刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)高温胁迫消减cDNA文库的构建与分析

采用抑制性消减杂交技术(SSH)研究刺参高温胁迫下差异表达的基因.分别以高温实验组为检测组(tester)、常温对照组为驱动组(driver),进行正向抑制性消减杂交;以常温组为tester、高温组为driver,进行反向消减杂交,成功构建了刺参正反双向差异消减文库.从两个文库随机挑选384个白斑克隆进行斑点杂交进一步...     

对虾白斑综合症病毒膜蛋白VP41A的功能研究

对虾白斑综合症病毒（WSSV）是对虾养殖的主要病害之一,在虾养殖业中造成了严重的损失．本研究从WSSV基因组中克隆到vp41a基因,大小约为900bp,发现该基因编码蛋白VP41A．通过构建重组质粒pET．His一卅J0表达了重组蛋白VP41A,大小约为43kDa．并通过Ni一琼脂糖珠交联下拉实验,在虾血细胞中找到一个能与VP41A相互作用蛋白,质谱分析发现该蛋白为细胞粘连蛋白,说明在WSSV感染宿主细胞的过程中蛋白VP41A可能发挥重要作用．本研究结果推动了WSSV与宿主对虾相互作用的研究,有利于探索病毒复制或转录的关键蛋白,为最终的病毒防治及快诛诊断提供科学依据．     

白斑综合症病毒极早期蛋白WSV403相互作用蛋白的筛选

WSV403是白斑综合症病毒(WSSV)的一个极早期基因,它编码一种E3泛素连接酶。在293T细胞中,利用串联亲和纯化和蛋白质谱技术筛选WSV403的相互作用蛋白,获得了15个可能与WSV403结合的蛋白。在此基础上对5个候选基因进行了克隆,并分别将它们与WSV403基因共表达。通过免疫共沉淀和免疫荧光分析证实了WSSV极早期蛋白WSV403能够与核转运蛋白(KPNA6)、丝/苏氨酸蛋白磷酸酶2A 65 kDa调节亚基A(PPP2RIA)和striatin(STRN)发生相互作用。该研究结果为进一步揭示WSV403的作用机制奠定了基础。     

凡纳滨对虾P23蛋白基因的筛选、表达和生物信息学分析

克隆凡纳滨对虾极端体重个体的组织差异表达基因P23基因并进行生物信息学分析, 为进一步研究该基因的功能以及凡纳滨对虾的分子选育等研究提供信息。以凡纳滨对虾雌虾极端体重个体腹部肌肉为实验材料, 利用抑制消减杂交(SSH)技术构建极大体重雌性个体和极小体重雌性个体腹部肌肉组织正反向消减cDNA文库:正库(以极大体重个体为试验组, 以极小体重个体为驱动组, L-S)和反库(以极小体重个体为试验组, 以极大体重个体为驱动组, S-L)消减cDNA文库, 并采用实时定量技术分析P23基因的组织表达规律, 利用生物信息学对其功能和结构进行预测。以β-actin为看家基因检测两个文库的消减效率分别为210和25, 实时定量技术分析结果表明P23基因在体重的调节中起上调作用。P23基因编码区序列全长495bp, 编码165个氨基酸, GenBank登录号:JF806619。生物信息学分析发现P23蛋白部分序列含有强疏水性, 无跨膜螺旋结构, 两种信号肽预测都显示P23含有信号肽。     

中国明对虾caspase 基因的克隆与表达分析

利用细胞凋亡来清除多细胞器官受损伤或有害的细胞,为动物发育过程中保持机体平衡起到关键作用。为了研究细胞凋亡在甲壳类动物应对病毒感染后所起到的作用,作者利用同源克隆技术获得了中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)caspase基因(FcCasp)的cDNA序列,并分析了该基因在对虾受到白斑综合症病毒(white spot syndrome virus,简称WSSV)刺激后的表达变化规律。结果表明,该基因的cDNA含有954个核苷酸,编码317个氨基酸,具有caspase家族典型的QACRG五肽蛋白酶活性位点(190-194氨基酸)。对注射了WSSV的中国明对虾FcCasp的表达进行分析,在5个时间点取其肝胰脏样本,经real-time PCR检测发现,WSSV刺激3 h后,对虾肝胰脏中FcCasp的表达呈现显著性上调,说明FcCasp的表达与WSSV感染密切相关,提示FcCasp基因与细胞凋亡相关。     

酵母双杂交系统用于WSSV结构蛋白VP39相互作用的宿主蛋白基因的初步研究

为研究WSSV的结构蛋白VP39相关蛋白的基因,应用酵母双杂交系统筛选中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)鳃细胞全长cDNA文库。将构建好的VP39基因的重组载体pGBKT7-VP39转化酵母Y187后,与含文库质粒的酵母株AH109融合,在营养缺陷培养基上进行反复筛选,得到1个阳性克隆,测序并进行生物信息学分析。结果显示,此cDNA片段在数据库中是新序列,该蛋白在WSSV识别并结合宿主的过程中所起的作用还有待于进一步研究。本实验成功筛选了VP39相关蛋白的cDNA片段,为进一步研究WSSV的致病机理奠定了基础。     

对虾白斑综合症病毒vp15基因的RNA干扰研究

VP15是对虾白斑综合症病毒(WSSV)的一种核衣壳蛋白,以往的研究表明VP15属DNA结合蛋白,具有潜在的浓缩包装病毒基因组的功能.利用RNAi技术将vp15基因沉默,来研究vp15基因沉默后对WSSV增殖及结构的影响.体外合成了vp15基因的特异双链RNA(vp15-dsRNA)和非特异双链RNA(gfp-dsRNA),分别与WSSV混合共注射淡水原克氏螯虾.在感染后24、36、48 h,每个实验组分别取病虾步足肌肉,样品用Trizol试剂盒提取RNA用于RT-PCR检测、用病毒检测试剂盒提取DNA模板用于荧光定量PCR分析.另外每组随机选取1只虾,取中肠,用于树脂包埋组织超薄切片分析.逆转录PCR分析结果显示vp15-dsRNA能特异性敲除vp15基因转录表达,实时荧光定量PCR分析结果显示vp15-dsRNA干扰vp15基因的表达能有效抑制WSSV病毒粒子的增值.此外,利用树脂包埋组织超薄切片电子显微镜技术观察发现vp15基因被干扰后病毒粒子数量上明显降低并且引起病毒粒子包装异常.通过vp15基因特异dsRNA干扰,有效抑制了WSSV病毒增殖,此外进一步阐明VP15蛋白的功能及其在病毒组装方面的重要作用,对进一步了解病毒组装以及病毒防治具有重要的意义.     

白斑综合症病毒(WSSV)感染对虾的途径及滴度研究

本研究利用荧光定量PCR技术,开展了白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)感染途径及染病最低病毒浓度的研究.用病毒分别感染对虾的口腔、鳃、背部甲壳和腹部软壳24 h后,利用qPCR测定血液中的病毒拷贝数,结果显示病毒主要通过口腔和鳃入侵宿主,并通过血液循环进行全身感染,但病毒不能穿过对虾的体表引起感染.此外,将对虾分别放在含不同病毒粒子浓度(101、102、103、104、105个/dm3)或含核衣壳的海水中培养,发现当海水中病毒粒子浓度低于102个/dm3时,对虾没有感染病毒,当浓度达到103个/dm3以上时能引起对虾感染.结果暗示103个/dm3是引起对虾感染的最低病毒粒子浓度,而核衣壳则不具有感染性.     

低盐胁迫下凡纳滨对虾鳃丝抑制性消减杂交cDNA文库构建及差异ESTs分析

本研究以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)为对象,分别以低盐度胁迫下(4 ppt)凡纳滨对虾鳃丝cDNA为检测子,正常海水中凡纳滨对虾鳃丝cDNA为驱动予,采用抑制性消减杂交(suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH)技术构建了急性低盐胁迫诱导下凡纳滨对虾鳃丝消减cDNA文库。文库的重组率均高于95%,插入片段集中在250~750 bp之间,随机测序后在线拼接得到15组片段重叠群和37个单一序列共52个非重复序列。同源检索发现30个非重复序列与GenBank中的已知基因序列有较高的相似性。按差异表达基因编码的蛋白具体功能可分为6小类,依次为:(1)离子通道及转运蛋白;(2)蛋白合成翻译及转录因子;(3)应激抗氧化因子;(4)能量代谢;(5)信号受体和转导;(6)细胞纤维及骨架蛋白,所占比例分别为23.3%、20.0%、20.0%、16.7%、10.0%和10.0%。经功能聚类分析发现文库中含有大量离子通道蛋白及功能转运酶、胞内信号传导分子、细胞骨架蛋白等渗透调节和应激适应性相关基因,表明急性低盐胁迫诱导凡纳滨鳃丝抑制性消减杂交cDNA文库构建成功。     

控制虾夷扇贝闭壳肌积累类胡萝卜素相关基因的筛查

利用抑制性差减杂交技术(Suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH)对虾夷扇贝闭壳肌积累类胡萝卜素相关基因进行筛查和分析。以虾夷扇贝橘红色闭壳肌和白色闭壳肌cDNA构建正反向差减文库,结合454测序技术在正向差减文库中测序得到2 640条序列,拼接得到50个contigs(重叠群);反向差减文库中测序得到2 496条序列,拼接得到187个contigs。经过同源性比对分析,共获得150多个差异表达基因,从中选择3种清道夫受体SRB1、SRF2和SRCR作为候选基因进行研究,对其在虾夷扇贝各组织中的表达量水平进行检测,初步阐述了其在虾夷扇贝中的组织表达规律。根据结果推测在虾夷扇贝橘红色闭壳肌中,清道夫受体有可能是调节类胡萝卜素累积和转运的关键基因。本研究为虾夷扇贝闭壳肌类胡萝卜素累积相关通路的探索提供了初步研究的基础数据。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.