三亚海岸珊瑚礁地层成因演化与工程地质分区

珊瑚礁是一类特殊的工程建设场地,受地质成因、生物作用、海洋水动力环境和地质环境演化等多方面影响。开展珊瑚礁场地工程地质分区研究,不仅对认识珊瑚礁岩土层的成因和变化规律、分析评价珊瑚礁场地的工程地质条件等具有重要的理论意义,而且对未来南海岛礁工程建设具有重要指导作用。在现场地质调查的基础上,采用现场原位测试、室内试验和钻探岩芯分析等综合技术手段,分析了三亚珊瑚礁地层的演化历史,对地层结构特征、矿物成分、化学成分和土层物理力学性质进行了深入分析,将三亚海岸珊瑚礁场地划分为泻湖沉积区、砂坝堆积区和水下珊瑚生长堆积区;对各工程地质分区的工程特性和建设适宜性进行了分析评价。研究成果可以对珊瑚礁场地的地质调查、工程规划和设计提供指导和借鉴。     

Computer simulation of reef growth

Light is one of the major controls on reef growth and carbonate production. The growth of present reef builders depends largely upon the amount of light available for photosynthesis. As light decreases with water depth, so does reef growth. The computer model presented extends this principle by combining two functions, one for photosynthesis and the other for the extinction of light in water. The model is used to simulate the growth of Alacran Reef, Mexico, two reefs of the Great Barrier Reef and the reefs of the windward platform of St Croix, US Virgin Islands. The model also gives an accurate simulation of the growth of fore-reef walls in Belize, in agreement with the accretion hypothesis developed for this feature.     

Swell impact on reef sedimentary processes: A case study of the La Reunion fringing reef

Two surface‐sediment sampling campaigns were carried out in November and December 2003, before and after a strong swell event, in the back‐reef area of a microtidal fringing reef on the western coast of La Reunion, Indian Ocean. The spatial distributions of the mean grain size, sorting and skewness parameters are determined, and grain‐size trend analysis is performed to estimate the main sediment transport pathways in the reef. The results of this analysis are compared with hydrodynamic records obtained in the same reef area during fair weather conditions and during swell events. Sediment dynamics inferred from the hydrodynamic records show that significant sediment erosion and transport occur only during swell events and under strongly agitated sea states. Under normal wave conditions, there is a potential for onshore sediment transport from the reef‐flat to the back‐reef, but this transport is episodic and occurs principally during high‐tide stages. Sediment transport trends revealed by the grain‐size trend analysis method show onshore and alongshore low‐energy transport processes that are in agreement with the hydrodynamic records. The grain‐size trend analysis method also provides evidence of an offshore high‐energy transport trend that could be interpreted as a real physical process associated with return flow from the shore to the reef. The impact of swell on the reef sediment dynamics is clearly demonstrated by onshore and alongshore transport. Considering different combinations of the vector transport trends computed through the grain‐size trend analysis approach, more realistic and pertinent results can be obtained by applying an exclusive OR operation (XOR case) on the vectors. The main results presented here highlight a trend towards the accumulation of carbonate sands in the back‐reef area of the fringing reef. These sediments can only be resuspended during extreme events such as storms or tropical cyclones.     

台湾地区生物礁及其生境

台湾岛位于亚洲大陆板块与菲律宾海板块的交界处,是在中新世晚期经由板块碰撞而形成的大陆 边缘岛屿。台湾岛形成初期,由于地形陡峭,地表的侵蚀速率高,在高沉积速率的环境中,并不利于碳酸盐沉 积物的形成,因此甚少珊瑚礁沉积,及至更新世和全新世才有比较具规模的珊瑚礁形成。台湾地区的更新世珊 瑚礁主要分布在台湾岛西南部高雄地区和南部恒春地区;其中,高雄地区大岗山、小岗山、半屏山和寿山等地 的珊瑚礁,可能是在逆断层前移的背斜脊高区上沉积形成,或与冷泉碳酸盐提供珊瑚礁发育的硬底质有关。台 湾岛南端恒春地区的珊瑚礁则是在更新世晚期的温暖浅海环境中沉积形成。台湾地区大部分的生物礁于全新世 沉积形成,此时期海平面上升,沉积速率降低,浅海环境适宜,因而有利于生物礁形成;但是由于各地环境条 件的差异,礁的型态也不同;台湾岛南部恒春半岛、绿岛、兰屿、澎湖列岛南部和小琉球等地有较具规模的珊 瑚礁发育,约有造礁珊瑚200～300种;台湾岛东部及澎湖列岛北部仅有块状礁或斑礁形成,造礁珊瑚约有150种;台湾岛北部和东北部浅海则有造礁珊瑚约100种,但因侵蚀作用强烈,并不成礁,属于“非礁型珊瑚群 聚”。另外,在台湾岛西北部海岸则有以无栉珊瑚藻为主体所形成的藻礁。台湾地区各地的全新世生物礁,由于 沉积时间很短,同时受到台湾地区高上升速率与高侵蚀速率的影响,礁体的厚度不足,并广泛被抬升成为海岸 地带的上升礁,且与潮下带的现生珊瑚礁互相连续。台湾岛海域造礁珊瑚的属种特别丰富,高达近300种,约 占全球珊瑚物种的三分之一,主要系因邻近全球珊瑚物种多样性最高的珊瑚大三角,而且黑潮流经台湾地区大 部分海域,把热带物种幼苗携带过来,因而造就了台湾岛海域的生物多样性。     

珊瑚礁海岸水动力学问题研究综述

珊瑚礁水动力学是一个涉及生态、环境、地质和工程学的交叉课题,其水动力学研究不仅为珊瑚礁海域生态系统的维护和海岸线的演变提供一定的理论参考,还能为海岸的防灾减灾以及岛礁工程的建设提供一定的决策依据。回顾了国内外珊瑚礁海岸水动力问题的研究与进展,从现场观测、理论模型、物理模型试验和数值模型4个方面对当前该领域的研究进展进行了综述,并提出今后现场观测研究对象可关注南中国海的珊瑚岛礁,理论分析方法可侧重考虑非线性波浪理论,物理模型试验可采用大型波浪水槽和港池来复演现场尺度的水动力问题,数值模型可采用计算流体力学（Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD）方法对波浪与珊瑚礁相互作用进行精细化模拟,本文旨在为今后国内珊瑚礁水动力学方面的相关研究提供一定的借鉴和参考。     

Was Phanerozoic reef history controlled by the distribution of non-enzymatically secreted reef carbonates (microbial carbonate and biologically induced cement)?

Throughout most of the Phanerozoic, reef rigidity resulted as much, or more, from early lithification by microbial carbonates and biologically induced cements (non-enzymatic carbonates) than from biological encrustation of, or by, large, enzymatically secreted metazoan skeletons. Reef framework is divided into four categories: (1) skeletal metazoan; (2) non-skeletal microbialite (stromatolite and thrombolite); (3) calcimicrobe; and (4) biocementstone, in which small or delicate organisms serve as scaffolds for rigid cement crusts. The last three categories are dominated by non-enzymatic carbonates. Skeletal framework and non-skeletal microbialite framework were the most abundant framework types through the Phanerozoic. The composition and abundance of skeletal framework was controlled largely by mass extinction events, but most reefs consisted of both microbialite and skeletal organisms in a mutually beneficial relationship. Microbialite framework was abundant throughout the Palaeozoic and early Mesozoic, but declined after the Jurassic. Calcimicrobe framework was important during the Cambrian-Early Ordovician and Devonian and biocementstone framework was important from the late Mississippian to the Late Triassic. The Phanerozoic history of reefs does not correlate well with the stratigraphic distribution of large, skeletal ‘reef builders’, or with a variety of physicochemical parameters, including sea-level history, Wilson Cycle or global climate cycles. Because non-enzymatic carbonates result from induction by non-obligate calcifiers, and not enzymatic precipitation by obligate calcifiers, the distribution of these carbonates was controlled to a larger extent by temporal changes in physicochemical parameters affecting the saturation state of sea water with respect to carbonate minerals. Changes in pCO₂, Ca/Mg ratios, cation concentrations and temperature may have affected the abundance of non-enzymatic carbonates and, hence, reefs, independently from the effects of these same parameters and mass extinction events on skeletal reef biota. The decline in abundance of reefal microbialite and absence of calcimicrobe and biocementstone reef framework after the Jurassic may be a result of relatively low saturation states of sea water owing to increased removal and sequestration of finite marine carbonate resources by calcareous plankton since the Jurassic. Reef history is difficult to correlate with temporal changes in specific global parameters because these parameters affect skeletal biota and biologically induced carbonate precipitation independently. Hence, reef history was regulated not just by skeletal reef biota, but by parameters governing non-enzymatic carbonates.     

侧扫声呐在人工鱼礁跟踪监测中的应用

随着海洋渔业资源的衰退和海洋生态环境的破坏,人工鱼礁技术得到迅速发展,成为海洋牧场建设的重要组成部分。虽然在人工鱼礁的设计时已考虑了防沉降、防倾覆等因素,但在建设过程中仍会面临上述问题,影响礁区的建设效果。利用侧扫声呐对连云港海州湾海洋牧场示范区进行鱼礁数据采集,根据阴影长度计算目标物高度的原理计算目标鱼礁的高度,分析对比鱼礁沉降量,结果表明个别礁体存在破损、倾斜,实际礁体布局与预设布局有一定的偏差,方形礁体抗沉降能力优于“十”字形礁体。     

珊瑚礁地层钻探取心技术研究及应用

人工吹填珊瑚岛礁地层结构比较特殊,以珊瑚砂和珊瑚碎屑为主,取心和成孔难度较大。以南海某岛礁地质钻探取心工程实践为例,针对地层岩性特点,采用一系列对应技术措施：上部松散或弱胶结砂砾层采取跟管钻进和无水干钻取心技术;礁灰岩全漏失地层设计了一套掏砂钻具进行掏砂,确保井眼干净;软硬互层采用超前侧喷钻头;粉砂质地层采取小口径钻具无水干钻取心技术等。该技术在18个钻孔实施中取得了良好的效果,可为后续珊瑚礁地层钻探取心提供借鉴。     

Submarine and vadose cements in Pleistocene Bermuda reef rock

Well-rounded pebbles and cobbles of reef rock, which in bio- and lithofacies closely resembles the Recent algal cup reefs, occur in the basal conglomerate of the Pleistocene Devonshire Formation cropping out along Grape Bay on the south shore of Bermuda. The framebuilders of this rock include coralline red algae, vermetid gastropods, and barnacles. Study by petrographic microscope, electron microprobe, and SEM revealed aragonite-needle and spherulitic cements, high-Mg calcite micrite and palisade cements including calcified algal filaments. Two or three generations of these may occur in a given pore. By analogy with the Recent cup-reef material, on the basis of their composition (high strontium content of aragonite, high magnesium content of calcite) and of circumstantial evidence, these are considered submarine cements.In addition, a vadose blocky low-Mg calcite cement occurs, which never precedes any, but frequently succeedes one, two, or three of the above cements. Its fabrics vary: it may exhibit an increase in crystal size toward the center or not, it may or may not be bounded by the meniscus outline characteristic of the vadose diagenetic environment. The limitation of cement precipitation by a meniscus gives rise to a large diversity of forms determined by respective combinations of solution supply, permeability of the micro-environment, and substrate morphology. To illustrate the diversity, the meniscus cement is shown in relation to sediment particles, aragonite-needle cement, and calcified filaments.From the blocky low-Mg cement, selective neomorphism extends into some aragonitic gastropod shells; it is controlled, in part, by original shell structure. The resulting low-Mg calcite mosaic is characterized by relic structures and plane crystalline boundaries. Aragonite needles between blocky calcite cement and neomorphic calcite were not affected by the process of mineralogic alteration.This study shows that cements recognized earlier in Recent Bermuda cup reefs can be traced into the past and that additions to the diagenetic sequence can be distinguished. Knowledge of these features and their sequences should help decipher the diagenetic history of other fossil reefs.     

Coral reef recovery in Florida and the Persian Gulf

Long-term observations and study of coral reef destruction by hurricanes in the Florida Keys show, surprisingly, that although corals are devastated on a grand scale during storms, recovery is rapid. Recovery occurs because of the widespread scattering of live fragments, many of which become growth sites of new colonies. Reef recovery from death by chilling in the Persian Gulf was well under way when last observed, but it is not yet known if the recovery rate was as rapid as recovery from the storm destruction in Florida. Recovery from death by chilling requires settlement of transported coral larvae and a substrate suitable for larval attachment. Such resettlement is subject to the effects of currents, predators, pollution, and competition for substrate. A growth rate of 10 cm per year combined with geometrical progression of branch formation accounts for rapidAcropora cervicornis recovery. Although calculated coral proliferation seems unusually high, it has been confirmed by serial underwater photographs spanning ten years. More precise measurements of growth and branching are needed, along with growth data for other common reef-building corals. Such data would be useful for predicting standing crop of a restocked or transplanted reef.     

复杂表层引起的生物礁解释陷阱分析

生物礁储层是良好的油气储集场所,具有高孔隙度、丰度大、产能高等特点,在油气勘探开发中占有十分重要的地位。常规的生物礁解释主要依据地震时间剖面上的外形隆起,顶底反射,上覆盖层的披覆等特征,但是在实际的生物礁解释中,还存在着很多解释陷阱。这里从常规地震资料处理误差分析的角度出发,首先提出了一种新的适用于起伏地形的波动方程地震叠后正演方法,然后通过对复杂表层条件下的生物礁模型进行地震数值模拟,重点分析了复杂表层条件可能引起的,生物礁的各种解释陷阱,如假隆起、生物礁体分布范围的变化等假象,为生物礁的识剐提供了重要的理论参考。     

Incorporation of strontium into reef coral skeletal carbonate

Two thousand and twenty well-characterized coral specimens from 17 localities have been analyzed for Sr. Seventy-three genera and subgenera, mostly hermatypic scleractinians, are represented. For some genera, specimens living in surface reef environments are compared with those from 18.3 m depths on the same reefs. Growth rates for some species have also been measured at these depths at one of the sampling sites. Skeletal strontium for a given genus decreases with increasing water temperature, a relationship which previously eluded detection. Aragonite deposited by corals living on the reef at a depth of 18.3 m contains more strontium than the skeletal aragonite of the same coral genera from shallow-water, surface environments. Quantitative treatment of the data for Acropora, one of the most abundant and widely distributed of the reef-building corals, suggests that the observed strontium variations may reflect variations in the rate of skeletal calcification, rather than direct dependence upon temperature or water depth. There is evidence for ‘species effects’, apparently unrelated to growth rate differences, in that certain coral genera are consistently enriched or depleted in skeletal strontium content relative to other genera living in the same reef environments under identical ambient conditions. Temperature, salinity, water depth, seawater composition, and/or other such parameters may in part determine the levels of trace element concentration in carbonates deposited by corals and other marine invertebrates, but it would appear that these variables more directly affect physiological processes which in turn control skeletal chemistry.     

Fringing reef growth on a terrigenous mud foundation, Fantome Island, central Great Barrier reef, Australia

The leeward fringing reef at Fantome Island (central Great Barrier Reef province) is a carbonate body which has developed under the influence of terrigenous sedimentation. The reef flat is up to 1000 m wide and is surfaced by mobile sand and gravel, with almost all live corals restricted to the seaward rim. The reef slope has coral columns and heads on the upper part, but below 5 m water depth it is a muddy substrate with scattered mounds of branching corals. Three high recovery cores show the reef is up to 10 m thick and developed over a gently sloping terrace of weathered Pleistocene alluvium. Three post-glacial stratigraphic units are recognised: (1) carbonate reef top unit of coral rudstone and framestone including Sinularia spiculite; (2) lower slope unit of coral floatstone in a terrigenous muddy matrix; and (3) transgressive basal unit of skeletal arkosic sand. The acid insoluble content of matrix and of individual corals increases downwards. Coral growth rates decrease downwards, reflecting slower growth in muddier environments. Radiocarbon dating shows that the reef prograded seaward at almost stable sea level. An average vertical accumulation rate of 6.7 mm yr^-1 is indicated. Two age reversals are interpreted as material transported by storms or by erosion in response to a late Holocene sea-level fall. The carbonate reef top unit has developed adjacent to, and is environmentally compatible with a muddy terrigenous, lower slope unit. Terrigenous influx has not changed during the Holocene, and terrigenous content of sediments is controlled by deposition on the reef slope of fine sediment winnowed from the reef flat and concentration of coarse sediment in the transgressive basal sheet.     

礁灰岩-混凝土界面剪切特性试验研究

为探究礁灰岩地层中钻孔灌注嵌岩桩的桩-岩界面剪切作用规律,试验选取南海某岛礁的块状结构、砾块结构、砾屑结构及砂屑结构礁灰岩岩芯,开展室内物理力学性质试验及常法向应力条件下的礁灰岩-混凝土界面剪切强度试验研究,探究桩-岩界面剪应力-剪切位移关系曲线的变化规律。开展红砂岩-混凝土界面剪切对比试验,揭示两种不同沉积作用类型的岩石与混凝土黏结面产生剪切强度差异的根本原因。试验结果表明：礁灰岩-混凝土界面的剪切强度受礁灰岩的结构类型、桩-岩强度比等因素影响;由于水泥浆在礁灰岩中的扩散填充作用,礁灰岩-混凝土界面的黏结力和内摩擦角均高于砂岩-混凝土界面;桩-岩强度比产生的界面剪切强度响应受礁灰岩结构类型的影响,低桩-岩强度比时,块状结构、砾块结构礁灰岩-混凝土界面的黏结力均高于高强度比条件;桩-岩强度比增大,块状结构礁灰岩-混凝土界面的内摩擦角增加,而砾块结构礁灰岩-混凝土界面的内摩擦角变化不大。     

Temporal variation and patchiness of zooplankton around a restored oyster reef

Zooplankton abundance and distribution patterns were determined for six seasonally important invertebrate taxa (bivalve veligers, gastropod veligers, polychaete larvae, barnacle nauplii, calanoid copepod adults and nauplii) and a diurnally important taxon (decapod zoea) around a restored oyster reef in the Piankatank River, Virginia. Data were collected on spatial scales of hundreds of meters and seasonal (May through October), diel (day-night), and tidal (3 h) temporal scales. Significant seasonal and diel patterns in abundance were observed for all taxa. Tidal influences alone appear to be less important than seasonal and diel patterns for most taxa but the interation of tidal and diel cues may have caused the observed diel zooplankton distribution patterns in both June and August 1996. Zooplankton taxa around the oyster reef were distributed non-randomly (patchily) regardless of their horizontal location with regard to the reef. Seasonal pulses in zooplankton abundance relate directly to life history patterns and reproductive cycles for individual taxa. Reef benthic fauna have the capacity to directly influence the composition and absolute abundance of the overlying zooplankton community and indirectly influence oyster reef community trophic dynamics.     

Magmatic metasomatism and formation of the Merensky reef,Bushveld Complex

The rare earth element (REE) contents of pyroxenes and other minerals from the Merensky reef and stratigraphically adjacent rocks of the Atok section, Bushveld Complex, have been determined with the ion microprobe. Merensky reef clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene contain much higher and more variable concentrations of the REE than their cumulus counterparts in rocks several meters below the reef. Chondrite-normalized Merensky clinopyroxene Ce contents vary from 10 to 90 for Ce and from 4 to 17 for Yb. They also possess deep, negative Eu anomalies, the Eu anomalics being deeper for crystals having high REE contents and relatively shallow for pyroxenes with low REE contents. Similar compositional characteristics are displayed by Cl-rich apatite, which is an accessory phase in the rocks. Interstitial pyroxene in cumulates above and below the reef also tends to have elevated REE contents and in general is not in equilibrium with coexisting cumulus minerals. The melt from which the cumulus minerals crystallized falls within the compositional range of continental basalts; that from which Merensky and postcumulus pyroxenes crystallized is inferred to be much more highly enriched in REE than any normal tholeiitic or alkalic basalt. Despite their highly evolved nature in terms of the REE, the Merensky reef pyroxenes are not evolved in terms of major elements. The decoupling of incompatible trace and major elements is best explained by a metasomatic process. It is speculated that metasomatism involved upward percolation of hydrated silicate melt through and its reaction with the crystalline cumulate pile. The fact that the rocks enriched in the platinum group elements are also those that show evidence for metasomatism suggests that these elements were also metasomatically redistributed.     

Patterns of sediment composition of Jamaican fringing reef facies

Recent carbonate sediments from Jamaican north coast fringing reefs were collected along three parallel traverses in the vicinity of Discovery Bay. Each traverse extended from near shore across the back reef, reef crest, and fore reef to a depth of 75 m. Relative abundances of the biotic constituents vary between sites, reflecting general patterns of reef community composition. The sediment is dominated by highly comminuted coral fragments (27·1% to 63·1%), plates of the calcareous green alga Halimeda (0·4% to 38·7%), coralline algae (4·7% to 16·2%) and the encrusting foraminiferan Homotrema rubrum (0·7% to 9·5%), with lesser amounts of other taxonomic groups (non-encrusting foraminifera 1·3–5·5%; molluscs 1·4–7·0%; echinoderms 0·9–5·0%). Coral fragments, coralline algae and particles of Homotrema rubrum dominate the sediments of the shallow portions of the fore reef (5–15 m), whereas plates of Halimeda are most abundant in sediments from the back reef and deeper portions of the fore reef ( 24 m). Q-mode cluster analysis, using sediment constituent data, resulted in the delineation of four reef biofacies over the depth range of this study (1–75 m).     

Cavity formation in living scleractinian reef corals and fossil analogues

The origin of cavitous fabrics in some living scleractinian coral-dominated communities from the Florida Reef tract is examined in terms of comparative laboratory growth experiments designed to distinguish the micro-environmental role of living organic matter.The communities were sustained in an open sea water aquarium for 12 months; during which they were sequentially (1) stained to provide growth markers on the calcareous skeletons with Alizarin Red S; (2), stained, immediately after killing, to distinguish their associated tissues and organic matter with Harris' Haematoxylin and Eosin; and (3) thereupon impregnated with polyester resin so they could be compared with fossil samples. This enabled recognition of (1) comparable preservational states in three dimensional studies of both recent and fossil material; (2) the relationship between living soft tissues and newly developed carbonate matter in a single specimen; (3) skeletal malformations and their distinction from skeletal diagenetic products; (4) comparative growth and destruction rates between the host and its intraskeletal community and epibionts; and (5) the development of porosity and incipient cavity filling.The fabrics of two contrasting communities (1) a predominantly tissue clad colony ofPorites furcata (Lamarck), and (2) an almost tissue-free colony ofEusmilia fastigiata (Pallas) are compared with a control branch of thePorites colony which protruded beyond the water level. The tissue-clad colony acts as a closed system which is sensitive to major, or seasonal, envir nmental changes; whereas, the naked colony forms an open system and is thus sensitive to many more micro-environmental influences, some of which will be ephemeral.The tissue clad specimen contains proportionately more intraskeletal carbonate cement (<25%) than the naked specimen (<10%). This precipitate reaches its thickest accumulates (25%) in the areas immediately below the living polypal tissues; whereas in the core of the branch, the precipitate (5%) overlies septa which have been subjected to contemporaneous dissolution (<20%). By contrast the naked colony is much more susceptible to bio-erosion and encrustation. It contains at least four suites of intra- and inter-skeletal cavities which are variously (1) insensitive to organic dyes, yet sensitive to Alizarin Red S, (2) insensitive to all dyes, (3) completely sediment infilled, or (4) organically coated. These may be ascribed to at least three distinct chemical micro-environments, i.e. organically active, organically inert and apparently accreting carbonate by inorganic means, and apparently sterile. Moreover these cavities may be ascribed to a general time sequence of (1) sterile voids, (2) sediment filled, (3) inorganically controlled carbonate accreting, and (4), most recently, organically active.Shifts in community structure and concomitant cavity formation may be rapidly effected by subtle environmental changes; as secretion rates vary from organism to organism. The experimental rates, placed in declining order are: encrusting worms, encrusting red algae, bivalve, coral. The worms, with their organic coatings, secreted a maximum extension of 12 mm per month, and the red algae 3 mm, whereas the bivalve and coral only achieved a matter of microns. Thus, in the aquarium, the coral would have been effectively smothered by the worms and algae in the forseeable future.

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Zusammenfassung Die Entstehung von Hohlräumen in lebenden Korallen (Scleractinia) der Florida-Riffe und die Rolle organischer Substanzen im Mikro-Milieu dieser Hohlräume wurden durch vergleichende Wachstumsbeobachtungen in einem Seewasseraquarium untersucht. Dabei wurden das Korallenskelett und interne Zemente mit Alizarin-Rot S und die organischen Teile mit Eosin und Harris' Hämatoxylin angefärbt.Zwei Korallentypen wurden verglichen: 1. Mit organischen Geweben ausgekleidete Korallen (untersuchtes BeispielPorites furcata [Lamarck]); 2. Die nahezu gewebelosen, nackten Korallen (BeispielEusmilia fastigiata [Pallas]).Der erste Typ wirkt als geschlossenes System und reagiert nur auf wesentliche, z. B. jahreszeitliche Milieuänderungen; er enthält bis zu 25% intra-skelettalen Zement, wobei am meisten unmittelbar unter dem Gewebe des lebenden Polypen gebildet wird, jedoch nur 5% in tieferen Teilen des Skelettes, dort sind dafür bis zu 20% des Karbonates der Septen aufgelöst.Der Typ der nackten Korallen dagegen wirkt als offenes System, ist wesentlich empfindlicher gegenüber (Mikro-) Milieuveränderungen und enthält nur bis zu 10% intra-skelettalen Zement. Korallen dieses Typs sind viel anfälliger gegenüber Bio-Erosion und Inktrustierung. Es werden folgende intraskelettale Hohlräume unterschieden: 1. sterile; 2. sedimentgefüllte, 3. solche, in denen inorganische Karbonate ausgefällt werden; 4. solche, in denen organische Prozesse ablaufen.Die Empfindlichkeit dieser Korallen selbst gegenüber geringfügigen Milieuänderungen und die Veränderung der Biozönose infolge solcher Änderungen beeinflussen Entstehung und Verteilung dieser Hohlräume.

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Résumé L'origine de la formation de cavités clars les communautés de la zone des récifs de Floride, où dominent les coraux scléractiniens vivants, est examinée en fonction d'expériences de croissance comparée prévues pour discerner le rôle de la matière vivante organique au niveau des microenvirons.Les communautés ont été maintenues pendant 12 mois dans un aquarium laissé à l'air libre et rempli d'eau de mer; durant cette période, elles ont été successivement (1) marquées à l'Alizarine Rouge S afin d'obtenir des marques de croissance sur les squelettes calcaires (2) marquées a l'Haematotyline de Harris à l'Eosine exactement après leur mort pour distinguer les tissues de cette matière organique qui leur était associée et ensuite (3) imprégnées de résine polyester afin qu'on puisse les comparer à des échantillons de fossiles. Ceci permit le reconnaissance (1) d'états de conservation semblables du matériau fossile et du matériau recent au cours d'études à trois dimensions; (2) de la relation entre les tissus souples vivants et la matière carbonatée récemment développée chez un seul spécimen; (3) de malformations squelettiques et de leur différenciation avec des produits squelettiques diagénétiques; (4) de taux de croissance et de destruction comparables entre l'organisme, sa communauté intrasquelettique et ses épibionts et (5) le développement de la porosité et l'amorce de remplissage de la cavité.Les formations de deux communautés en contraste (1) une colonie dePorites furcata (Lamarck) le plus souvent recouverte de tissus et (2) une colonie d'Eusmilia fastigiata (Pallas) presque dépourvue de tissus, sont comparées à une branche-contrôle de la colonie dePorites s'elevant au dessus de la surface de l'eau. La colonie recouverte de tissus se comporte comme un système ferme étant sensible à certains changements importants ou saisonniers des environs, tandis que la colonie « nue » constitue un système ouvert étant ainsi sensible à un nombre bien plus important d'influences des microenvirons, dont certaines ne seront qu'éphémères.Les spécimens recouverts de tissus contiennent relativerrent plus de ciment carbonaté intrasquelettique (<25%) que les spécimens « nus » (<10%). Le précipité atteint une accumulation maximale (25%) dans les zones qui se trouvent juste au-dessous des tissus polypaux vivants, tandis qu'à la hauteur de la branche, le précipité (5%) recouvre les septa qui ont subi une dissolution contemporaine (<20%). Au contraire, la colonie « nue » est beaucoup plus susceptible de bio-érosion et d'incrustation. Elle contient au moins quatre séries de cavités intra- et inter-squelettiques qui sont différement (1) insensibles au teintures organiques mais sensibles a l'Arizarine Rouge S (2) insensibles à toutes les teintures (3) complètement remplies de sédiments ou (4) couvertes de substances organiques. Ceci peut être imputé à trois micro-environs distincts, c'est à dire actif au point de vue organique, inerte au point de vue organique et produisant un accroissement carbonaté par des moyens non-organiques, et apparemment stériles. En outre, les cavités peuvent être imputées à une suite générale dans le temps de (1) vides stériles (2) remplissage de sédiments (3) accroissement carbonaté sans contrôle organique et (4) tout récemment activité organique.Les variations de la structure communautaire et la formation concomitante de cavités peutvent être rapidement provoquées par de subtiles modifications des environs, quisque les taux de sécretion varient d'organisme à organisme — le taux expérimentaux par ordre décroissant: sont les vers qui s'incrustent, les algues rouges qui s'incrustent, la coquille, le corail. Les vers, avec leur revêtement organique, secrétaint une extension maximale de 12 mm par mois et les algues rouge de 3 mm, tandis que les produits du coquille et du corail ne dépassaient pas quelques microns. Ainsi, dans l'aquarium, le corail aurait été effectivement étouffé par les vers et les algues dans un futur prévisible.

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