Geochemical technique of organic matter research in deposits enrich in kerogene (the Bazhenov Formation,West Siberia)

The international interest in shale oil has recently provoked special attention to the Russian unconventional oil-source formations, including the Bazhenov Formation of West Siberia, domanik deposits in the Volga–Ural region, and the lower Maikop Group of the Cis-Caucasus. High contents of para-autochthonous soluble organic matter (bitumen) in clayey–carbonate, clayey–siliceous, carbonate–clayey–siliceous rocks with low filtration–capacity properties results in significant uncertainties in the identification of the generation potential of organic matter (OM). Examination of a large database on the OM of the Bazhenov Formation allowed us to propose an optimum complex technique for study of the source rock potential and assessment of the amount of produced hydrocarbons in the kerogen-rich sediments. The investigations include a combination of Rock Eval pyrolysis prior to and after extraction with different solvents, the comparison of bituminological and pyrolytic characteristics, and the determination of the group composition of soluble organic matter, as well as chromatography and chromato-mass spectrometry.     

Lower Miocene sediments of central and western Ciscaucasia

The composition, structure, and geochemical properties of the thickest, relatively deep-water Lower Miocene sediments developed in western Ciscaucasia are considered. Of particular interest are materials from the Kuban superdeep borehole SG-12000 that recovered the uppermost layers of the Maikop Group at 3148–3961 m in the central Indol-Kuban Trough west of Krasnodar. However, the borehole did not penetrate the whole Lower Miocene section of the Maikop Group. Therefore, characteristics of the Maikop Group are supplemented with new materials from several other boreholes drilled in the eastern Kuban region. Thus, the typical (reference) Lower Miocene section of central and western Ciscaucasia has been sufficiently well described.     

Geochemical Characteristics of Organic Matter from Maikop Rocks of Eastern Azerbaijan

Based on investigation of more than 170 samples taken from natural outcrops of the Maikop Formation (Oligocene–Lower Miocene) in eastern Azerbaijan, the genetic hydrocarbon potential and the organic matter (OM) maturity of these rocks were estimated. In the study region, sedimentary rocks of this formation were deposited under reductive or weakly oxidative conditions. Possessing a relatively high (1.9%, on the average) content of organic matter of a mixed (continental–marine) OM, these rocks are able to generate both liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons under favorable conditions. Contributions of both the continental and marine components to the total organic carbon (TOC) varied in time and space. The upper and lower subformations of the Maikop Formation differ in the qualitative and quantitative compositions of OM. Oligocene rocks have a relatively lower OM content and are characterized by better oil-generating properties, as compared to lower Miocene rocks.     

Stratigraphy and geochemical characterization of the Oligocene–Miocene Maikop series: Implications for the paleogeography of Eastern Azerbaijan

The Oligocene–Miocene Maikop Series is a world-class source rock responsible for much of the oil and gas found in the South Caspian Basin. It is composed of up to 3 km of marine mudstone, and contains a nearly continuous record of deposition during progressive tectonic closure of the basin as the Arabian Peninsula converged northward into Eurasia. Historically, the stratigraphy of this interval has been difficult to define due to the homogenous nature of the fine-grained, clay-dominated strata. Outcrop exposures in eastern Azerbaijan allow direct observation and detailed sampling of the interval, yielding a more comprehensive stratigraphic context and a more advanced understanding of syndepositional conditions in the eastern Paratethys Sea. Specifically, the present investigation reveals that coupling field-based stratigraphic characterization with geochemical analyses (e.g., bulk elemental geochemistry, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, bulk stable isotope geochemistry) yields a more robust understanding of internal variations within the Maikop Series. Samples from seven sections located within the Shemakha–Gobustan oil province reveal consistent stratigraphic and spatial geochemical trends. It is proposed that the Maikop Series be divided into three members based on these data along with lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic data reported herein. When comparing Rupelian (Early Oligocene) and Chattian (Late Oligocene) strata, the Rupelian-age strata commonly possess higher TOC values, more negative δ¹⁵N_tot values, more positive δ¹³C_org values, and higher radioactivity relative to Chattian-age rocks. The trace metals Mo and V (normalized to Al) are positively correlated with TOC, with maximum values occurring at the Rupelian–Chattian boundary and overall higher average values in the Rupelian. Across the Oligocene–Miocene boundary, a slight drop in V/Al, Mo/Al ratios is observed, along with drops in %S and TOC. These results indicate that geochemical signatures of the Maikop Series are regional in nature, and furthermore that analogous fine-grained sections may be better characterized and subdivided using similar techniques. In general, geochemical indicators suggest that the basin was in limited communication with the Tethys Sea throughout the Oligocene–Early Miocene, with suboxic to anoxic conditions present during the Oligocene and to a lesser extent in the Miocene. This increased isolation was likely due to tectonic uplift to both the south and north of the study area, and greatly enhanced by global sea-level fluctuations. These data serve as the basis for a more detailed understanding of the tectonic evolution of the region, and support a standardized chemostratigraphic division of the important petroleum source interval.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部延长群的划分及其在油田开发中的应用

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组岩石地层学和含油气层系划分的研究已愈百年。虽研究者众多,却观点不一。为了油田的准确、高效开发,同一区域内同一套岩石地层的含油气层系划分应该有统一的标准,岩石地层的划分是含油气层系划分的基础。鄂尔多斯盆地内中—晚三叠世形成的一套河—湖相沉积物的延长群含油气层系,由十个油层组(长1～长10)二级单位组成,其中长2油层组可分作3个油层段(长12～长32)。长12油层段又可进一步地细分、厘定为3个复(油)层和若干个单(油)层。     

松辽盆地南部长岭地区青山口组原油的地球化学特征及油源分析

松辽盆地南部长岭地区中、新生界地层中有登娄库组、营城—火石岭组、青山口组、嫩江组 4套主要烃源层 ,目前已在长岭地区北部及东部地区的青山口组中发现了工业性的油气层或含油气显示。分析了主要烃源层的分布特征和地球化学条件 ,并系统地剖析了青山口组原油的地球化学特征。结果表明 ,青山口组存在两类地球化学特征不同的原油 (Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类 ) ,其中Ⅰ类原油主要分布在大情字井的青二段—青三段的中部 ,Ⅱ类原油主要分布在大情字井的青二段—青三段的上部及大老爷府—双坨子构造中。通过油源对比分析表明 ,Ⅰ类原油主要来源于青山口组的中部 (青二段、青三段 ) ,并与储层互层的烃源岩。Ⅱ类原油与青山口组下部的青一段烃源岩有很好的对应关系 ,推测其油源主要为这套烃源岩 ,其次可能是下白垩统烃源岩 ,嫩江组烃源岩的贡献不大。     

Assessment of clay content from the analysis of K,U, and Th distribution in different grain-size fractions of the productive sediments of the Lovin Field,Western Siberia

During the calculation of the oil and gas resources of Western Siberia, especially in the sediments of the Tyumen Formation, the presence of thin nonreservoir clay intercalations must be accounted for. However, the resolution of standard geophysical methods that are used to identify productive sequences is insufficient, and the clay intercalations are included into the total thickness of reservoir rocks, which leads to considerable errors during resource assessment. The most efficient method for the estimation of clay mineral content in sedimentary rocks is the gamma method or gamma-ray well logging, which is typically used for this purpose. However, its application requires the knowledge of correlations between the abundance of clay minerals in the sediments; the contents of K, U, and Th; and total radioactivity. To solve this problem, four grain-size fractions (sand, coarse silt, fine silt, and clay) were separated from the sediments of the Tyumen Formation at the Lovin Field and were analyzed for naturally radioactive elements (NRE), total radioactivity, and mineral composition. The tendencies found in the distribution of NRE and total radioactivity in different grain-size fractions provided a methodical basis for the determination of clay mineral contents in the productive sediments of the Tyumen Formation at the Lovin Field using gamma-spectrometric data.     

Paleogene of the southwestern Volgograd region (Borehole 13, Gremyach’e Area). 1. Biostratigraphy

The stratigraphy of Paleocene-Eocene rocks based on assemblages of dinocysts, benthic and planktonic foraminifers, nannoplankton, diatoms, and nummulites was refined in the sedimentary sequence penetrated by borehole (BH) 13 in the Gremyach’e potassium salt deposit. The rocks were subdivided into local lithostratigraphic units with refined ages and more substantiated reference to the general and regional scales. In addition to formations of the Volga-Caspian region: Saratov, Kamyshin, Tsaritsyn, Mechetka and Elshanka, for the Paleogene of the southwestern Volgograd region there were used formations of neighbor regions as well: Eisk Formation (Paleocene) in the eastern Donetsk Basin and the Sergeevka, Tishki and Kas’yanovka formations (Middle and Upper Eocene) in the Voronezh Anteclise. The presence of the Oligocene in the section of the Maikop Group has been established for the first time. New biostratigraphic units based on dinocysts and foraminifers were suggested.     

放射性方法在DZ地区探测天然气藏有效性的研究

本文介绍了ＤＺ地区应用氡管法、α径迹法、地面γ能谱法及水中铀含量测量等放射性方法探测天然气藏的依据和效果。根据放射性测量资料，圈出了ＤＺ地区油气放射性异常（带）。对比结果表明：这些异常分布在地震勘探圈定出的ＤＺ鼻状隆起上，后者被钻探结果证实为含天然气的构造，有力地说明放射性方法探测天然气藏的有效性。最后，根据放射性异常分布特征和地质资料，总结出断鼻天然气藏的放射性异常模式。     

Research Progress and Development Tendency About Thermal Physical Properties of Rocks

The fundamental researches about thermal physical properties of rocks have much concern in oil and gas field. They go through four stages and are applied in thermal structure of lithosphere, thermal evolution of sedimentary basins, geotechnical engineering and geothermal area. This article summarized the current research progress on the basis of thermal physical properties of rocks and proposed the development of tendency for the future. Moreover, some cylindrical heat pipe, disc heat pipe, spherical heat pipe based on in-situ measurement method and prediction model based on mathematical statistics have been developed. The scholars discuss the internal relation between thermal conductivity parameter of rocks and other physical properties by a large number of experiments. The researches show that the thermal conductivity of rocks is affected by many factors, and the petrologic characteristic is the most important factor. The porosity of rocks, filled fluid properties, acoustic characteristics are also related to thermal conductivity, which is affected by temperature, pressure and anisotropy. In consideration of the study of thermal physical properties of rocks, we proposed the following tendency for the future. First of all, shale gas is regarded as a hot spot in oil-gas exploration and the formation mechanism and the formation of shale gas reservoir are under the control of thermal physical properties of shale gas, but the relationship among thermal conductivity and organic porous, organic carbon content, gas content, fractured characteristics remains unknown. Therefore, exploring the thermal physical properties of gas-bearing shale is an important research direction in oil and gas field. Secondly, the study of big data represents the general trend. Though the database of rocks thermal parameter is continually expanding, measuring in-situ thermal conductivity continuously in well is the best method to get the accurate in-situ thermal conductivity of rocks. Hence, the development of logging method principle and logging instruments based on thermal physical properties of rocks is a necessary trend for the future.     

Lower miocene sediments of the Maikop group in the Central Eastern Paratethys

The composite section of upper Maikop sediments compiled for the central part of the Eastern Paratethys is presented. The section (more than 1000 m) comprises the Karadzhalgan, Sakaraulian, and Kotsakhurian regional stages. The lower boundary of the Miocene drawn at the base of the Karadzhalgan regional stage is unambiguous only in the southern part of the central Ciscaucasia. In most areas of the Ciscaucasia, this boundary is drawn arbitrarily because of uniform lithology in the Oligocene-Miocene boundary interval and poor paleontological substantiation. Generally, the Maikop sequence is insufficiently studied and incomplete in many areas because of a discordant upper boundary of the Maikop Group. Nevertheless, materials presented in the paper characterize for the first time the composition and structure of the Lower Miocene sequence over a vast area of the Eastern Paratethys. The horizonwise reconstruction of Early Miocene basins has made it possible to reveal the major features of final stages in the formation of the Maikop clayey sequence.     

油气垂向运移的形迹

油气由于地下的压力差、浓度差和比重差等因素,使烃类运移到地表。常见的油气苗是烃类渗漏的宏观标志,但更为普遍存在于地表的烃类渗漏是微观标志,它需要用精密的仪器才能检测出来。琼斯（1975年）发现近地表土壤气同地下储层气以及钻孔中遇到的显示气,在化学成份上十分一致。言文伯等（1990年）发现油气藏紫外吸收值,油浸岩的数值最高,其次是油层上方沉积岩,再则是油田上方土壤,而非油田上方土壤紫外吸收值最低。井中化探的烃类指标浓度或相对强度,从油气层至地表是递减的,为油气垂向运移的形迹提供了直观依据。     

沉积岩中铀、钍、钾分布特征

沉积岩中铀、钍、钾的研究可以给人们带来沉积环境、物质来源、沉积层中稀有气体关系和地热状态等信息,对寻找沉积型自然放射性元素也是重要的基础工作。七十年代以来为开展含油气沉积盆地的铀、钍、钾分布特征的研究,我们先后建立了沉积岩中轴、钍、钾的γ-能谱测定法及化学量测方法。对我国几个含油气盆地各种沉积岩进行了铀、钍、钾的浓度测量,取得了一批基础数据。本文以陆相沉积为主,讨论了铀、钍、钾的分布特征,在此基础上进而探讨了它们的古环境意义,与有机质关系等地球化学问题。     

Upper Oligocene VirgulinellaBed of the Ciscaucasus, Volga–Don, and Mangyshlak Regions (Central Part of the Eastern Paratethys)

This work presents the first integral characteristic of the VirgulinellaBed corresponding to the middle part of the Oligocene–Lower Miocene Maikop Group throughout its entire distribution area in the central part of the Eastern Paratethys. It considers lithology, structure, faunal assemblages, and formation settings of carbonate layers with Virgulinellaremains (VirgunellaBed) at the base of the Upper Oligocene clayey sequence that represents the well-expressed marker horizon. It deposited during a brief specific episode in the Oligocene basin development, some features of which remain still unclear.     

中朝古地块元古宙构造、地层的某些问题

<正> 近年来,在前寒武纪中朝古地块上已测得几组超过30亿年,接近35亿年的放射性年龄(3330Ma/U-Pb,3257Ma/Rb-Sr,3500/Sm-Nd,3479Ma/Rb-Sr,3670Ma/Rb-Sr)及相当丰富的大于25亿年的U-Pb、Pb-Pb、Rb-Sr年龄(王东方等1984),进一步说明该地块是一个最初由云英、长英片麻岩、绿岩/花岗岩组成的太古宙古陆核。在此基础上,经元古宙     

塔西南叶城凹陷二叠系两套烃源岩特征及柯东1井油源分析

塔里木盆地西南坳陷叶城凹陷以二叠系为主力烃源岩,前人多按单一的海相或湖相烃源岩笼统分析,未考虑二叠系烃源岩不同组段及其沉积环境和沉积相带的差异。本文通过对叶城凹陷二叠系开展野外地质调查,结合该区钻井资料,首次将烃源岩分析精细到组,结果显示,叶城小区和和田小区二叠系分别以棋盘组和普司格组上段为主力烃源岩,但两者在分布和地化指标上有较大差异。其中棋盘组以浅海陆棚相为主,分布于凹陷西部的和什拉甫-莫莫克地区,烃源岩平均厚度大于100 m,总有机碳质量分数平均1.06%,类型为Ⅱ型,处于高-过成熟阶段。普司格组上段以湖相为主,分布于凹陷东部的普萨-杜瓦地区,烃源岩平均厚度大于200 m,总有机碳质量分数平均0.97%,类型为Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型之间,处于生油高峰阶段。二叠系这两套烃源岩具有较好的生烃能力,相比之下普司格组上段湖相烃源岩生烃潜力明显好于棋盘组浅海陆棚相。通过正构烷烃碳同位素比值和生物标志化合物分析,普司格组上段烃源岩为柯东1井原油的油源。结合储盖条件综合分析,叶城凹陷以甫沙-克里阳地区为油气勘探最有利区。     

四川盆地海相碳酸盐岩天然气富集规律

四川盆地作为中国六大气区之一,为中国天然气快速发展作出了突出贡献。其海相克拉通沉积厚度达4000～7000 m,天然气富集层系以海相碳酸盐岩为主。为了指导该盆地海相碳酸盐岩下一步天然气勘探的方向和目标,本文结合前人研究成果和多年来的勘探经验,从控制油气成藏的关键地质要素出发,系统总结了四川盆地海相碳酸盐岩天然气富集规律,认为:"源控性"——烃源岩在空间上的互补性分布总体控制了天然气的纵横向展布,纵向上距离烃源岩较近的储集层含气性普遍较好,平面上油气藏围绕优质烃源岩发育区(生气或油中心)呈环带状分布;"相控性"——有利的沉积相带对储层发育、天然气富集控制作用明显,即"相控储、储控藏";岩溶作用改善了碳酸盐岩气藏储集层的储渗条件;古隆起继承性的发展控制了油气的早期运聚成藏;现今构造对天然气藏再调整、再分配的重要控制作用。综合应用天然气富集规律认识,四川盆地获得多个重大突破和发现,提交探明储量超万亿m3,极大地促进了中国天然气的快速发展。     

ULTRAMAFIC INCLUSIONS IN THE QUATERNARY LAVAS OF THE KURILEISLAND ARC

The sedimentary basins of the Ural-Mongolian mobile belt fall into two groups: near-geosynclinal folded and intrageosynclinal folded. In the present structural plan the first group includes two planetary-scale belts of oil and gas accumulation, the Ural and Yenisey. The main regional oil- and gas-bearing complexes of the Ural belt are transgressive middle Devonian-early Frasnian clastic rocks, containing up to 18-20% initial oil and gas reserves in categories A + B + Ci + C₂; regressive-transgressive early-middle Viséan clastic formations (12-15%); inundational Bashkirian-Visean (22-25%) and Late Carboniferous-Early Permian (21-25%) carbonate rocks. The main regional oil- and gas-bearing complexes of the Yenisey belt are related to mainly clastic transgressive Vendian-early Cambrian rocks (40-50% of initial potential hydrocarbon reserves) and inundational Cambrian evaporite-carbonate formations (up to 25%). All the epi-geosynclinal sedimentary basins belong to the second group; they are mainly heterogenetic and less than 350-370 Ma in age, but there are a few small monogenetic ones up to 40-50 Ma in age.     

Structure of the Maikop complex of the Caspian Sea region based on seismic stratigraphic research

The paper reports on the structure of the Oligocene–Lower Miocene Maikop complex of the Caspian Sea and its margin on the basis of seismic and geological data. It is shown that the regional structure of Maikop deposits of Ciscaucasia and the Middle Caspian is characterized by large clinoform sedimentary bodies. New data on formation, structure, and occurrence of clinoforms in Maikop deposits are generalized for the researched region. Two main systems of clinoforms were defined in the Maikop complex: the single large cone located in the Middle Caspian and Eastern Ciscaucasia and the southeastern system of clinoforms located in the area of Kazakh Bay. Structural characteristics and sedimentogenesis of a clinoform formation are revealed using seismic and sequence stratigraphic methods.     

准噶尔盆地五彩湾凹陷基底火山岩储集性能及影响因素

含油气火山岩储层的研究为石油勘探开拓了更广阔的前景.利用岩心、薄片及成像测井(FMI)等手段对准噶尔盆地五彩湾凹陷基底火山岩储层的岩性特征、岩相分布、岩石物性(包括孔隙度和渗透率)进行了研究.该区含油气的火山岩主要为中石炭世巴山组(C₂b), 包括熔岩(安山岩和玄武岩)和火山碎屑岩.熔岩的平均孔隙度和渗透率分别为7.4 2 %和0.82× 10-3 μm2; 火山角砾岩类的平均孔隙度和渗透率分别为9.84 %和0.33× 10-3 μm₂.这些火山岩储集空间类型以次生孔、缝为主.与盆地内基底火山岩储集性能最好的腹部石西油田相比, 东部五彩湾凹陷的储集性能略差.火山喷发时的环境、火山岩的岩性岩相。