南海北部海区非藻类颗粒物吸收系数的变化特性

在2003年10月广东沿岸航次和2004年9月南海北部开放航次数据的基础上,分析了南海北部水体非藻类颗粒物吸收系数(aNAP(λ))的变化。结果显示,沿岸水体的非藻类颗粒物吸收光谱斜率(SNAP)平均值为0.010 3nm-1(标准偏差=0.000 7 nm-1),随叶绿素a浓度的增大呈现出减小的趋势,南海北部开阔海域水体SNAP的平均值为0.009 0 nm-1(标准偏差=0.001 3 nm-1);沿岸水体受陆源性输入的影响较大,表层水体aNAP(440)随盐度的增大而减小,随总悬浮颗粒物(SPM)浓度的增大而增大,aNAP(440)/SPM平均为0.045 m2.g-1;南海北部开阔海域水体非藻类颗粒物的吸收明显偏小,表层水体的aNAP(440)与盐度存在较弱的线性相关,与SPM之间没有表现出明显的相关性,aNAP(440)与叶绿素a浓度之间存在一定的幂指数关系,表明外海水体浮游植物的降解是非藻类颗粒物的主要来源之一。     

黄东海非色素颗粒与黄色物质的吸收系数光谱模型研究

黄色物质和非色素颗粒物是我国近岸水体重要的水色成分,对其光谱特性的了解,直接关系到水色遥感色素算法的精度。文章对2003春季黄东海航次获取的数据分析处理,得到黄色物质吸收系数斜率经验值Sg=0.0175和非色素颗粒物吸收系数斜率经验值Sd=0.0103。经采用2002春季和2003秋季同海区试验数据进行检验,结果表明得到的光谱模型具有较强的区域适用性。     

中国近海非色素颗粒物的光学特性

非色素颗粒物是中国近海水体光学特性的重要影响因素。基于在中国近海海洋光学调查中获取的1355个站位的非色素颗粒物吸收系数数据,对非色素颗粒物440nm吸收系数ad(440)及其光谱斜率Sd进行了分析,研究表明:1)在封闭或半封闭海湾以及河口海域的ad(440)较其他海域明显偏大;2)ad(440)占水体440nm总吸收系数at(440)的百分比值分布特点与ad(440)的分布特点一致,即ad(440)越大,其对水体总吸收的贡献越大;3)Sd与ad(440)仅在两个海域表现出一定的弱负相关性,在其他绝大部分海域两者的相关性较弱。     

南黄海大气颗粒物中营养元素的季节分布

根据2006-07—2007-10南黄海海域4个季节的综合调查,分析了颗粒物(TSP)、总碳、氮、磷、钠、钙和镁等化学要素的季节变化,初步探讨了影响各参数季节变化的原因及其来源。结果显示各要素分布具有明显的季节变化规律,且不同要素分布特征不同。TSP的平均浓度为春季最高、夏季最低;总碳、钠和钙的平均浓度为冬季最高、夏季最低;硝酸盐的平均浓度为春季冬季夏季秋季,磷酸盐则为夏季秋季春季冬季;镁的平均浓度表现为秋季春季夏季冬季。TSP、总碳、氮均呈现离岸近处浓度高的趋势,特别是山东半岛南部海区以及长江口北部海区。与北黄海相比,研究区域内TSP和总碳的季节变化规律相似,但浓度普遍低于前者;硝酸盐浓度略高于前者,而磷酸盐则差异不大。大气颗粒物中氮:磷大于16:1,这可能是造成南黄海潜在磷限制的重要因素。钙主要来自陆源,镁在夏季陆源与海源相当,其他季节主要来自海源。日益增强的人类活动及其影响下的陆-海物质交换是影响南黄海大气颗粒物含量及分布的重要因素。     

强壮前沟藻生消过程中水色组分吸收特性

依据2011-07强壮前沟藻藻种培养实验期间的实测数据,分析了其生消过程中各水色组分的吸收特性。结果表明:在生消过程的始末阶段,以非色素颗粒物和有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)吸收为主,中间阶段,则以浮游植物吸收为主。浮游植物吸收光谱在440nm和675nm存在明显的特征峰;在整个生消周期内先上升后降低,直至消失;非色素颗粒物和CDOM吸收光谱随波长增加均呈指数衰减趋势,前者光谱幅高先增后减,但后者变化无明显规律。各水色组分与叶绿素质量浓度均存在一定的相关关系,无论在生长期或是消亡期,浮游植物、非色素颗粒物吸收系数与叶绿素质量浓度存在正相关关系;但CDOM吸收系数与叶绿素质量浓度在生长期存在正相关关系,而在消亡期变为负相关关系。这可作为改进赤潮水体叶绿素质量浓度遥感算法、有效判别赤潮以及识别赤潮优势藻种等的科学依据。     

长江口及邻近海域溶解态锰的分布及影响因素

为研究陆架边缘海锰的生物地球化学循环,利用隐色孔雀绿-高碘酸钠催化动力学方法,对2012-03和2012-07长江口及其邻近海域调查航次采样的溶解态锰浓度进行测定。2012-03长江口及其邻近海域表、底层水体中溶解态锰浓度没有显著性差异。2012-07底层溶解态锰浓度显著高于表层。溶解态锰浓度存在显著的季节差异,2012-07平均浓度显著高于2012-03的。春、夏季溶解态锰浓度在表、底层分布整体上均呈现出由近岸到外海逐渐降低的特征,表明近岸受到河流输入的影响。2012-03长江口及其邻近海域溶解态锰基本表现为保守混合,2012-07盐度2~8海域表层发生明显的清除。两端元混合模型及相关性分析表明,该海域悬浮颗粒物(SPM)是溶解态锰的一个主要汇。此外,水团的物理混合是影响该海域溶解态锰分布的主要因素。     

渤海近岸水体有色溶解有机物的光吸收特征及其分布

依据2011-08和2012-05的现场调查资料,分析渤海水体有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的光谱吸收特性,研究其分布变化特征及影响因素。结果表明:渤海水体a_(355)的变化范围为0.38~4.15m~(-1),均值为1.33m~(-1),表现为莱州湾渤海湾辽东湾,春季夏季的时空变化特征;表层海水a_(355)的水平分布基本呈近岸及河口区高、远岸稍低的变化规律。光谱斜率S_(275~295)和S_(350~400)的变化范围分别为0.011~0.074nm~(-1)和0.012~0.195nm~(-1),春季整体高于夏季。光谱斜率比S_R的变化范围为0.25~2.25,平均值为0.88,夏季略高于春季,其中春季渤海湾最高,莱州湾次之,辽东湾最低;夏季则莱州湾高于渤海湾。渤海春季水体CDOM主要来源于生物现场生产和底层沉积物再悬浮释放,夏季则主要受陆源径流输入的影响。不同时空条件下CDOM在咸淡水的混合过程中也有着不同的表现,春季多呈非保守行为;夏季莱州湾呈保守行为,渤海湾则呈非保守行为。     

珠江口海域基于吸收测量的MODIS半分析算法修正

利用珠江口2002年11月颗粒物质(包括浮游植物与非色素颗粒)及有色溶解有机物质(CDOM)吸收系数的测量,尝试修正MODIS半分析算法经验方程.原算法中建立的浮游植物吸收系数aφ(λ)与aφ(675)之间的双曲线正切函数关系式可能并不符合珠江口这一高污染河口区的光学性质,故给出了aφ(λ)与aφ(443)的简单二次函数关系式.非色素颗粒吸收系数(ad)总体上远大于CDOM吸收系数(ag),所以,没有分离ad和ag而直接导出ag并不切实可行;建议参数S取值0.012 nm-1.当然实用的珠江口MODIS半分析算法还需要进一步的调试与优化.     

几种典型藻种吸收光谱特性的比较

以小球藻、扁藻、裸甲藻和它们的混合物为研究对象,通过实验室培养连续观测其吸收光谱,对不同生长期藻类的吸收光谱进行了比较,分析了不同藻类675 nm处吸收系数与Chla浓度的关系,并分析了不同藻类的比吸收光谱。由于色素组成及其比例的不同、色素的包囊效应以及附属色素对吸收的贡献,不同藻种的比吸收光谱有所差异。研究表明,在Chla浓度范围为(27.69～2 856.47)mg.m-3时,比吸收系数在特征波段下的吸收值在440nm为(0.016 9～0.087 9)m2·mg-1,在675 nm为(0.011 2～0.054 9)m2·mg-1。     

氮、磷对大亚湾大鹏澳海区浮游植物群落的影响Ⅰ .叶绿素a与初级生产力

根据2005年4-5月(春季)、8月(夏季)和11月(秋季)对大亚湾大鹏澳海区表层的现场调查结合营养盐加富实验,探讨了不同季节硝态氮(NO-3)、脲氮(urea)和无机磷(PO3-4)等营养元素对该海区浮游植物叶绿素a含量与初级生产力及它们的粒级结构的潜在影响.调查海区表层海水叶绿素a含量在近岸养殖区较高,季节变化不明显,但其粒级结构有较大的季节差异;初级生产力的平面分布与叶绿素a含量在春、秋季均较一致,其粒级结构与叶绿素a的粒级结构在春季基本一致,但在秋季有较大差异.实验结果表明, NO-3、urea和PO3-4对该海区浮游植物叶绿素a、初级生产力及它们的粒级结构有不同的潜在影响,并存在季节差异.尽管磷被认为是该海区浮游植物生长的主要限制因子,结果显示氮(NO-3或urea)对浮游植物生长仍有潜在限制作用,其中NO-3和urea作为不同氮源的潜在影响有明显区别.     

青海湖水色要素吸收光谱特性分析--黄色物质、非色素颗粒和浮游植物色素

根据2003年青海湖航次获取的数据,分析了黄色物质、非色素颗粒和浮游植物色素吸收系数的光谱特点、分布趋势和相对比例,并得到了黄色物质和非色素颗粒的斜率经验值。     

长江口及其邻近海域CDOM光谱吸收特性分析

研究了长江口及其邻近海域有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)的光吸收特性,分析了CDOM浓度(吸收系数a(440))、光谱斜率(S_g)与盐度的关系。结果表明:长江口及其邻近海域CDOM的a(440)变化范围为0.21~0.85 m^-1,平均值为0.44 m^-1;S_g值的范围为0.013 3~0.016 7 nm^-1,平均值为0.014 nm^-1;a(440)的水平分布表现为长江口海区比外海区高,S_g的水平分布表现为长江口海区比外海区低,反映了长江口海区CDOM中的腐殖酸成分比外海区大。研究区内a(440)与盐度、S_g与盐度明显线性相关,表明CDOM在河口混合行为中呈保守行为,CDOM具有良好的保守性质。     

长江口外海水中有色溶解有机物（CDOM）的光吸收特性

基于2008年5、11月2次调查数据,研究了长江口邻近海域水体有色溶解有机物（CDOM）的光吸收特性及其时空分布特征,探讨了CDOM含量、光谱斜率Sg值及其与特征波长下吸收系数a（440）的关系.结果表明,春季该海域有色溶解有机物的吸收系数a（440）的范围为2.232~8.671 m-1,平均值为4.523 m-1;秋季其吸收系数a（440）的变化范围为0.390~6.135 m-1,平均值为2.209 m-1.该水体CDOM吸收曲线基本呈指数衰减趋势.在400~440 nm波段内,春季其光谱斜率Sg值范围为0.002 0~0.014 2 nm-1,平均值为0.008 7 nm-1秋季的介于0.020 8~0.052 6 nm-1之间.平均值为0.037 5 nm-1.同时有色溶解有机物吸收系数a（440）与Sg值存在着较显著的负相关关系.     

Spatial and temporal variability of colored dissolved organic matter absorption properties in the Taiwan Strait

Spatial and temporal variability of the absorption properties of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the Taiwan Strait was investigated in summer (July to August of 2006) and winter (from December 2006 to January of 2007) seasons. The CDOM absorption coefficient at 280 nm (a 280 ) showed a decreasing trend from nearshore to offshore areas while the spectral slope coefficient parameter calculated between wavelengths 275-295 nm (S 275 295 ) showed an increase, indicative of decreasing aromaticity and molecular weight of the CDOM. The average a 280 in winter (1.47 ± 0.50 m 1 ) was significantly higher than in summer (1.10 ± 0.41 m 1 ), while the average S 275 295 in winter (26.7 ± 5.2 μm 1 ) was significantly lower than in summer (30.6 ± 5.5 μm 1 ), demonstrating clear seasonal variation in CDOM abundance and properties in the Taiwan Strait. A three-end- member conservative mixing model showed that local terrestrial CDOM inputs from several rivers along the western coast were small (<5%). However, the distribution of CDOM in the Taiwan Strait is mainly controlled by water mass movement [i.e., the Zhe-min Coastal Current (ZCC) and the Kuroshio Branch Current (KBC) in winter and the South China Sea Water (SCSW) in summer]. Biological activity was also an important factor affecting the distribution of CDOM in the offshore region in summer months.     

太湖水中可溶性有机质,悬浮质和浮游藻类色素的光学特性的测定

本文着重分析了分光光度计测定的太湖水体中悬浮质、可溶性有机质和浮游藻类色素在可见光波段(400nm—700nm)的吸收;讨论了对池塘及两种高等植物色素吸收的对比测定;并利用迭代回归方法对测试样品的散射效应进行了订正。结果表明:(1)可溶性有机质吸收在短波部分较强;并且随着入射波长的增大,吸收几乎呈指数律减小,减小速率比国外海洋中的测量结果小。(2)水中悬浮质对光具有较强的散射作用,散射系数约按入射波长呈倒数变化。(3)不同植物中的色素的吸收光谱有明显差异。此外,利用所测数据,本文还对冬季太湖水体的反射光谱和向下光照衰减系数进行了数值计算,表明该水体对入射光照的反射和衰减与纯净水情况有很大差别,目此,太湖水光学特性研究中必须考虑水中物质的影响。     

Plastic particles in coastal pelagic ecosystems of the Northeast Pacific ocean

The purpose of this study was to examine the distribution, abundance and characteristics of plastic particles in plankton samples collected routinely in Northeast Pacific ecosystems, and to contribute to the development of ideas for future research into the occurrence and impact of small plastic debris in marine pelagic ecosystems. Plastic debris particles were assessed from zooplankton samples collected as part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) ongoing ecosystem surveys during two research cruises in the Southeast Bering Sea in the spring and fall of 2006 and four research cruises off the U.S. west coast (primarily off southern California) in spring, summer and fall of 2006, and in January of 2007. Nets with 0.505 mm mesh were used to collect surface samples during all cruises, and sub-surface samples during the four cruises off the west coast. The 595 plankton samples processed indicate that plastic particles are widely distributed in surface waters. The proportion of surface samples from each cruise that contained particles of plastic ranged from 8.75 to 84.0%, whereas particles were recorded in sub-surface samples from only one cruise (in 28.2% of the January 2007 samples). Spatial and temporal variability was apparent in the abundance and distribution of the plastic particles and mean standardized quantities varied among cruises with ranges of 0.004-0.19 particles/m3, and 0.014-0.209 mg dry mass/m3. Off southern California, quantities for the winter cruise were significantly higher, and for the spring cruise significantly lower than for the summer and fall surveys (surface data). Differences between surface particle concentrations and mass for the Bering Sea and California coast surveys were significant for pair-wise comparisons of the spring but not the fall cruises. The particles were assigned to three plastic product types: product fragments, fishing net and line fibers, and industrial pellets; and five size categories: <1 mm, 1-2.5 mm, >2.5-5 mm, >5-10 mm, and >10 mm. Product fragments accounted for the majority of the particles, and most were less than 2.5 mm in size. The ubiquity of such particles in the survey areas and predominance of sizes <2.5 mm implies persistence in these pelagic ecosystems as a result of continuous breakdown from larger plastic debris fragments, and widespread distribution by ocean currents. Detailed investigations of the trophic ecology of individual zooplankton species, and their encounter rates with various size ranges of plastic particles in the marine pelagic environment, are required in order to understand the potential for ingestion of such debris particles by these organisms. Ongoing plankton sampling programs by marine research institutes in large marine ecosystems are good potential sources of data for continued assessment of the abundance, distribution and potential impact of small plastic debris in productive coastal pelagic zones.     

Seasonal dynamics of light absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the NW Mediterranean Sea (BOUSSOLE site)

We analyze a two-year time-series of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) light absorption measurements in the upper 400 m of the water column at the BOUSSOLE site in the NW Mediterranean Sea. The seasonal dynamics of the CDOM light absorption coefficients at 440 nm (a_cdom(440)) is essentially characterized by (i) subsurface maxima forming in spring and progressively reinforcing throughout summer, (ii) impoverishment in the surface layer throughout summer and (iii) vertical homogeneity in winter. Seasonal variations of the spectral dependence of CDOM absorption, as described by the exponential slope value (S_cdom), are characterized by highest values in summer and autumn at the surface and low values at the depths of a_cdom(440) subsurface maxima or just below them. Variations of a_cdom(440) are likely controlled by microbial digestion of phytoplankton cells, which leads to CDOM production, and by photochemical destruction (photobleaching), which leads to CDOM degradation. Photobleaching is also the main driver of S_cdom variations. Consistently with previous observations, a_cdom(440) for a given chlorophyll a concentration is higher than expected from Case I waters bio-optical models. The total non-water light absorption budget shows that surface waters at the BOUSSOLE site are largely dominated by CDOM during all seasons but the algal bloom in March and April. These results improve the knowledge of CDOM absorption dynamics in the Mediterranean Sea, which is scarcely documented. In addition, they open the way to improved algorithms for the retrieval of CDOM absorption from field or satellite radiometric measurements.     

Short-lived thorium isotopes (Th, Th) as indicators of POC export and particle cycling in the Ross Sea, Southern Ocean

Repeated measurements of depth profiles of ²³⁴Th (dissolved, 1–70 and >70 μm particulate) at three stations (Orca, Minke, Sei) in the Ross Sea have been used to estimate the export of Th and particulate organic carbon (POC) from the euphotic zone. Sampling was carried out on three JGOFS cruises covering the period from October 1996 (austral early spring) to April 1997 (austral fall). Deficiencies of ²³⁴Th relative to its parent ²³⁸U in the upper 100 m are small during the early spring cruise, increase to maximum values during the summer, and decrease over the course of the fall. Application of a non-steady-state model to the ²³⁴Th data shows that the flux of Th from the euphotic zone occurs principally during the summer cruise and in the interval between summer and fall. Station Minke in the southwestern Ross Sea appears to sustain significant ²³⁴Th removal for a longer period than is evident at Orca or Sei. Particulate ²³⁴Th activities and POC are greater in the 1–70 μm size fraction, except late in the summer cruise, when the >70 μm POC fraction exceeds that of the 1–70 μm fraction. The POC/²³⁴Th ratio in the >70 μm fraction exceeds that in the 1–70 μm fraction, likely due in part to the greater availability of surface sites for Th adsorption in the latter. Particulate ²³⁴Th fluxes are converted to POC fluxes by multiplying by the POC/²³⁴Th ratio of the >70 μm fraction (assumed to be representative of sinking particles). POC fluxes calculated from a steady-state Th scavenging model range from 7 to 91 mmol C m⁻² d⁻¹ during late January–early February, with the greatest flux observed at station Minke late in the cruise. Fluxes estimated with a non-steady-state Th model are 85 mmol C m⁻² d⁻¹ at Minke (1/13–2/1/97) and 50 mmol C m⁻² d⁻¹ at Orca (1/19–2/1/97). The decline in POC inventories (0–100 m) is most rapid in the southern Ross Sea during the austral summer cruise (Smith et al., 2000. The seasonal cycle of phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Research II 47, 3119–3140. Gardner et al., 2000. Seasonal patterns of water column particulate organic carbon and fluxes in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Research II 47, 3423–3449), and the ²³⁴Th-derived POC fluxes indicate that the sinking flux of POC is 30–50% of the POC decrease, depending on whether steady-state or non-steady-state Th fluxes are used. Rate constants for particle POC aggregation and disaggregation rates are calculated at station Orca by coupling particulate ²³⁴Th data with ²²⁸Th data on the same samples. Late in the early spring cruise, as well as during the summer cruise, POC aggregation rates are highest in near-surface waters and decrease with depth. POC disaggregation rates during the same time generally increase to a maximum and are low at depth (>200 m). Subsurface aggregation rates increase to high values late in the summer, while disaggregation rates decrease. This trend helps explain higher values of POC in the >70 m fraction relative to the 1–70 m fraction late in the summer cruise. Increases in disaggregation rate below 100 m transfer POC from the large to small size fraction and may attenuate the flux of POC sinking out of the euphotic zone.     

Spatial patterns of primary production on the shelf, slope and basin of the Western Arctic in 2002

In the spring and summer of 2002 primary production in the Chukchi Sea was measured, using ¹⁴C uptake experiments. Our cruise track encompassed the shelf and continental slope area of the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas progressing into deep water over the Canada Basin. The study area experienced upwards of 90% ice cover during the spring, with ice retreating into the basin during the summer. Production in the spring was light-limited due to ice cover, with average euphotic zone production rates of <0.3 g C m⁻² d⁻¹. Values of 8 g C m⁻² d⁻¹ were observed in association with surface bloom conditions during the initial ice breakup. Considerable nutrient reduction in the surface waters took place between the spring and summer cruise, and although not observed, this was attributed to a spring bloom. Decreased ice cover and increased clarity of surface waters in the summer allowed greater light penetration. The highest rates of production during the second cruise were found at 25–30 m, coincident with the top of the nutricline. Daily euphotic zone productivity in the summer averaged 0.78 g C m⁻² d⁻¹ on the shelf and 0.32 g C m⁻² d⁻¹ on the edge of the Canada basin. These data provide an estimated annual production of 90 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ in the study area.