷泉现象，结果表明火山区的泉水温度并不是描述火山活动性的惟一指标，五大连池区的火山气体，微震活动和地热梯度等特点清楚显示了该区火山群的活动性。     

K-Ar和Ar-Ar方法的精细测年及其检验

活动构造研究、近现代火山研究、古地磁研究等要求K-Ar和Ar-Ar年代学方法不断向越来越小的年龄尺度和越来越精细的方向发展。文中以腾冲等火山地区的K-Ar和Ar-Ar年代学研究结果及实验方法研究结果为根据,对K-Ar和Ar-Ar方法的精细测年及其检验进行阐述。说明K-Ar和Ar-Ar年代测定结果是单个样品的单次测量结果,其影响因素包括样品因素和实验因素。为了提高测年结果的准确度和精确度,必须有严格而合理的野外采样和实验过程,并且在具体的地质样品年代测量之外,还应经常利用一系列可能的方法对实验结果进行检验     

Radon as a possible criterion for predicting eruptions as observed at Karymsky volcano

Observations carried out systematically at Karymsky volcano have shown that the Rn content in the gases from the summit crater fumaroles and from hot springs at the foot of the volcano increased before and during the 1971 activity of the volcano.     

Swift snowmelt and floods (lahars) caused by great pyroclastic surge at Mount St Helens volcano,Washington, 18 May 1980

The initial explosions at Mount St. Helens, Washington, on the moring of 18 May 1980 developed into a huge pyroclastic surge that generated catastrophic floods off the east and west flanks of the volcano. Near-source surge deposits on the east and west were lithic, sorted, lacking in accretionary lapilli and vesiculated ash, not plastered against upright obstacles, and hot enough to char wood — all attributes of dry pyroclastic surge. Material deposited at the surge base on steep slopes near the volcano transformed into high-concentration lithic pyroclastic flows whose deposits contain charred wood and other features indicating that these flows were hot and dry. Stratigraphy shows that even the tail of the surge had passed the east and west volcano flanks before the geomorphically distinct floods (lahars) arrived. This field evidence undermines hypotheses that the turbulent surge was itself wet and that its heavy components segregated out to transform directly into lahars. Nor is there evidence that meters-thick snow-slab avalanches intimately mixed with the surge to form the floods. The floods must have instead originated by swift snowmelt at the base of a hot and relatively dry turbulent surge. Impacting hot pyroclasts probably transferred downslope momentum to the snow surface and churned snow grains into the surge base. Melting snow and accumulating hot surge debris may have moved initially as thousands of small thin slushflows. As these flows removed the surface snow and pyroclasts, newly uncovered snow was partly melted by the turbulent surge base; this and accumulating hot surge debris in turn began flowing, a self-sustaining process feeding the initial flows. The flows thus grew swiftly over tens of seconds and united downslope into great slushy ejecta-laden sheetfloods. Gravity accelerated the floods to more than 100 km/h as they swept down and off the volcano flanks while the snow component melted to form great debris-rich floods (lahars) channeled into valleys.     

Low temperature mud-explosion of Mt. Yaké, Prefs. Nagano-Gifu,Central Japan,on 17th June 1962 as an example of endogenous katamorphism of volcanic rock at the destructive stage of the volcano

Mt. Yaké or Yaké-daké is a dissected dome-shaped volcano mainly composed of the biotite bearing augite-hypersthene-hornblende andesite lavas extruded on the high mountain ridge consisting of the granite and hard Palaeozoic rocks between two prefectures Nagano and Gifu in the central part of Japan. It had been almost in dormant state only with weak fumarole activity on and around its summit dome since the former active period from 1907 to 1932. Incandescent lava emission has never been recorded in the historic age. On 17th June 1962 at about 21 h 55 m, a sudden explosion took place on the northern side of the dome. After successive explosions a fissure, about 700 m in length, was formed. On 19th from the northeast end of the fissure, milky hot water suspending muddy material flowed out. The mud flow ran down on the slope along the dry gully and poured into the Lake Taisyo-iké, about 2.5 km east of the vent. The lake was formed in 1915-eruption when a tremendous mud flow dammed up Azusagawa, the river running through the valley east of the volcano. Ejected blocks were deposited on the area within 1 km from the vent. Ash was deposited about 1 cm in thickness on the area about 4 km east of the volcano. Several mud flows poured into the Lake Taisyo-iké and the River Azusagawa. But no red-hot ejecta was observed during the present eruption, and temperature near the vent was lower than 100°C. Thus the present eruption is said to be low temperature phreatic explosions. In suspensoids of the hot water and in clayey matter deposited around the new vent are contained the montmorillonites, which hove never been found in the rocks exposed on the volcano in spite of the detailed investigation of the writers over 10 years. On the other hand, the mineral is not expected to be formed in the altered rocks under oxydized state on the surface. It was fine, at least no rain, before and during the explosions and the mud flow ran down along the dry gully. So the hot water was purely derived from the inner part of the volcano and the mud flow was not brought about by rain fall after deposition of ejecta on the volcano. The mud flow must have been formed endogenously under the volcano where the katamorphism of the rocks forming the volcano had advanced owing to chemical action of volcanic gas in the long period before the eruption.