考虑表面裂隙层的衬垫防渗性能概率分析

压实粘土衬垫是填埋场等环境岩土工程中常用的屏障材料,其表面的干燥裂隙可能对衬垫的有效性有一定的影响。将整个衬垫分为受裂隙影响的表面土层和不受裂隙影响的下部土层两部分,把饱和渗透系数和裂隙扩展深度看作随机变量,采用蒙特卡洛法分析衬垫底部污染物相对浓度和通量的概率特征。研究表明,由于衬垫底部出现高浓度（接近于1）的概率较大,这个浓度区间可能比相对浓度的均值高很多,对周围环境污染有较大的威胁,因此确定性方法得到的结果存在较大的风险;考虑表面裂隙导致渗透系数的增大,得到的结果更为合理;保证衬垫足够的厚度可以降低表面裂隙土层饱和渗透系数的变化对衬垫防渗效果的影响;将两层土的渗透系数看作独立随机变量,得到的结果偏于安全。     

渗透系数的变异性对压实黏土衬垫性能的影响

压实黏土衬垫是填埋场等环境岩土工程中常用的屏障材料,其厚度和渗透系数是主要的设计参数。考虑渗透系数的变异性,用衬垫底部污染物相对浓度和通量等指标分析了设计参数对衬垫有效性的影响。研究表明,渗透系数的变异性对衬垫性能有很大的影响：当衬垫厚度较小或渗透系数均值较大时,衬垫底部出现高浓度（接近于1）的概率很大,这个浓度区间可能比相对浓度的均值高很多,对周围环境污染有较大的威胁。从非反应性溶质的运移来看,我国规范中对衬垫厚度和渗透系数的规定是合理的。相对于污染物的通量,厚度和渗透系数对衬垫底部相对浓度的影响更为显著,相对浓度更适合作为评价衬垫性能的指标。     

粘性土渗透系数的室内测定方法初探

本文介绍了室内固结渗透试验获取粘性土渗透系数的方法技术,从粘性土渗透系数实测数据出发,讨论了粘性土的渗透规律,总结了不同告性粘性土的渗透系数值.     

GCL与CCL复合衬垫的等效性分析

土工合成材料粘土衬垫(GCL)与土工膜(GM)形成的复合衬垫在垃圾填埋场中的应用日益广泛.我国规范中允许在特殊情况下用GCL代替压实粘土(CCL)做垃圾填埋场的衬垫,但是对于"特殊情况"没有明确说明.本文采用数值方法对复合衬垫中无机污染物的对流和扩散进行了计算,从衬垫底部污染物通量和累积量两个角度对GCL复合衬垫和CCL复合衬垫阻滞污染物运移的效果进行了比较,分析两种复合衬垫的等效性,并研究了GCL复合衬垫的适用范围.结果表明,当渗滤液水头较高时,GCL复合衬垫体现出其优势.     

泥石流源区砾石土分形特征及其与渗透系数关系试验研究

以取自泥石流易发区的182个砾石土土样为基础,进行室内颗分试验,通过分形理论计算各土样的分维值,经计算发现,泥石流源区砾石土以一重分形为主,一重分形的土样占样本总数的88.46%,一重分形土样的分维值介于2.250～2.798之间;以此数据为基础配置土样,通过自制、可控的常水头试验装置进行渗透试验。试验结果表明,渗透系数k与分维值D之间有极显著的相关性,且在干密度为1.8 g/cm3时相关性最好。通过多元回归分析发现,不同密度条件下,k与D之间均有较好的幂函数关系;相同的分维值条件下土样的渗透系数随密度的增大呈减小的趋势,分维值在2.450～2.600之间时,样本的干密度 与渗透系数k之间的幂函数关系较为明显。试验结果可以为泥石流启动的临界雨量研究提供理论基础,提高已有预报模型的普适性及精度。     

多孔介质中溶质有效扩散系数预测的分形模型

依据分形理论和方法,探索溶质在多孔介质中的有效扩散系数的替代预测方法。在多孔介质溶质扩散的弯曲毛细管束模型的基础上,以分形维数作为介质的基本几何特性参数,建立了多孔介质中溶质扩散的分形毛细管束模型,推导出了溶质有效扩散系数与介质孔隙度之间的幂定律关系式,幂指数是介质孔隙分维和表面分维的函数,反映了介质孔隙体积的层次分布与孔隙通道曲折程度对扩散的影响。对粘性土的分形维数测定数据和有效扩散系数试验测定数据的分析表明,利用该关系式预测多孔介质中溶质的有效扩散系数是较为准确可靠的。     

泥石流堆积物中细颗粒含量与渗透系数关系试验研究

泥石流拦砂坝通常建造在沟床堆积物上。泥石流堆积物的渗透性是影响坝底扬压力的关键因素。目前关于土体渗透性的研究主要集中于无黏性粗粒土,对泥石流堆积物这种宽级配土体渗透性的研究比较缺乏。选择北川县泥石流沟床堆积物作为试验材料,通过渗透试验,确定了影响宽级配土渗透性的细颗粒上限粒径;在此基础上,通过试验研究了细颗粒含量与渗透系数的关系。结果表明,泥石流堆积物中粗颗粒仅起骨架作用,细颗粒才是决定其渗透性能的关键;显著影响宽级配土渗透性的细颗粒上限粒径为0.1 mm;细颗粒（<0.1 mm）含量与渗透系数呈负指数关系,并且当细颗粒含量超过20%以后,泥石流堆积土的渗透性趋于稳定。     

岩石视电阻率与渗透系数的关系初探

岩石的渗透性与其泥含量有关，泥质含量越高，岩石的渗透性越差；岩石的视电阻率随着岩石的泥质含量的增加而减少，岩石的渗透性强弱、视电阻率的高低都依赖于岩石本身的物理结构和性质，研究岩石的渗透能力与视电阻率的关系，对确定岩石的渗透系数、了解岩石渗透能力，地下水对渗透岩层的作用，都有一定的实际意义。     

颗粒膨胀对膨润土复合衬垫防渗性能的影响及介观机制分析

膨润土复合衬垫(geosynthetic clay liners,GCL)的防渗性能与膨润土颗粒水化后的多孔介质特性密切相关。通过建立去离子水环境下颗粒尺度GCL渗流的COMSOL数值计算模型,量化研究了颗粒膨胀对GCL有效孔隙率、迂曲度以及渗透系数的影响。研究结果表明,介观尺度膨润土颗粒的膨胀是影响GCL整体有效孔隙率、迂曲度及最终渗透系数的关键因素。膨润土颗粒膨胀会明显影响流径数量及流径通道宽度。当GCL的渗透系数接近10^-11 m/s量级时,存在一条明显的主流径,初始孔隙率从0.5上升至0.6时,颗粒膨胀后的有效孔隙率从0.07上升至0.11,最小流径通道的宽度约为0.001 mm,大约为水分子的2 500倍。随着膨润土颗粒的膨胀,GCL内主流径迂曲度逐渐增加。当初始细颗粒直径为0.1 mm,初始孔隙率从0.5增加至0.6时,GCL内主流径迂曲度在1.2～1.4之间,但所有初始孔隙率下的主流径迂曲度变化范围在0.07左右。同时,渗透系数接近10^-11 m/s量级时,膨润土颗粒膨胀对GCL渗透系数的影响非常显著,当孔隙膨胀率大于0.96后...     

水力传导度空间变异性的分形模拟研究进展

水力传导度是描述孔隙介质物理特性的重要参数,水力传导度的空间变异性直接影响到水分与溶质在介质中的运移状况。由于基于随机理论的方法难于描述具有多重变异尺度的水力传导度的空间变异性,使得基于分形理论的方法得到了较快发展和应用。详细介绍并评述了分形理论和方法的基本特征及研究进展,水力传导度的空间变异分形与弥散尺度效应的关系及其对溶质运移的影响。     

The log-normal distribution for hydraulic conductivity of compacted clays: Two or three parameters?

Risk and uncertainty assessments for waste containment systems employing clay barriers often include spatial variability in the hydraulic conductivity as part of the analysis. The two-parameter log-normal distribution is often used to describe the spatial variability, but for compacted clays the three-parameter form can be more appropriate. A statistical hypothesis test was developed that can be used to determine if the two- or three-parameter form of the log-normal distribution is more appropriate. The test is based on a likelihood ratio, comparing likelihood functions for the two- and three-parameter forms at their maximums. Likelihood functions are used assuming that a data set can be segregated into a set of distinct groups of hydraulic conductivities. A step-by-step calculation procedure is described and the test is applied to data collected from 45 sites.     

Determination of hydraulic conductivity of sand-bentonite mixtures for engineering purposes

Pollution of the environment due to leakage from waste repositories is a well-known and wide spread problem. Emphasis has therefore been put on design of liners for such repositories, focusing on hydraulic conductivity and its variation with time, liner composition, water content, compaction etc. The paper addresses the hydraulic conductivity of sand/bentonite mixtures, especially the variation of the hydraulic conductivity as a function of bentonite content, compaction and degree of saturation. In order to better understand the variation of the hydraulic conductivity of a sand–bentonite mixture a new parameter k ₁ has been proposed. The parameter reflects the amount of bentonite per pore volume and can easily be calculated based on the amount of bentonite and the dry density of the soil mixture. Thereby, the hydraulic conductivity can be predicted as a function of different degres of compaction. This method can be used for engineering purposes to predict the hydraulic conductivity at an early stage of a design to get an idea of the required design and hence, cost.     

基于连续分形理论的土壤非饱和水力传导度的研究

土壤的孔隙是具有连续分形性质的物理结构,根据土壤孔隙分形结构建立了非饱和水力传导度模型。模型包括综合系数、分形维数和临界体积比3个参数,综合系数为不同土壤基质势对应的非饱和水力传导度与饱和传导度之间的水力联系,与土壤质地有关;分形维数反映土壤孔隙结构对于非饱和水力传导度的作用,土壤不同尺寸孔隙之间的连通性则通过临界体积加以描述。模型具有较为明确的物理解释。将模型应用于5种不同土壤的结果表明,所提出的非饱和水力传导度模型具有较好的模拟效果。     

确定田间土壤水力传导率的分形方法

采用了一种简便易行的分形方法来间接估计水力传导率函数,即根据土壤粒径分布曲线确定孔隙表面分形维数,将其作为分形水力传导率模型的参数来预测整个压力水头范围内的水力传导率.利用UNSODA数据库中217个样本的实测资料对模型进行检验,结果表明分形方法预测的水力传导率其精度明显高于根据水分特征曲线利用统计孔径分布模型的估计结果.     

膨润土防水毯渗透性能的温度效应

以颗粒状钠基膨润土防水毯为研究对象,采用改造的GDS全自动环境岩土渗透仪开展渗透试验,研究温度和压力对渗透系数的影响。研究表明:低围压下膨润土防水毯的渗透系数随温度的增加而减小,温度较高时趋于平缓或略有增大;围压增为100 kPa时,渗透系数随温度的增加而增大。固有渗透率随温度的增加而减小;低围压下固有渗透率减小更显著,仅考虑流体物理性质变化的渗透系数估算值与实测值有很大差异。膨润土吸附结合水量随温度的升高而减小,不能解释膨润土防水毯渗透系数和固有渗透率随温度的变化规律。当温度升高时,粒间孔隙减小且颗粒状膨润土分解成凝胶态蒙脱石颗粒,在低围压下凝胶态蒙脱石颗粒层间距离减小,是渗透系数和固有渗透率随温度的升高而减小的主要原因。     

Development of a technique for modelling clay liner desiccation

This paper presents a model for the analysis of clay liner desiccation in a landfill barrier system due to temperature effects. The model incorporates consideration of fully coupled heat‐moisture‐air flow, a non‐linear constitutive relationship, the dependence of void ratio and volumetric water content on stress, capillary pressure and temperature, and the effect of mechanical deformation on all governing equations. Mass conservative numerical schemes are proposed to improve the accuracy of the finite element solution to the governing equations. The application of the model is then demonstrated by examining three test problems, including isothermal infiltration, heat conduction and non‐isothermal water and heat transport. Comparisons are made with results from literature, and good agreement is observed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Composite landfill liner design with Ankara clay, Turkey

This study presents an overview of the geotechnical properties of the clayey soils, referred to as Ankara clay, at two sites of the Ankara region in an attempt to design a landfill profile composed of a high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane/clay composite liner through the Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) model and the Water Balance Method. The geotechnical properties of the landfill layers along with the water balance factors (i.e., evapotranspiration, precipitation, temperature, etc.) were assessed to determine the height of the water-saturated zone in the refuse above the composite liner for landfill design. The cumulative expected leakage rates through the composite liner constructed with compacted Ankara clay were related quantitatively to the cumulative average leachate head. The results of this investigation show that the leakage rates through the composite liner are within tolerable limits.     

Environmental geological and geotechnical investigations related to the potential use of Ankara clay as a compacted landfill liner material, Turkey

Clay-bearing Upper Pliocene red clastics and Quaternary alluvial deposits occupy the Ankara basin. The clayey levels of the Upper Pliocene deposits, referred to as Ankara clay, is considered as a source for compacted clay liners due to their low coefficients of permeability and widespread distributions throughout Ankara. This study investigates the geological, geotechnical and mineralogical properties of the founding clayey soils at two sites of the Ankara region. The geotechnical index properties along with the hydraulic conductivities of the clayey soil samples collected from these sites were determined. A mathematical relation between the clay mineralogical content and hydraulic conductivity was established. The results of this investigation show that, from a geotechnical point of view, Ankara clay may be regarded as a highly suitable material for a compacted clay landfill liner given that its mineralogical compatibility with leachate is confirmed.