近30年来东海长江口泥质区浮游植物生产力与群落结构变化的生物标志物记录

随着人类活动的增加和全球气候变化的加剧,东海生态环境受到了人类活动和自然环境变化的双重影响。本文选择位于东海长江口泥质区的柱状样DH3-1进行生物标志物分析,利用多种生物标志物含量及相对比例重建了东海近30年(1983-2010年)浮游植物生产力、群落结构和陆源输入相对贡献的变化,并探究人类活动与自然因素产生的综合影响。结果表明:近30年来,浮游植物生产力呈现上升趋势;约1992-2001年,硅藻比例下降、甲藻比例上升,约2001年后硅藻比例上升、甲藻比例下降。陆源有机质含量在约1992-2004年呈现增加趋势,约2004年后相对降低;海源有机质含量则呈现持续增加趋势。东海近30年来浮游植物生产力的升高主要是因为人类活动剧增与上升流引发东海营养盐输入量增加。群落结构与陆源有机质含量交替变化可能是由不同年份人类活动与自然因素的作用强度不同导致的。     

近130年来北黄海浮游植物生产力和群落结构变化的沉积物生物标志物记录

类脂生物标志物已被广泛用于重建海洋浮游植物生产力及群落结构变化,但是,在北黄海和渤海的应用还不多。在210Pb定年的基础上,对北黄海西南部箱式柱状样B25进行了生物标志物分析,利用其含量及相对比例变化重建了北黄海过去130年来浮游植物生产力及群落结构变化,并探讨了其变化规律对气候变化和人类活动的指示作用。结果表明:过去130年来,浮游植物生产力总体呈上升趋势,在1975年后显著增加。揭示了一种在我国边缘海群落结构变化的新特征,在1965—1990年间呈现硅藻比例下降和甲藻比例增加,而1990年之后则表现为硅藻比例增加和甲藻比例下降。北黄海近百年来浮游植物生产力的提高主要与东亚冬季风的增强和陆源输入增加有密切关系,而群落结构的改变可能是人类活动和气候变化共同作用的结果。     

东海沉积物中微生物标志物GDGTs年代际变化及来源

甘油双烷基甘油四醚(Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol Tetraethers,GDGTs)是近几年来新发现的一类生物标志化合物,基于GDGTs的各种指标以其在指示物质来源以及海洋和陆地古温度重建等方面显示出的巨大应用潜力,逐渐成为古海洋学、古湖沼学和古气候学研究的重要工具。对采自东海陆架区的DH5-1站位(29°28.118′N、123°06.639′E,水深63.5m)的柱状沉积物样品进行了总有机质和GDGTs分析,研究了GDGTs化合物在东海陆架区柱状沉积物样品中的含量和沉积通量变化,并利用δ13 C、C/N以及基于GDGTs化合物的BIT指标讨论了该海区近150年来沉积有机质的来源变化。结果显示,近百年来东亚冬季风的增强,加强了冬季闽浙沿岸流对长江口沉积物的搬运,使得该海区陆源输入量呈增加趋势,但20世纪80年代以来,人类活动的加剧导致营养盐输入的增加,使得海洋生产力提高,沉积有机质中陆源有机质比例下降。     

中国边缘海沉积有机质来源及其碳汇意义

中国边缘海(本文特指渤海、黄海和东海,不包括南海)是陆源和海源有机质的重要碳汇。总有机质指标和生物标志物的结果显示,表层沉积物中陆源有机质高值集中在近岸尤其是河口附近;海源有机质在陆架海盆处有高值,受控于海洋生产力和沉积环境。利用多参数指标对表层沉积物中不同来源和不同年龄有机质的贡献比例估算的结果显示,我国边缘海的有机碳埋藏量约13 Mt/a,占全球边缘海沉积物有机碳埋藏量(~138 Mt/a)的~10%,其中陆源有机质的碳埋藏量(3.9 Mt/a)占全球边缘海沉积物陆源有机质埋藏量的~7%。若假定陈化土壤有机质和古老有机质主要是陆源物质,则非现代有机质的碳埋藏量为~6Mt/a,占我国边缘海总有机质碳埋藏量的~46%,与全球边缘海沉积物中陆源有机质的平均比例(44%)相当。这些结果表明我国边缘海在全球海洋碳循环中具有重要地位。本文利用已发表的文献数据,总结和归纳了中国边缘海沉积有机质来源及其碳汇意义。     

东海陆架海水和沉积物中藻类生物标志物的分布特征与比较

对东海内陆架杭州湾附近的季节性水体悬浮颗粒物和表层沉积物中的主要藻类生物标志物进行分析，如菜籽甾醇、甲藻甾醇和长链烯酮，分别对应于硅藻、甲藻和定鞭藻，分析探讨水体颗粒物和沉积物中藻类生物标志物的分布特征及控制因素。研究结果显示，东海内陆架表层沉积物中藻类生物标志物空间分布特征明显，由杭州湾近岸向海，含量随水深增加而增加；颗粒物中生物标志物含量的季节变化突出，夏季样品的含量最高。生物标志物的时空变化主要受控于藻类生产力的变化。由于营养盐丰富，高初级生产力主要分布在远离河口的冲淡水和外海海流交汇的水域；夏季由于长江冲淡水携带营养盐影响扩大，近岸浮游植物生产力最高。此外，结果还显示表层沉积物与颗粒物中优势甾醇有显著差异，颗粒物中菜籽甾醇占优势，而表层沉积物中甲藻甾醇占比更大。除了通常解释的颗粒物中有机质主要反映局部地点的瞬时性，而表层沉积物中有机质反映更广区域的多年平均性，我们认为沉积物中可能发生的菜籽甾醇后期氢化作用改造有巨大影响，导致沉积物中菜籽甾醇含量相对甲藻甾醇大量降低。本研究结果强调沉积物中生物标志物沉积历史的复杂性，理解表层沉积物中生物标志物的相对变化对于沉积记录中生物标志物的准...     

二百年来黄海浮游植物群落结构变化的生物标志物记录

对位于南黄海的柱状样10694进行了生物标志物分析,利用其生物标志物含量及比例变化重建了黄海过去210 a来的浮游植物生产力及群落结构变化.结果表明10694站位在过去100 a来生产力有上升的趋势,而这种趋势在过去40 a来尤为明显,浮游植物群落结构在过去100 a中有硅藻比例上升-甲藻比例下降的趋势.通过与近期历史资料的对比,得出初步结论:黄海过去100 a生产力上升及硅藻比例增加主要是与东亚冬季风和ENSO增强有关.结果表明,可以用生物标志物法重建过去百年来中国近海生态变化,并可以初步区分自然气候变化和人类活动对近海生态系统演变的影响.     

辽东湾表层沉积物中生物标志物记录的浮游藻类生物量和群落组成特征

对渤海辽东湾海域表层沉积物中浮游植物生物标志物的分布进行了研究。通过对辽东湾51个站位的调查研究发现,硅藻、甲藻和颗石藻这3种浮游植物的生物标志物含量分布规律不明显,为了消除粒度和沉积速率的影响,将这3种生物标志物总量与总有机碳(TOC)含量做比值,得到的相对含量从湾内到湾口随着离岸距离增加而增加,生物标志物指示的初级生产力与现场调查的结果一致,表明生物标志物法基本可以用来重建初级生产力。辽东湾海域初级生产力在湾口高于湾内,表明其主要控制因素是水体浊度而不是陆源营养盐的输入。辽东湾西侧菊花岛附近初级生产力的高值主要与人类养殖、陆源排污等导致的水体富营养化相关。生物标志物的相对比例结果显示,辽东湾两侧近岸区硅藻和甲藻相对贡献高,尤其是硅藻占据绝对优势,这主要与硅藻在高营养盐的情况下具有竞争优势有关,而在辽东湾中部发现高的颗石藻相对贡献与黄海暖流入侵路径相对应。     

末次冰盛期以来日本海浮游植物生产力和群落结构变化

生物标志物法已经被广泛应用于重建海洋浮游植物生产力和群落结构变化。本文利用这种方法重建了日本海末次冰盛期以来浮游植物生产力和群落结构变化。结果显示,生物标志物含量在末次冰期最盛期21～19 ka和14～4 ka时有高值,而在19～14 ka、4～0 ka有低值。末次冰期最盛期时生物标志物的高含量是由于分层导致的底层水缺氧,生物标志物得到较好保存的结果,而此时日本海盐度很低,使颗石藻相对含量很低;19～14 ka陆源输入减少,日本海生产力水平较低,不断增加的盐度使浮游植物群落结构由硅藻、甲藻占优转变为颗石藻占优;14～4 ka对马暖流流量的加大提高了日本海的初级生产力,同时高营养盐利于硅藻、甲藻的生长,使颗石藻的相对比例减小;4 ka以后随冬季风的增强和黑潮减弱,对马暖流减弱,供应的营养盐减少,日本海生产力水平降低,使颗石藻的相对比例增大,硅藻、甲藻的相对比例减小。     

过去一百年济州岛西南泥质区有机质来源变化的多参数指标研究

C/N是一种传统的区分海洋沉积有机质来源的指标,基于总有机碳与总有机氮的比值。BIT(Branched andIsoprenoid Tetraether index)和TMBR(Terrestrial and Marine Biomarker Ratio)是近年提出的用于指示陆源有机质相对贡献的新指标,二者具有明确的陆源及海源端元值。BIT指标是基于陆地土壤厌氧细菌生标Branched GDGTs与泉古菌生标Crenarchaeol的比值,TMBR指标是基于陆源高等植物生标和海源藻类生标的比值。本文利用C/N、BIT和TMBR指标,对济州岛西南泥质区DH11站位过去一百年以来陆源有机质和海源有机质的相对贡献进行了定量评估。总有机碳(TOC)、陆源和海源生物标志物的分析结果显示:近50a来,该站位的总有机质、海源有机质和陆源有机质的沉积通量(Mass Accumulation Rates,MARs)一直在增加。C/N指标通过二元混合模型的计算结果显示陆源有机质占总沉积有机质的比例在0.22～0.30之间,BIT与TMBR指示的陆源有机质贡献分别在0.05～0.11,0.08～0.22之间,所得相对贡献的差异主要是由不同指标的指示意义不同造成的。3种指标的结果表明该研究海域海源有机质在沉积有机质中占据主导地位。另外,从1950s开始陆源有机质的相对贡献呈现下降趋势,这说明海源有机质沉积通量增加的比例大于陆源有机质,这可能是由东亚季风、黑潮、河流输入、大气沉降和人类活动等多重因素引起的。     

北黄海-渤海表层沉积物中浮游植物生物标志物的分布特征及指示意义

作为一种新的地球化学指标方法,多参数生物标志物法已被广泛应用于重建浮游植物生产力及群落结构。本文对北黄海-渤海表层沉积物中浮游植物生物标志物的分布进行了研究。通过对北黄海-渤海60个站位的调查研究发现,硅藻、甲藻和颗石藻这3种浮游植物的生物标志物含量高值区主要分布在泥质区,同TOC的分布模式类似。为了消除粒度和沉积速率对含量的影响,将这3种生物标志物含量分别与TOC做比值,结果发现相对含量高值区与高生产力区相对应。以这3种生物标志物的相对比例来分别指示浮游植物在北黄海-渤海的相对贡献变化,结果表明近岸区硅藻相对贡献高,这主要与硅藻在高浓度硅的情况下具有竞争优势有关;而由于对营养盐的竞争关系,甲藻相对贡献高值区处于远岸区。在北黄海中部发现高的颗石藻相对贡献,与黄海暖流入侵路径相对应。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.     

The stages of the development of the basin of the Bransfield Strait

The study of the sedimentary body of the Bransfield Strait has made it possible to identify several sedimentary complexes, to construct the first electronic charts for the acoustic basement, and to establish four stages of the evolution of its floor, which updates the previous knowledge about the formation of the strait. At the first stage, there was an increase in tension stresses that were accompanied by the local splits of the continental crust at the periphery of the Antarctic Peninsula. At the second stage, a graben-like structure filled with the Lower stratigraphic complex was formed northward of the Antarctic Peninsula. At the third stage, the continuing processes of extension led to intensive explosive activity of the growing volcanic structures and filling of the graben with sediments of the Middle seismostratigraphic complex. The fourth stage, which has continued until recently, is characterized by quasi-linear localization of the major centers of volcanic activity in the band closer to the South-Shetland Islands and the formation of the Upper seismostratigraphic sedimentary complex. The evolution of the floor of the Bransfield Strait reflects the process of penetration of the American-Antarctic ridge to the continental lithosphere of the Antarctic Peninsula for the last million years.     

Influence of the dynamics of currents on the hydrophysical structure of the waters and the vertical exchange in the active layer of the Black Sea

An analysis of the data of measurements of the fine structure and microstructure fluctuations of hydrophysical fields in the upper 200-m layer of the Black Sea carried out using CTD profilers and a Baklan free falling microstructure and turbulence profiler revealed the existence of a positive correlation between the intensity of the fine structure and microstructure fluctuations and the dynamics of the currents. On the other hand, the level of the fine structure and microstructure fluctuations reflects the rate of the vertical turbulent exchange. It was shown that, in the case of the absence of the Black Sea Rim Current (BSRC) jet or clearly manifested mesoscale eddy structures, the vertical turbulent exchange in the pycnocline is weak, while, in the opposite case, it is stronger. The results obtained support the supposition that the interbasin dynamics play an important role in the maintenance of the rate of small-scale mixing in the pycnocline and halocline and provide the vertical transport of dissolved oxygen from the cold intermediate layer into the deeper layers of the sea.