华北地台中元古代碳酸盐岩中的微生物成因构造及其生烃潜力

华北地台中元古界主要由环潮坪石英砂岩、浅海碳酸盐岩和浅海—泻湖相暗色页岩3种沉积相组合构成,以陆表海浅水碳酸盐岩占主导。碳酸盐岩中除含有丰富的微古植物、宏观藻类和微生物建隆外,还发育大量的微生物成因构造(MISS)和微生物诱发的碳酸盐沉淀(MMCP)。微生物席和MISS构造在高于庄组上部(约1.6 Ga)和雾迷山组下部(约1.45 Ga)碳酸盐岩中尤为发育,表明活跃的微生物活动和高有机质产量。在石化微生物席中,发现有丝状、球状细菌化石和草莓状黄铁矿;围岩中发现有针状文石、花瓣状重晶石、放射状菱铁矿、铁白云石和葡萄状碳酸盐胶结物等多种自生碳酸盐矿物,指示甲烷厌氧氧化(AOM)导致的自生碳酸盐沉淀。中元古代的温暖气候和海洋分层、缺氧、硫化条件有利于微生物的高生产量和高有机质埋藏率。气隆构造和核形石状碳酸盐结核反映浅埋藏条件下活跃的成烷作用和甲烷排放,围岩和MMCP中富沥青质。华北地台中元古界富微生物席碳酸盐岩有良好的生烃潜力,有可能形成重要的烃源岩。据微生物席、MISS构造及MMCP的研究,初步估算华北地台中元古代碳酸盐岩的概略生烃潜力约为10×108t石油当量。     

Enriched stable carbon isotopes in the pore waters of carbonate sediments dominated by seagrasses: Evidence for coupled carbonate dissolution and reprecipitation

Studies of the δ¹³C of pore water dissolved inorganic carbon (δ¹³C-DIC) were carried out in shallow water carbonate sediments of the Great Bahamas Bank (GBB) to further examine sediment-seagrass relationships and to more quantitatively describe the couplings between organic matter remineralization and sediment carbonate diagenesis. At all sites studied δ¹³C-DIC provided evidence for the dissolution of sediment carbonate mediated by metabolic CO₂ (i.e., CO₂ produced during sediment organic matter remineralization); these observations are also consistent with pore water profiles of alkalinity, total DIC and Ca²⁺ at these sites. In bare oolitic sands, isotope mass balance further indicates that the sediment organic matter undergoing remineralization is a mixture of water column detritus and seagrass material; in sediments with intermediate seagrass densities, seagrass derived material appears to be the predominant source of organic matter undergoing remineralization. However, in sediments with high seagrass densities, the pore water δ¹³C-DIC data cannot be simply explained by dissolution of sediment carbonate mediated by metabolic CO₂, regardless of the organic matter type. Rather, these results suggest that dissolution of metastable carbonate phases occurs in conjunction with reprecipitation of more stable carbonate phases. Simple closed system calculations support this suggestion, and are broadly consistent with results from more eutrophic Florida Bay sediments, where evidence of this type of carbonate dissolution/reprecipitation has also been observed. In conjunction with our previous work in the Bahamas, these observations provide further evidence for the important role that seagrasses play in mediating early diagenetic processes in tropical shallow water carbonate sediments. At the same time, when these results are compared with results from other terrigenous coastal sediments, as well as supralysoclinal carbonate-rich deep-sea sediments, they suggest that carbonate dissolution/reprecipitation may be more important than previously thought, in general, in the early diagenesis of marine sediments.     

Microbial Mats in the Mesoproterozoic Carbonates of the North China Platform and Their Potential for Hydrocarbon Generation

The well-preserved Mesoproterozoic succession in the North China platform consists mainly of three llthological associations including peritidal quartz sandstone, shallow marine and lagoonai dark to black shales, and shallow epeiric carbonates, with a total thickness of up to 8 000 m. In addition to well-documented microplants, macroalgae, and microbial buildups, abundant microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) and mat-related sediments have been recognized in these rocks. Intensive microbial mat layers and MISS are especially well preserved in the carbonates of the upper Gaoyuzhuang (高于庄) (ca. 1.5 Ga) and lower Wumishan (雾迷山) (ca. 1.45 Ga) formations, Indicating diversified microbial activities and a high organic production. In these petrified blomats, putative microbial fossils (both coccoidal and filamentous) and framboidal pyrites have been identified. The abundance of authigenic carbonate minerals in the host rocks, such as, acicular aragnnites, rosette barites, radial siderites, ankerites, and botryoidai carbonate cements, suggests authigenlc carbonate precipitation from anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) under anoxic/euxinic conditions. Warm climate and anoxic/euxinic conditions in the Mesoproterozoic oceans may have facilitated high microbial productivity and organic burial in sediments. Although authigenic carbonate cements may record carbonate precipitation from anaerobic methane oxidation, gas blister (or dome) structures may indicate gas release from active methanogenesls during shallow burial Bituminous fragments in mat-related carbonates also provide evidence for hydrocarbon generation. Under proper conditions, the Mesoproterozoic mat-rich carbonates will have the potential for hydrocarbon generation and serve as source rocks. On the basis of petrified biomats, a rough estimation suggests that the Mesoproterozoic carbonates of the North China platform might have a hydrocarbon production potential in theorder of 10×108t.     

与城市地下生命线工程有关的双层地质结构中的几个问题

近代城市地下生命线工程要求对埋藏基岩中的活动断裂作出工程评价,以判断其是否有出现地表破裂的可能。 本文提出了对研究活动断裂的3项内容,即:“活动断裂的活动时间下限、地震复发周期及活动断裂的活动速率;对不同的断裂活动机制,即蠕动和粘滑,从覆盖层厚薄两种情况分析了对地基所产生的影响。 作者通过超声地震模型实验对覆盖层横向非均一性影响地下生命线工程的特点进行了研究,结果表明,横向非均一的覆盖层在地震过程中对地下生命线工程影响显著,不可忽视。     

Environmental changes in Saginaw Bay,Lake Huron recorded by geolipid contents of sediments deposited since 1800

Changes in organic materials preserved within sediments of Saginaw Bay deposited over the past two centuries record corresponding periods in the environmental history of this part of Lake Huron and its watershed. Sediments deposited since 1940 show an increasingly greater input of aquatic organic matter in response to accelerating cultural eutrophication of Saginaw Bay. Concentrations of fatty acids, sterols, fatty alcohols, and aliphatic hydrocarbons are higher in these modern sediments than in deeper ones. Molecular distributions of these geolipids reflect less aquatic material deeper in the sediments. Prior to 1875, sediment organic matter appears to be diluted by mineral matter from enhanced erosion caused by clearing of the watershed for farming and settlement. During this period there is better preservation of carbonate minerals due to quicker burial. Since 1875, petroleum components comprise over 90% of the total aliphatic hydrocarbon content of these sediments, reflecting the advent and continued existence of chronic, low-level petroleum contamination of this part of the Great Lakes.     

湘鄂西地区寒武系娄山关组古岩溶储层及其发育控制因素

为了掌握湘鄂西地区寒武系娄山关组储层发育特征及其控制因素,通过典型露头调查、岩溶充填物地球化学测试、岩石薄片鉴定及物性测试等,对该储层进行了多方位研究,得出以下结论:（1）储层岩性以白云岩为主,属孔洞—裂缝型储层,储集空间主要表现为溶蚀孔洞、晶间孔隙、粒间溶孔、裂溶缝等;（2）储层溶蚀作用不受岩石组构控制,属于非组构选择性溶蚀,溶蚀孔洞多沿层面发育,分布大都在不整合面以下约20 m范围内,而且随着深度的增大,孔洞丰度也越小;（3）娄关山组上部地层不整合面不仅是油气运移的良好通道,同时也是有机质生烃聚集成藏的有利场所;（4）储层的发育主要受地质构造、气候环境及地层岩性控制;不整合面及多期次的构造裂缝,为溶蚀孔洞发育创造了很好的条件,但由于沉积间断期气候炎热和较干旱,地表水不是非常丰富,大气淡水淋滤作用较弱,而且储层岩性本身主要为粉、细晶白云岩,不大有利于水岩作用,因而储层不具备形成大中型岩溶缝洞系统的环境物质条件;（5）尽管储层未能形成有规模的古岩溶缝洞系统,但由于其溶蚀孔洞发育并有古化壳存在,因此它仍是中上扬子海相下组合油气勘探中重要的储层之一。      

碳酸盐岩烃源岩判识与实践——以四川盆地为例

碳酸盐岩可以成为烃源岩,并为油气藏提供丰富的烃源,但不是所有碳酸盐岩都可以视为烃源岩。碳酸盐岩在成藏进程中,往往作为输导层或储集层,并常有外源有机质的干扰。碳酸盐岩烃源岩应该是有机质原生赋存(与矿物结合成为沉积的一部分),具有一定丰度值,在适宜的热成熟阶段,同样可以形成液态烃和气态烃。碳酸盐岩烃源岩发育于低能环境的沉积相——开阔海台地相、局限海台地相、生物泥丘相、斜坡相,等等。泥质泥晶灰岩,生物泥—粒泥岩—泥粒岩微相,应该是碳酸盐岩烃源岩的主要岩类。碳酸盐岩烃源岩与油系泥质烃源岩比较,具有油窗凸显且高峰期前移、气态烃峰期不明显且有后延、液态烃产率高的特点。据对碳酸盐岩烃源潜量的评估,它在四川盆地烃源中占20%～25%,为油气成藏作出了重要贡献。     

北京南部地区地球物理特征与区域地质构造

北京南部地区为新生界广泛覆盖,长期以来,对盖层下地质构造的认识相当模糊。我们对以往大量重力、磁法、电测深和地震等地球物理勘探资料进行了编图和综合分析,并结合地质和钻探资料对本区的地质构造进行了深入研究,对隐伏或半隐伏断裂进行了识别,划分出4个主要地球物理-地质界面和5套地球物理-地质层组合,探讨了本区地质构造分区,基本搞清了本区的地质构造特征与性质,并提出了许多新认识,对今后北京地区地质构造研究将起促进作用,对首都的经济建设也具有重要意义。     

Minerals of the Kimberlitic Assemblage in Terrigenous Sediments of Latvia and Perspectives of Its Diamond Potential

Four intermediate collectors of minerals of the kimberlitic association (MKA) are identified in the Latvian territory. They are confined to Upper Devonian (Gauya, Ogre, and Ketleri formations) and Quaternary sediments. Each intermediate collector is characterized by a certain assemblage of minerals. The present communication considers specific features of the MKA distribution within each collector, as well as chemical composition and grain surface character of separate MKAs. Based on the study of typomorphism of minerals and peculiarities of sedimentation in different geological epochs, scheme of the localization of bedrock KMA sources is proposed. It is supposed that the Latvian territory incorporates three bedrock (kimberlite-type) sources with different prospects for diamond potential. The diamond potential of one source located in northeastern Latvia is rather high.     

广西北海现代海岸沉积作用

本文讨论了广西北海现代海岸各种环境的自然地理分带、地质营力、沉积物以及生物生态等特征，指出环境能量直接决定了环境类型、沉积物类型以及生物组合类型。海岸环境据其能量划分为高能海滩、低能海湾、中能岩质潮坪和砂质潮坪、低能泥质红树林潮坪以及高能潮上沙丘等6种沉积类型；混合沉积作用主要发育于高能海滩和中能潮坪沉积环境内。涠洲岛现代地壳的上升活动控制着该区海蚀地貌的形成。     

Multiple discriminant analysis of the Drava River alluvial plain sediments

Three discriminant function models are raised and cross-compared in order to distinguish geochemical patterns characteristic for the Drava River floodplain sediments. Based on data representing total element concentrations in samples collected from alluvium (A), terrace (T), and unconsolidated bedrock (B) at the border of a floodplain, four element clusters emerged accounting for discrimination between the referred groups of sediments. The most prominent is contaminant/carbonate cluster characteristic for alluvium. The other two are: silicate cluster typical for unconsolidated geological substrate (Neogene sedimentary rocks); and naturally dispersed heavy metal cluster separating terrace from the former two groups. Models introducing depth intervals and single profiles as grouping criteria reveal identical sediment-heavy metal matrices. The second important issue of this paper is possibility of reclassification of samples originally assigned to one of the a priori defined groups of sediments, based on established geochemical pattern. The mapped geological units can be reconsidered by the post hoc assignments to a different group if geological border between alluvium and terrace or between terrace and bedrock can not be established geologically with absolute certainty.     

Environmental significance of bedrock jointing in Southern Ontario,Canada

The bedrock surface of many glaciated areas is obscured by thick drift deposits. In southern Ontario, Canada, the buried bedrock surface is dissected by channels, infilled with glacial deposits as much as 150 m thick, that are part of a wider mid-continent preglacial fluvial system that predates formation of the modern Great Lake basins. The infills of bedrock channels form major groundwater aquifers, influence regional groundwater flows and contaminant migration to Lake Ontario, and may localize the release of thermogenic methane and radon within heavily urbanized surface environments. A quantitative comparison of the regional pattern of bedrock joints and the orientation pattern of buried bedrock channels and modern river valleys shows that all these orientation patterns are virtually coincident. Buried bedrock channels in south-central Ontario are not part of a simple antecedent drainage system but were likely predesigned by bedrock joint patterns that have subsequently been propagated upward into overlying Pleistocene sediments. Joints in sediments are of considerable environmental significance (for example, subsurface contaminant and gas migration in fine-grained clayey sediments) and of many origins (stress release, desiccation, etc.) but are widely assumed to be a predominantly surface-related phenomena; the existence of deeper joints has been noted by some authors but their origin is obscure. Data presented herein from south-central Ontario confirm that, in addition to surface-related joints, a second population of bedrock-related joints, reflecting the upward propagation of bedrock fractures, is present in Pleistocene sediments of south-central Ontario.     

扬子克拉通周边及其隆起边缘的铅锌矿床

扬子准地台为大型克拉通碳酸盐发育的地区，从震旦系到中三叠统为典型盖层沉积，其中许多地层中不乏碳酸盐沉积。新中国建国以来，在其周边及其隆起边缘的碳酸盐地层中，陆续发现了许多层控铅锌矿床。近几年来，随着地质大调查的开展，又发现一批很有希望的铅锌矿化集中区。笔者总结了这些铅锌矿床的地质特征，并将这些矿床与国外的MVT矿床进行对比，探讨它们的矿质来源、成矿溶液、成矿机制和成矿控制因素等。     

Weathered bedrock as a source of sand and gravel aggregate in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia

 The most commonly recognized sources of sand and gravel aggregate are the deposits of coastal, fluvial and glacial sedimentary processes. It is not commonly recognized that weathered bedrock is also an important source of sand and gravel aggregate. In the case of weathered sedimentary bedrock the product may be indistinguishable from modern sedimentary materials and deposits may be misidentified. Batson's quarry is a major sand and gravel aggregate resource for the rapidly developing region of north-eastern New South Wales. The deposit has previously been assumed to be a young sedimentary deposit, but detailed field examination and comparison with surrounding rock types indicates that it has formed from weathered Mesozoic sandstone bedrock. The extraction of weathered bedrock aggregate deposits has distinctive environmental implications because, unlike sedimentary aggregates, they are not restricted by the geometry of sedimentary environments and do not necessarily interfere with surface drainage systems. This study shows that the recognition of the geological origin of a resource is essential in order to determine its potential geographical extent, and thereby maximize its utilization and minimize land use conflict. Received: 3 January 1996 / Accepted: 1 November 1996     

Evaluation of environmental status and geochemical assessment of sediments,Manasbal Lake,Kashmir, India

The present study was conducted on the Manasbal Lake (34°14′N: 74°40′E) to assess the geochemical characteristics of the lake bottom sediments, its environmental implications and its response in the local catchment area. This study tracks the spatial distribution of grain size, geochemical analysis, C/N ratio, calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) and organic matter (OM) of the lake bottom sediments. It is observed that the clay fraction (49.79%) is predominant in the lake bottom sediments, followed by silt (35.88%) and sand (14.33%) and its spatial distribution is controlled by water depth. Geochemistry and normalized diagrams for the major oxides and trace elements reveal enrichment of CaO, K₂O, P₂O₅, S, Cl, Ni, Zn and Sr. Chemical index of alteration (CIA) reflects low to moderate weathering intensity and near compositional similarity with the bedrock exposed in the catchment area around the lake. Environmental indices (EF, Igeo) suggest that the sediments are enriched in Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr, Co, Pb followed by Mn content. Pollution load index (PLI) reveal that all the sampling sites reflect low to moderately polluted category except for few stations that are towards the southern and southeastern side of the lake. OM (16.85%), CaCO₃ (14.04%) and C/N ratio (15.5) of the lake bottom sediments is attributed to high organic activity within the lake, shell fragments, contributions from the lake flora and fauna adhering to the clayey silty sediments. The C/N ratio of 15.5 suggests a mixed source of organic matter both terrestrially and in situ formation within the lake. Sulphur and chlorine are high amongst the trace elements suggesting anthropogenic detritus input into the lake and this is due to the chemical fertilizers from the agricultural runoff and organic load into the lake. Thus, the present study suggests that in order to preserve the pristine lake ecology and the environment; continued monitoring and restoration efforts need to be undertaken.     

Carbonate mounds of the Moroccan Mediterranean margin: Facies and environmental controls

Sedimentological and geochemical studies of boxcores from the Brittlestar Ridge I and Cabliers carbonate mounds, along the Moroccan Mediterranean margin, show that sediments are composed of cold water scleratian corals and micritic mud, muddy micrite or muddy allochem limestone matrix, outlining seven different facies that can be attributed to “cluster reefs”. The mixed siliciclastic/carbonate sediments have been derived from both extra- and intrabasinal sources. Extra-basinal sources may be the geological formations outcropping in the Moroccan hinterland and Sahara, the latter including corals and associated bioclasts. Sediments were transported by wind and rivers and redistributed by bottom currents and local upwelling. Our results confirm the role of tectonics in the genesis of these carbonate mounds and reveal that their developments during the Holocene (10.34–0.91 ka BP) was controlled by climatic fluctuations (e.g. Holocene Climate Optimum and Little Ice Age), eustatic sea level change, and hydrodynamic regime.     

Lead isotope evidence for recent uranium mobility in geological formations of Brazil: implications for radioactive waste disposal

Lead–lead isotope data from whole rock samples are used to investigate the recent (last few million years) mobility of U and Th. The method is based on the comparison of the calculated present day U and Th concentrations required to yield the Pb isotope composition in the samples with the actual present day concentrations of U and Th obtained by direct measurement. The geological formations studied include the Neoproterozoic carbonate sediments of the Bambuı́ Group, Archean/Paleoproterozoic granite–greenstone terrain of the Contendas–Mirante Complex and a Proterozoic ortho-gneisses hosting U deposit in Lagoa Real. All these formations are in the São Francisco Craton, Brazil. The data show high U mobility in the carbonate sediments and in the deformed ortho-gneisses set in a ductile shear zone. Infiltration of groundwater through fault zones seems to have facilitated the U mobility. The Pb isotope approach is a useful technique complementing U-series disequilibrium studies and may be included for site characterization studies for radioactive waste disposal.     

The West Bornholm basin in the Baltic Sea: geological structure and Quaternary sediments

KÖgler, F.-C. & Larsen, B. 1979 03 01: The West Bornholm basin in the Baltic Sea: geological structure and Quaternary sediments. Boreas . Vol. 8, pp. 1–22. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483.
The West Bornholm basin is an approx. 1000 km² subbasin of the Bornholm basin just north of Bornholm. The basin has been mapped by acoustic profiling and sampling of the sea floor. The basin is eroded down into Mesozoic sediments which are downfaulted between basement horsts in the Fennoscandian Border Zone. The development of the Quaternary morphology is illustrated by maps of the surface of the bedrock, the glacial landscape beneath the varved clays, the recent topography combined with isopach maps of late Glacial and Holocene formations. Quaternary formations are defined and described. The brown, very fine grained varved clay is deposited as a conformable cover on the substratum. It is probably deposited from suspensions carried in the whole water body, while turbidity currents were of minor importance. The recent sedimentary environment is an example of a restricted, but not totally anoxic basin. The recent sediment is chiefly mud rich in organic matter (ca. 4% C_org). According to a rough estimate, the long-term mean sedimentation rate of organic carbon is 6 g/m²/year.     

淮北煤田南部新生界底部松散沉积物沉积特征及古地理意义

通过对淮北煤田市部新生界底部松散沉积的沉积特征研究，初步得出结论，位于同一煤田的宿县矿区和临涣矿区的沉积物结构和矿物成份特征差别较大，导致这一差别的主要原因是物源区与岩性的不同，以及古地理条件的差别．在临涣矿区，以石英、长石和少量碳酸盐矿物组合以及以锆石、电气石为主的重矿物组合，反映了来自于矿区北部的中性闪长岩岩体的风化。而以含大量灰岩砾石，和以石英、燧石为辅的碎屑组成则说明了宿县矿区东部、北部奥陶系地层和煤系地层本身遭受了强烈风化。沉积物的复杂结构特征和矿物成份特征反映了基岩地貌南低北高，源区遭受的强烈物理风化作用以及在短距离内快速搬运和多源沉积特征。     

Origin of petroleum in the Neoproterozoic–Cambrian South Oman Salt Basin

The South Oman Salt Basin (SOSB) is host to the world’s oldest known commercial deposits. Most of the South Oman oils have been proven to be associated with the source rocks of the Neoproterozoic to Cambrian Huqf Supergroup, but the assignment of oils to specific Huqf intervals or facies has been hampered by the geochemical similarity of the organic matter across the entire Huqf sequence, possibly as a consequence of limited change in the local palaeoenvironment and biota over the time of its deposition. This study was conducted to establish improved correlations between organic-rich rock units and reservoir fluids in the SOSB through detailed molecular and isotopic analysis of the Huqf Supergroup, with special emphasis directed towards understanding the Ara carbonate stringer play.Unusual biomarkers, tentatively identified as A-norsteranes, show distinctive patterns among carbonate stringer oils and rocks different from those observed in Nafun sediments and Ara rocks from the Athel basin. These putative A-norsteranes form the basis for new oil-source correlations in the SOSB and provide for the first time geochemical evidence of a self-charging mechanism for the carbonate stringer play. The paucity of markers specific to the Nafun Group (Shuram, Buah and Masirah Bay formations) confounds attempts to quantify their respective contributions to Huqf oil accumulations. Nafun inputs can only be determined on the basis of subtle differences between Nafun and Ara biomarker ratios. The most useful geochemical characteristics delineating Nafun Group organic matter from Ara Group intra-salt source rocks included: low relative abundance of mid-chain monomethyl alkanes (X-compounds); low relative abundance of gammacerane, 28,30-dinorhopane, 25,28,30-trinorhopane and 2-methylhopanes; low C₂₂T/C₂₁T and high C₂₃T/C₂₄T cheilanthanes ratio values. Based on these parameters, molecular evidence for major contributions of liquid hydrocarbons from Nafun Group sediments (Shuram, Buah and Masirah Bay formations) is lacking. Our results suggest that the majority of SOSB hydrocarbon accumulations originate from within the Ara group, either from the carbonate stringers or from the package of sediments that comprises the Thuleilat, Athel Silicilyte and U shale formations. Subtle aspects of the composition of some carbonate stringer and post-salt Huqf oils could suggest some degree of sourcing from the Nafun rocks but stronger evidence is needed to confirm this.