Systematic assessment of electrocoagulation for the treatment of marble processing wastewater

In this study, the treatability of marble processing wastewater by electrocoagulation using aluminum and iron electrodes was investigated. The sample used was from the marble-processing plant in Sivas and its turbidity, suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand and total solids concentrations were about 1,914?NTU, 2,904, 150 and 4,750?mg/L, respectively. The effects of various operating parameters such as initial pH, current density and electrolysis time on turbidity, suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand and total solids removal efficiencies were investigated. The settling characteristics of waste sludge produced and energy and electrode consumption were also determined. The optimum values of initial pH, current density and electrolysis time in electrocoagulation studies carried out using aluminum electrode were found to be 7.8, 30?A/m² and 5?min, respectively. Under these conditions, the removal efficiencies obtained for turbidity, suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand and total solids were 98.5, 99.2, 55.2 and 92.4?%, respectively. Corresponding energy and electrode consumptions were 0.143?kWh/kg SS and 0.010?kg Al/kg SS. For iron electrode, the optimum parameter values were found to be 7.8 pH, 20?A/m² and 5?min, respectively. Under these conditions, removal efficiencies for turbidity, suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand and total solids were determined as 94.3, 99.1, 54.2, and 96.1?%, respectively. Energy and electrode consumptions were 0.0571?kWh/kg SS and 0.0206?kg Fe/kg SS, respectively. Settling characteristics of sludge produced during experiments carried out using both aluminum and iron electrodes were fairly good. The results showed that electrocoagulation method can be used efficiently for the treatment of marble processing wastewater under proper operating conditions.     

Densification of iron(III) sludge in neutralization

Acid mine drainage (AMD), of which iron is a substantial component, is a potential by-product in the mining industry. Conventional neutralization is a common approach to treat AMD, although it creates a major disposal problem due to the generation of voluminous sludge. Sludge recirculation improves solid density by slowing down the rate of neutralization and allowing the growth of precipitates, while existing solids act as seed particles by providing necessary surface area for precipitation. The mechanisms of iron sludge densification are not fully understood, mainly because of the complex nature of iron chemistry, and the variety of amorphous, polymeric oxides that could be formed. In this work, the effects of alkaline reagents, flocculant addition, and dosing sequence, on the precipitation of iron (III) hydroxide and densification of the recycled sludge were investigated. Slowly dissolving lime (Ca(OH)₂) was found to be more effective than caustic (NaOH) in producing sludge with higher solid contents. Polymers addition created stronger aggregates that could withstand shearing without significant size reduction, but the overall sludge density was lower than those produced without flocculant. Conditioning the sludge at pH between 3.5 and 4.5 by adding fresh lime in a specific dosing manner appeared to be conducive to the growth of large agglomerates. The final sludge solid content of ∼15 wt.% was considerably higher than others produced under different conditions. The plate-like structures of precipitates generated with more recycles in this instance, possibly helped ease the release of entrapped water between solids during shearing, thus producing sludge with higher solid density.     

凹凸棒石铁/铝氢氧化物纳米复合材料对磷的吸附动力学研究

用铁/铝盐水解法制备了凹凸棒石/铝氢氧化物(PNCMⅠ)、凹凸棒石/铁氢氧化物(PNCMⅡ)和凹凸棒石/铁铝氢氧化物(PNCMⅢ)3种凹凸棒石纳米复合材料。对比了这3种纳米复合材料对水中磷的吸附净化能力,并利用吸附动力学实验探讨了3种材料对磷的吸附机理。结果发现:负载了铝/铁氢氧化物后凹凸棒石的晶体结构没有改变;温度对于3种吸附剂吸附磷的动力学参数影响不显著;3种吸附剂对磷的实际吸附量、理论吸附量和初始吸附速率均随着磷的初始浓度增大而增大。PNCMⅠ对磷的理论吸附量为18.18 mg/g,较其他2种吸附剂大。当磷的初始浓度从5 mg/L增加到50 mg/L,PNCM I对磷的初始吸附速率从0.125 mg/(g·min)增加到1.425 mg/(g·min)。3种凹凸棒石黏土纳米复合材料对磷的吸附符合准二级动力学方程,表明其吸附均为化学吸附。     

Survey efficiency of electrocoagulation on nitrate removal from aqueous solution

Water supply for consumption is one of the crucial objectives of water supply systems. Using of excessive fertilizer is a main source of nitrate content in water. The high amounts of nitrate in water have a determinable effect on the environment which must be removed due to drinking and industrial water standards. The purpose of this study is nitrate removal from aqueous solution by Electrocoagulation process. The applied pilot was comprised of a reservoir, electrode and power supply. In this study pH, electrical potential difference, nitrate initial concentration, total dissolved solid, kind of electrode, electrode connection methods and number of electrode were studied. Moreover, obtained optimum conditions were tested on Kerman water. The results showed that the electrocoagulation process can reach nitrate to less than standard limit. pH, electrical potential difference, total dissolved solids and number of electrodes have direct effect and initial concentration of nitrate has reverse effect on nitrate removal. This study also showed that under optimum condition, nitrate removal from Kerman water distribution system was 89.7 %. According to the results, Electrocoagulation process is suggested as an effective technique in nitrate removal.     

Elimination of natural organic matter by electrocoagulation using bipolar and monopolar arrangements of iron and aluminum electrodes

The aim of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of electrocoagulation (EC) for the removal of natural organic matter (NOM) by using iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) electrodes. The effects of several operational parameters such as initial pH (3–10), time of electrolysis (5–30 min), initial concentration of organic matter (10–50 mg NOM/L), current density (0.25–1.25 mA/cm²), type of electrode material (n = 4, 2 sides × 11 cm × 10 cm, wall thickness = 2 mm, distance between each electrode = 5 mm), and type of connection of electrodes (bipolar and monopolar configurations) were explored for the removal of NOM from synthetic humic acid solution in a 2 L laboratory-scale EC cells (A _s/V = 0.110 cm^?1). The optimum conditions for the process were identified as pH = 3 and 7, electrolysis time = 20 and 10 min for Fe and Al electrodes, respectively. Using both electrodes at current density = 0.25 mA/cm² and initial concentration of organic matter = 50 mg/L, a NOM removal efficiency of almost 100% could be achieved in the bipolar mode. Based on the optimum conditions, specific reactor electrical energy consumptions were 14.90 kWh/kg Al (or 0.092 kWh/m³) and 2.88 kWh/kg Fe (or 0.11 kWh/m³). Specific electrode consumptions were obtained to be 0.0062 and 0.0382 kg/m³, and operating costs of the EC system were preliminary estimated at 0.057 and 0.119 $/m³ for Al and Fe electrodes, respectively.     

Influence of operating parameters on treatment of egg processing effluent by electrocoagulation process

The treatment of egg processing effluent was investigated in a batch electrocoagulation reactor using aluminum as sacrificial electrodes. The influence of operating parameters such as electrode distance, stirring speed, electrolyte concentration, pH, current density and electrolysis time on percentage turbidity, chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand removal were analyzed. From the experimental results, 3-cm electrode distance, 150 rpm, 1.5 g/l sodium chloride, pH of 6, 20 mA/cm² current density, and 30-min electrolysis time were found to be optimum for maximum removal of turbidity, chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand. The removal of turbidity, chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand under the optimum condition was found to be 96, 89 and 84 %, respectively. The energy consumption was varied from 7.91 to 27.16 kWh/m³, and operating cost was varied from 1.36 to 4.25 US $/m³ depending on the operating conditions. Response surface methodology has been employed to evaluate the individual and interactive effects of four independent parameters such as electrolyte concentration (0.5–2.5 g/l), initial pH (4–8), current density (10–30 mA/cm²) and electrolysis time (10–50 min) on turbidity, chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand removal. The results have been analyzed using Pareto analysis of variance to predict the responses. Based on the analysis, second-order polynomial mathematical models were developed and found to be good fit with the experimental data.     

氢气还原富铁矿石制备零价铁富集磷

以褐铁矿、菱铁矿、赤铁矿和磁铁矿为原料,在600 ℃下氢气焙烧制备零价铁(ZVI).采用X射线衍射仪、X射线荧光光谱仪、比表面积和孔结构分析仪、扫描电镜、X射线光电子能谱、红外光谱表征了富铁矿石矿物组成及制备产物ZVI的形貌、比表面积和孔结构特征,考察了接触时间、初始磷浓度和pH值对磷富集的影响,并分析了pH值为3和5时,富铁矿石中Pb(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)的释放情况,探讨了零价铁对磷的富集性能及作用机制.结果 表明,磁铁矿制备的ZVI中铁含量较高(Fe2O387.4％)、杂质较少、拥有大量的微纳米孔隙且矿石原样在15天内未检出Pb(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)的释放,磁铁矿制备的ZVI表现出最好的磷富集效果,w(P)可达13.45 mg/g.使用NaOH (2.2 mol/L)溶液可以回收ZVI富集的磷,回收率可达到99.9％.表面络合、静电吸附和Fe氧化产生的Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ)对磷的共沉淀作用是ZVI富集磷的主要机制.研究结果有助于推动富铁矿石的综合利用及其在磷的深度处理或磷资源循环利用方面的应用.     

Application of waterworks sludge in wastewater treatment plants

The potential for reuse of iron-rich sludge from waterworks as a replacement for commercial iron salts in wastewater treatment was investigated using acidic and anaerobic dissolution. The acidic dissolution of waterworks sludge both in sulphuric acid and acidic products such as flue gas washing water and commercial iron solution was successful in dissolving the iron from waterworks sludge. The anaerobic dissolution of waterworks sludge due to co-digestion with biological sludge (primary and biological activated sludge) resulted in reduction of iron, increase in dissolved iron(II), increase in pH due to the produced alkalinity from dissolution of iron(III)hydroxides from waterworks sludge, lower internal recirculation of phosphate concentration in the reject water and reduced sulphide in the digested liquid. However, recirculation of the produced soluble iron(II) as an iron source for removal of phosphate in the wastewater treatment was limited, because the dissolved iron in the digester liquid was limited by siderite (FeCO₃) precipitation. It is concluded that both acidic and anaerobic dissolution of iron-rich waterworks sludge can be achieved at the wastewater treatment plant, and are economically and environmentally more favourable compared to deposition of the waterworks sludge in controlled landfills.     

Co-diagenesis of iron and phosphorus in hydrothermal sediments from the southern East Pacific Rise: Implications for the evaluation of paleoseawater phosphate concentrations

We present a detailed study of the co-diagenesis of Fe and P in hydrothermal plume fallout sediments from ∼19°S on the southern East Pacific Rise. Three distal sediment cores from 340-1130 km from the ridge crest, collected during DSDP Leg 92, were analysed for solid phase Fe and P associations using sequential chemical extraction techniques. The sediments at all sites are enriched in hydrothermal Fe (oxyhydr)oxides, but during diagenesis a large proportion of the primary ferrihydrite precipitates are transformed to the more stable mineral form of goethite and to a lesser extent to clay minerals, resulting in the release to solution of scavenged P. However, a significant proportion of this P is retained within the sediment, by incorporation into secondary goethite, by precipitation as authigenic apatite, and by readsorption to Fe (oxyhydr)oxides. Molar P/Fe ratios for these sediments are significantly lower than those measured in plume particles from more northern localities along the southern East Pacific Rise, and show a distinct downcore decrease to a depth of ∼12 m. Molar P/Fe ratios are then relatively constant to a depth of ∼35 m. The Fe and P speciation data indicate that diagenetic modification of the sediments is largely complete by a depth of 2.5 m, and thus depth trends in molar P/Fe ratios can not solely be explained by losses of P from the sediment by diffusion to the overlying water column during early diagenesis. Instead, these sediments are likely recording changes in dissolved P concentrations off the SEPR, possibly as a result of redistribution of nutrients in response to changes in oceanic circulation over the last 10 million years. Furthermore, the relatively low molar P/Fe ratios observed throughout these sediments are not necessarily solely due to losses of scavenged P by diffusion to the overlying water column during diagenesis, but may also reflect post-depositional oxidation of pyrite originating from the volatile-rich vents of the southern East Pacific Rise. This study suggests that the molar P/Fe ratio of oxic Fe-rich sediments may serve as a proxy of relative changes in paleoseawater phosphate concentrations, particularly if Fe sulfide minerals are not an important component during transport and deposition.     

几种铁（氢）氧化物对溶液中磷的吸附作用对比研究

铁(氢)氧化物不仅是土壤中广泛存在的矿物,也是重要的矿物资源。表生地质作用形成的针铁矿、赤铁矿和无定形氢氧化铁都具有纳米尺度,具有很高的表面积,表现出对磷的专性吸附,是低浓度磷的潜在吸附材料。本文通过铁(氢)氧化物对水溶液中磷酸根的等温吸附实验,初步对比研究了针铁矿、合成氧化铁黄、赤铁矿和无定形氢氧化铁对水中低浓度磷的吸附作用。结果表明,无定形氢氧化铁对水溶液中磷酸根的吸附能力最强(对低浓度磷的吸附达到5.5mg/g),其次是氧化铁黄和针铁矿,赤铁矿的吸附能力最差。几种铁(氢)氧化物对磷吸附容量的差别主要受比表面积控制。无定形氢氧化铁、合成氧化铁黄、针铁矿、赤铁矿对磷的吸附符合Freundlich等温方程。针铁矿和赤铁矿对磷的吸附动力学符合双常数速率方程。     

Fractionation of oxygen isotopes in phosphate during its interactions with iron oxides

Iron (III) oxides are ubiquitous in near-surface soils and sediments and interact strongly with dissolved phosphates via sorption, co-precipitation, mineral transformation and redox-cycling reactions. Iron oxide phases are thus, an important reservoir for dissolved phosphate, and phosphate bound to iron oxides may reflect dissolved phosphate sources as well as carry a history of the biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus (P). It has recently been demonstrated that dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) in rivers, lakes, estuaries and the open ocean can be used to distinguish different P sources and biological reaction pathways in the ratio of ¹⁸O/¹⁶O (δ¹⁸O_P) in PO₄³⁻. Here we present results of experimental studies aimed at determining whether non-biological interactions between dissolved inorganic phosphate and solid iron oxides involve fractionation of oxygen isotopes in PO₄. Determination of such fractionations is critical to any interpretation of δ¹⁸O_P values of modern (e.g., hydrothermal iron oxide deposits, marine sediments, soils, groundwater systems) to ancient and extraterrestrial samples (e.g., BIF’s, Martian soils). Batch sorption experiments were performed using varied concentrations of synthetic ferrihydrite and isotopically-labeled dissolved ortho-phosphate at temperatures ranging from 4 to 95 °C. Mineral transformations and morphological changes were determined by X-Ray, Mössbauer spectroscopy and SEM image analyses.Our results show that isotopic fractionation between sorbed and aqueous phosphate occurs during the early phase of sorption with isotopically-light phosphate (P¹⁶O₄) preferentially incorporated into sorbed/solid phases. This fractionation showed negligible temperature-dependence and gradually decreased as a result of O-isotope exchange between sorbed and aqueous-phase phosphate, to become insignificant at greater than ∼100 h of reaction. In high-temperature experiments, this exchange was very rapid resulting in negligible fractionation between sorbed and aqueous-phase phosphate at much shorter reaction times. Mineral transformation resulted in initial preferential desorption/loss of light phosphate (P¹⁶O₄) to solution. However, the continual exchange between sorbed and aqueous PO₄, concomitant with this mineralogical transformation resulted again in negligible fractionation between aqueous and sorbed PO₄ at long reaction times (>2000 h). This finding is consistent with results obtained from natural marine samples. Therefore, ¹⁸O values of dissolved phosphate (DIP) in sea water may be preserved during its sorption to iron-oxide minerals such as hydrothermal plume particles, making marine iron oxides a potential new proxy for dissolved phosphate in the oceans.     

Anomalous change in atmospheric radon concentration sourced from broad crustal deformation: A case study of the 1995 Kobe earthquake

Before the Kobe earthquake, an anomalous increase in atmospheric Rn concentration was observed. By separating the measured concentration of atmospheric Rn into three components according to the distance from the monitoring station, the variation of Rn exhalation rate can be estimated for the respective area using the daily minimum and maximum concentrations. The mean rate of Rn exhalation gradually increased in an area of 20 km around the monitoring station, becoming five times higher than normal in the period between October 1994 and the date of the earthquake. This area had a large co-seismic displacement of up to 30 cm, which roughly corresponds to the crustal strain of 10⁻⁶-order, and it is considered the main source for the atmospheric Rn prior to the Kobe earthquake. Analyses revealed that the pre-seismic change in the atmospheric Rn concentration exhibited an anomalous pattern which would yield information on the spatial distribution of the mechanical response of the ground.     

疏浚淤泥的土工材料化处理技术的试验与探讨

疏浚淤泥的弃埋会产生环境问题,如何进行处理是国内外十分关注的问题。采用固化及轻量化处理技术开发再生土工材料,具有广阔的应用前景。根据室内试验,研究了不同配比的淤泥固化土和轻量化土的无侧限抗压强度和密度,并分析了固化和轻量化的强度形成机理。疏浚淤泥土工材料化处理在技术上是可行的,且具有废物利用和保护环境的优点,可带来良好的环境效益和社会效益。     

Laboratory and pilot testing of electrocoagulation for removing scale-forming species from industrial process waters

This study investigated the performance of electrocoagulation using iron and aluminum electrodes for removing silica, calcium and magnesium from cooling tower blowdown and reverse osmosis reject waters. Experiments were conducted at both the bench and pilot scales to determine the levels of target species removal as a function of the coagulant dose. At the bench scale, aluminum removed the target compounds from both cooling tower blowdown and reverse osmosis reject more efficiently than iron. A 2 mM aluminum dose removed 80 % of the silica and 20 to 40 % of the calcium and magnesium. The same iron dose removed only 60 % of the silica and 10 to 20 % of the calcium and magnesium. When operated with iron electrodes, pilot unit performance was comparable to that of the bench unit, which suggests that such systems can be scaled-up on the basis of coagulant dose. However, when operated with aluminum electrodes the pilot unit underperformed the bench unit due to fouling of the electrode surfaces after a few hours of operation. This result was completely unexpected based on the short-term experiments performed using the bench unit.     

铁锰氧化物/硅藻土复合物的制备及其对磷的吸附性能研究

采用氧化还原共沉淀法制备铁锰氧化物/硅藻土复合物,考察原料配比、反应温度、焙烧温度及溶液pH值、离子强度对该复合物吸附磷性能的影响,同时开展吸附等温线、XRD和IR等分析。结果表明,2. 5 g硅藻土与1. 0 mmol锰、3. 0 mmol二价铁、3. 0 mmol三价铁制备的复合物在20℃、pH值为6时对磷的吸附量为10. 84 mg/g,较硅藻土提高约3. 6倍;沉淀反应温度对复合物吸附性能影响很小,焙烧温度400～500℃有利于复合物对磷的吸附;吸附量随溶液pH值的增大而减小,pH值较低时吸附作用主要是静电吸引和内层络合,pH值较高时减弱的静电吸引和内层络合与有利于吸附的内层络合共吸附综合作用,表现为吸附量减小;吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程,饱和吸附量34～37 mg/g,与D-R方程、R-P方程有较好相关性,平均吸附能9. 9～11. 3 kJ/mol,复合物具有微孔结构,有单层也有多层吸附。     

Electrodialytic treatment of sewage sludge: influence on microbiological community

This study aimed to evaluate the changes in microbiological communities present in sewage sludge (SS) when subjected to an electric field. The establishment of these relations is important to design and optimize an electrotechnology that not only promotes a direct degradation of the emerging organic contaminants, through electrodegradation, but also stimulates their biodegradation. Different current intensities were used continuously or by steps, in a two compartment electrodialytic (ED) cell. Samples collected between May and July of 2015 were analysed, prior to ED treatment, and the 35 Taxa identified were divided in 12 groups. Initial samples, collected on May, were mainly constituted by stalked ciliates (86%), followed by shelled amoebae (8%), whereas the samples collected between June and July presented higher number of shelled amoebae, between 52 and 92%. Epistylis, Vorticella and Arcella gibbosa were the most frequent protozoa identified. Samples richness (R) was between 7 and 14, Simpson’s biodiversity index (D) between 0.45 and 0.69, and evenness between 0.42 and 0.65. At the end of the ED experiments, a decrease in the number of identified Taxa and individuals was observed and, consequently, SS biodiversity also decreased. This decline was more pronounced in the ED experiments conducted with currents above 50 mA (0.10 mA cm^?2). In terms of abundance, the final SS was mainly constituted by shelled amoebae that showed to be the most resistant to the conditions within the ED cell. The obtained results showed that the studied conditions within the ED cell were not appropriate to the microbiological communities, which influenced the final SS quality.     

柱子淋洗模拟研究磷酸铁膜抑制黄铁矿氧化效果

自然室温条件下用柱子淋洗模拟研究了接氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Ｔｈｉｏｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ｆｅｒｒｏｏｘｉｄａｎｓ,简称Ｔ．Ｆ菌）时磷酸铁膜抑制黄铁矿氧化的效果。试验结果首次指出：用ＫＨ２ＰＯ４与Ｈ２Ｏ２淋洗黄铁矿,在其表面形成的磷酸铁膜不能抑制黄铁矿的生物氧化,反而在一定程度上加速其氧化进程。经包膜后的黄铁矿矿石柱子间歇循环淋洗一年后的收集液中ＳＯ４＾２－累积量高达３３７５６．１ｍｇ;为对照组的１．６倍,是