自贡市西山公园地形对地震动的影响

不规则地形和土层对地震动的影响较大,建(构)筑物选址及其抗震设防必须考虑地形和土层场地的放大效应,以避免或减轻其震害.利用自贡地形台阵记录的汶川地震(M_s8.0)的主震加速度时程,基于传统谱比法分别研究了地形和土层场地对地震动的放大效应.结果表明:(1)地形场地在低频的放大效应不明显,最大仅为1.24;在高频的放大效应较显著,在1~10 Hz频带,山顶的放大效应最大,EW、NS和UD地震动的最大放大效应分别为4.15、3.61和2.41,对应频率分别为5.72 Hz、6.46 Hz和7.44 Hz;在10~20 Hz频带,靠近山顶的山脊上某个地震动分量的放大效应最大,7#台站EW、5#台站NS和7#台站UD地震动的最大放大效应分别为9.10、5.56和2.52,对应频率分别为16.97 Hz、16.91 Hz和17.91 Hz.(2)地形场地的最大放大效应随高度有增加的趋势,且在0.1~10 Hz频带随高度增加的趋势更加明显.(3)土层场地水平向地震动在2 Hz以上开始明显放大,竖向地震动在4 Hz以上开始明显放大;EW、NS和UD地震动的最大放大效应分别为13.4、12.168和6.0,对应频率分别为6.94 Hz、7.55 Hz和10.8 Hz.(4)土层场地与地形场地的最大放大效应相比较,前者显著大于后者,对于水平向地震动,前者至少是后者的3倍以上;对于竖向地震动,前者至少是后者的2.5倍以上.(5)无论是地形场地还是土层场地,地震动的最大放大效应均有水平向大于竖向的特征.     

烟台海岸软土场地特征及对地震动参数的影响

本文利用剪切波速和钻孔资料，根据中国GB50011-2001规范、美国FEMA-NEHRP规范、欧洲EUROCODE 8规范，对烟台滨海软土场地类别进行评定。并通过场地地震动效应分析，研究滨海场地土特征对地震动的影响。结果表明，简单的场地类别划分难以反映软土场地的实际情况；滨海软土场地对地震动加速度的幅值和频谱的影响非常明显，其对峰值加速度的放大倍数较高，但受土的非线性变形影响，随地震动输入的增大其放大倍数呈非线性降低；软土场地使得加速度反应谱谱形变宽，特征周期变大。     

Characterization of forward-directivity ground motions in the near-fault region

Ground motions close to a ruptured fault resulting from forward-directivity are significantly different than other ground motions. These pulse-type motions can place severe demands on structures in the near-fault region. To aid in the characterization of these special type of ground motions, a simplified parameterization is proposed based on a representative amplitude, pulse period, and number of significant pulses in the velocity–time history. Empirical relationships were developed for estimating the peak ground velocity (PGV) and period of the velocity pulse (T_v) of available forward-directivity motions. PGV in the near-fault region varies significantly with magnitude and distance. Additionally, the PGV for soil sites are systematically larger than those at rocks sites. T_v is a function of moment magnitude and site conditions with most of the energy being concentrated within a narrow-period band centered on the pulse period. Hence, lower magnitude events, which produce lower pulse periods, might produce more damaging ground motions for the stiff structures more common in urban areas.     

近断层脉冲型地震动作用下高层摩擦摆基础隔震结构的减震性能研究

近断层地震动中长周期、短持时和高能量的加速度脉冲将对高层摩擦摆基础隔震结构的减震性能产生不利影响,考虑土-结构相互作用（SSI效应）后的隔震结构将产生动力耦合效应,可能进一步放大隔震结构地震响应。为此,通过一幢框架-核心筒高层摩擦摆基础隔震结构的非线性地震响应分析,考察近断层脉冲型地震动作用下框架-核心筒摩擦摆基础隔震结构的层间位移角、楼层加速度和隔震层变形等响应规律,揭示隔震体系的损伤机理。基于集总参数SR （sway-rocking）模型,分析不同场地类别与不同地震动类型对隔震体系动力响应影响规律。结果表明:高层摩擦摆基础隔震结构在近断层脉冲型地震动作用下的减震效果相比普通地震动减震效果变差,楼层剪力、层间位移角和隔震层变形等超越普通地震动作用下的1.5倍;对于Ⅲ和Ⅳ类场地类别,考虑SSI效应使隔震结构的地震响应进一步放大,弹塑性层间位移角随着土质变软增大尤为明显。     

A new approach of selecting real input ground motions for seismic design: The most unfavourable real seismic design ground motions

This paper presents a new way of selecting real input ground motions for seismic design and analysis of structures based on a comprehensive method for estimating the damage potential of ground motions, which takes into consideration of various ground motion parameters and structural seismic damage criteria in terms of strength, deformation, hysteretic energy and dual damage of Park & Ang damage index. The proposed comprehensive method fully involves the effects of the intensity, frequency content and duration of ground motions and the dynamic characteristics of structures. Then, the concept of the most unfavourable real seismic design ground motion is introduced. Based on the concept, the most unfavourable real seismic design ground motions for rock, stiff soil, medium soil and soft soil site conditions are selected in terms of three typical period ranges of structures. The selected real strong motion records are suitable for seismic analysis of important structures whose failure or collapse will be avoided at a higher level of confidence during the strong earthquake, as they can cause the greatest damage to structures and thereby result in the highest damage potential from an extended real ground motion database for a given site. In addition, this paper also presents the real input design ground motions with medium damage potential, which can be used for the seismic analysis of structures located at the area with low and moderate seismicity. The most unfavourable real seismic design ground motions are verified by analysing the seismic response of structures. It is concluded that the most unfavourable real seismic design ground motion approach can select the real ground motions that can result in the highest damage potential for a given structure and site condition, and the real ground motions can be mainly used for structures whose failure or collapse will be avoided at a higher level of confidence during the strong earthquake. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rockburst induced ground motion—a comparative study

While rockbursts from underground copper mining in Western Poland normally produce surface peak ground accelerations (PGA) and velocities of 0.05–0.1 g and 1–3 cm/s, occasionally these peak motions may exceed 0.15 g and 10 cm/s, respectively. These larger motions are of considerable concern and an investigation has been undertaken to define the nature of these larger induced ground motions. This paper compares these rockburst motions with low intensity earthquakes. Various strong motion parameters such as PGA, peak ground velocity (PGV) and displacements as well as strong motion duration, Arias intensity, Fourier and response spectra are compared with those from earthquakes. It is concluded that although short duration is the most obvious parameter that differentiates rockbursts from earthquakes, in fact their high dominant frequencies, which result in high PGA/PGV ratios differentiate them the most. Two types of rockburst-induced ground motions are indicated in this paper: typical—with 3–6 months return period and characteristic, high frequency content—as well as rare events similar to shallow, low intensity earthquakes.     

饱和土体-地下综合管廊结构地震响应分析

将土体视为固-液两相介质,基于饱和土体有效应力原理,建立饱和土体-地下综合管廊结构体系相互作用动力模型:在地应力平衡的静力状态下采用Duncan-Chang非线性弹性本构模型,在地震波作用的动力状态下采用Davidenkov非线性黏弹性本构模型;考虑饱和土体黏弹性动力人工边界条件,将地震动作用转化为作用在人工边界节点上的动力荷载。模型考察不同地震波时程、地震波加速度峰值、入射角度、孔隙率以及地应力场的影响,得出如下结论:(1)地震波的卓越周期与场地卓越周期相近时引起结构上的变形最大;随着地震波加速度峰值的增大结构变形增大;随着地震波入射角度的增加结构变形增大,地震波斜入射情况下产生的行波效应使得结构变形最大。(2)土体材料的孔隙水压力是影响地震中结构变形的主要因素之一。(3)将土体材料考虑为单相介质时结构上的变形要比考虑为固-液两相介质时大得多,直接将饱和土体场地中得到的地震波等效荷载施加到单相土介质-结构动力相互作用模型上,能够得到与完全基于有效应力法一致的结果。     

Site dependence of far-source ground motions during the Wenchuan earthquake

This paper aimed to examine the site dependence and evaluate the methods for site analysis of far-source ground motions. This was achieved through the examination of frequency content estimated by different methods based on strong ground motions recorded at twelve far-source stations in Shandong province during the Wenchuan earthquake. The stations were located in sites with soil profiles ranging from code classes Ⅰ to Ⅲ. Approaches used included the Fourier amplitude spectrum (FAS), the earthquake response spectrum (ERS), the spectral ratio between the horizontal and the vertical components (H/V), the spectral ratio between the spectra at the site and at a reference site (SRRS), and coda wave analysis (CWA). Results showed that major periods of these ground motions obtained by FAS, ERS and H/V ratio methods were all evidently larger than site dominant periods; the periods were also different from each other and mainly reflected the frequency content of long period components. Prominent periods obtained by the SRRS approach neither illuminated the long period aspect nor efficiently determined site features of the motions. The CWA resulted in a period close to site period for stations with good quality recordings. The results obtained in this study will be useful for the evaluation of far-source effect in constructing seismic design spectra and in selecting methods for ground motion site analysis.     

基于小田原试验场地数据的不同基岩输入模型对预测地震动特征的影响研究

随着强震台网的密布及观测记录的增加,为研究各类局部场地地震反应预测模型的合理性提供了有效的参考依据,也使利用强震记录及场地条件研究地震动特征成为可能。选取场地地质参数资料和地震记录数据齐全的日本小田原（Ashigara Valley）盲测试验场地,通过对比不同地震动输入方式及场地反应分析模型,研究地震动特征,分析现有模型的优劣。基于1990年8月5日M5.1强震事件的地表基岩记录和地下基岩地震记录,采用地下台强震记录直接输入、地表基岩台强震记录减半为基底地震动输入、地表基岩台强震记录反演为基底地震动输入作为3种基岩地震动输入。基于局部场地条件分别建立一维等效线性模型、二维黏弹性模型及二维时域等效线性化模型等工程中常用的场地数值分析模型,进行局部场地地震反应分析,预测该盲测场地的地表地震动特征,并与对应的实测强震记录结果进行对比,分析不同基岩地震动输入方式对预测地震动特征及地表土层反应谱特征的影响,重点分析地震动输入、土体非线性、场地横向不均匀性及几何与非线性特征共同作用等因素对地表地震动特征的影响,以期为地表地震动的合理预测提供参考。     

Prediction of ground motion in the Osaka sedimentary basin associated with the hypothetical Nankai earthquake

We studied the long-period ground motions in the Osaka sedimentary basin, Japan, which contains a 1- to 3-km thickness of sediments and is the site of many buildings or construction structures with long-natural period. We simulated the broadband ground motions likely to be produced by the hypothetical Nankai earthquake: the earthquake expected to give rise to the most severe long-period ground motion within the basin. For the simulation, we constructed multiscale heterogeneous source models based on the Central Disaster Management Council of Japan (CDMC) source model and adopted a hybrid computation method in which long-period motion and short-period motion are computed using a 3-D finite difference method and the stochastic Green’s function method, respectively. In computing long-period motions, we used a 3-D structure model of the crust and the Osaka sedimentary basin. The ground motions are estimated to have peak velocities of 50–90 cm/s, prolonged durations exceeding 300 s, and long predominant periods of 5–10 s in the area with great thickness of sediments. The predominant periods are in agreement with an approximate evaluation by 4 H/V _s where H and V _s are the thickness of the sediment and the average S wave velocity, respectively.     

Kinematic soil-structure interaction effects on maximum inelastic displacement demands of SDOF systems

This paper presents a statistical study of the kinematic soil-foundation-structure interaction effects on the maximum inelastic deformation demands of structures. Discussed here is the inelastic displacement ratio defined as the maximum inelastic displacement demands of structures subjected to foundation input motions divide by those of structures subjected to free-field ground motions. The displacement ratio is computed for a wide period range of elasto-plastic single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems with various levels of lateral strength ratios and with different sizes of foundations. Seventy-two earthquake ground motions recorded on firm soil with average shear wave velocities between 180 m/s and 360 m/s are adopted. The effects of period of vibration, level of lateral yielding strength and dimension of foundations are investigated. The results show that kinematic interaction will reduce the maximum inelastic displacement demands of structures, especially for systems with short periods of vibration, and the larger the foundation size the smaller the maximum inelastic displacement becomes. In addition, the inelastic displacement ratio is nearly not affected by the strength ratio of structures for systems with periods of vibration greater than about 0.3 s and with strength ratios smaller than about 3.0. Expressions obtained from nonlinear regression analyses are also proposed for estimating the effects of kinematic soil-foundation-structure interaction from the maximum deformation demand of the inelastic system subjected to free-field ground motions.     

北京地区中硬场地对地震动加速度反应谱的放大效应研究

当前,合理确定地震动峰值加速度与反应谱特征周期是工程场地地震动参数确定工作的主要内容。本文以北京地区典型中硬场地为研究对象,分析场地条件对不同周期地震动反应谱值的影响。首先,计算不同震级、震中距条件下的基岩地震动加速度反应谱,合成基岩输入地震动时程;再利用110个工程场地的钻孔资料进行土层地震反应计算,分析中硬场地条件对不同输入环境下的地震动加速度反应谱值的放大效应。结果表明,中硬场地对高、中频震动放大效应明显,尤其是对0.2-0.5s周期段地震动加速度反应谱值的放大倍数大多在1.3以上;场地覆盖层厚度变化对不同频段地震动加速度反应谱值的放大倍数所产生的影响是不同的,与场地自振周期的相关性很强;在不同的地震动输入环境下,中硬场地对不同频段地震动加速度反应谱的影响是不同的,这一结论对实际的抗震设防工作具有一定参考价值。     

汶川地震远场地震动场地相关性与分析方法评价

为考查远场地震动的场地相关性并评价一些场地特性分析方法的适用性,采用不同方法对汶川地震山东省12个远场台站的强震记录进行了分析.选取台站分别位于按建筑抗震设计规范(CBC)场地划分中的Ⅰ—Ⅲ类场地上.地震动记录的分析方法包括傅里叶幅值谱法,地震反应谱法,水平与竖向谱比率法,参考点谱比率法,以及尾波分析等.结果表明,按傅里叶幅值谱法,地震反应谱法,水平与竖向谱比法计算得到的卓越周期均远大于台站场地的卓越周期,不同方法得到的结果之间也有较大差别,且主要反映长周期地震动的卓越频率;参考点谱比率法的结果未反映地震动的卓越周期,也与场地的卓越周期差别较大;对完整记录尾波分析所得的结果比较接近场地的卓越周期.希望本文能为考虑远场地震作用时设计谱的建立,以及场地特性估计时地震动分析方法的选取提供参考依据.     

渭河盆地中土层场地对地震动的放大作用

土层场地对地震动的影响较大,建(构)筑物的选址及其抗震设防必须考虑土层场地的放大作用,以避免或减轻其震害.汶川地震中,布设在渭河盆地中的数字强震动台网共有27个台站(包括2个基岩台站和25个土层台站)获得良好的主震加速度时程.利用这些加速度时程,选择汤峪台做为参考场地,基于考虑几何衰减的传统谱比法分析研究了25个土层场...     

Empirical equations for the prediction of displacement spectrum intensity and its correlation with other intensity measures

Displacement spectrum intensity (DSI), defined as the integral of a ground motion's displacement response spectrum from 2.0 to 5.0 s, is proposed as an indicator of the severity of the long period content of a ground motion. It is demonstrated how the distribution of DSI can be predicted using existing ground motion prediction equations for (pseudo) spectral accelerations, which is necessary for it to be a useful intensity measure (IM) in either probabilistic or deterministic seismic hazard analysis. Empirical correlation equations between DSI and other common ground motion IMs are developed for active shallow crustal earthquakes using a dataset of ground motions from active shallow crustal earthquakes. The ability of DSI to account for near-source ground motions exhibiting forward directivity, potentially damaging far-source long-period ground motion, and its use with other spectrum intensity parameters to characterise short, medium, and long period severity of ground motions is discussed. The developed ground motion prediction and correlation equations enable DSI to be utilised in rigorous ground motion selection frameworks such as the generalised conditional intensity measure (GCIM) approach.     

地温对冻土动力特性及其场地地震动参数的影响

地温是影响冻土力学性质的重要参数之一。本文基于对2001年11月14日昆仑山口西8．1级大震在多年冻土区所造成的地表变形与地震破坏特征的定量调查结果，通过冻土的振动三轴实验，研究了地温对冻土动本构关系、动弹性模量、阻尼比、动强度等动力特性参数的定量影响规律；进而利用青藏铁路沿线4个冻土剖面和该区50年超越概率分别为63％、10％和2％的场地基岩地震动时程，分析计算了不同地温下冻土场地地震动参数的特征，研究了地温对冻土地面地震位移、速度、加速度和反应谱等的定量影响，为冻土区工程地基、路基以及地下工程震害防御提供了科学依据。     

Site response in the Qionghai Basin in the Wenchuan earthquake

Amplification effects of soil site response can significantly impact ground motions, and must be considered in the seismic fortification of buildings/structures to prevent or mitigate this potential seismic hazard. Utilizing acceleration time histories from the main shock of the Wenchuan earthquake recorded at four stations (i.e., one on bedrock and three on soil) in the Qionghai Basin, the site responses from three soil sites are studied by using the traditional spectral ratio method. The bedrock site is selected as a reference site. This study found that peak ground accelerations (PGAs) on the soil sites are much larger than on bedrock, with EW, NS and UD components of 3.96–6.58, 6.27–10.98, and 3.17–6.66 times those of the bedrock site, respectively. The amplification effects of the soil sites on ground motions in the frequency range of 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz are significant, depending on the thickness of the soil layer and the frequency content of the site. A significant amplification occurs with high frequency components of ground motion at shallow soil sites, and low and high frequency components of ground motion at intermediate soil sites.     

Probabilistic site-dependent non-linear spectra

This paper presents a probabilistic approach to the estimation of lateral strengths required to provide an adequate control of inelastic deformations in structures during severe earthquake ground motions. In contrast to a deterministic approach, the approach presented herein accounts explicitly for the variability of the response of non-linear systems due to the inherent uncertainties in the intensity and characteristics of the input excitation by considering the probability distribution of maximum inelastic strength demands. This study is based on the computation of non-linear strength demands of single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems experiencing different levels of inelastic deformation when subjected to 124 recorded earthquake ground motions. Using empirical cumulative distribution functions site-dependent probabilistic non-linear spectra were computed for six probabilities of exceedance of different levels of inelastic deformation. It is concluded that the lateral strength required to control displacement ductility demands is significantly affected by the maximum tolerable inelastic deformation, the system's period of vibration, the local site conditions and the level of risk in exceeding the maximum tolerable deformations.     

长周期地震动强度指标与SDOF体系残余变形相关性分析

为分析两类长周期地震动作用下如何选取合理的强度指标作为结构抗震设计的输入,从2011年东日本9.0级地震、2003年十胜冲8.0级地震和2016年熊本7.3级地震数据库中选取90条可靠的远场长周期地震动。从1994年美国北岭6.7级地震和1999年台湾集集7.6级地震数据库中选取60条近场长周期地震动,以SDOF体系为研究对象,讨论了阻尼比、屈服刚度折减系数和强度折减系数对残余变形与18个地震动强度指标的相关系数的影响,对比分析了两类长周期地震作用下相关系数之间的异同。研究结果表明:在考虑近场长周期地震动作用时,建议应根据结构周期的大小来选择合适的强度指标作为地震动的输入。远场长周期地震动作用下,以PGA、PGV和PGD为代表的强度指标与残余变形的相关程度均较高,PGV稳定性略好于PGA和PGD,建议PGV作为地震动输入的控制指标。残余变形相关系数受阻尼比、屈服刚度折减系数以及强度折减系数影响不大。     

Comparison of 1D non-linear simulations to strong-motion observations: A case study in a swampy site of French Antilles (Pointe-à-Pitre,Guadeloupe)

Observations from many recent strong motion events have shown the importance of local soil conditions and non-linear soil behaviour on the seismic ground response (site effects). As demonstrated by previous seismic microzoning studies (Lebrun et al.) [1]), as well as by at least three historical major earthquakes, Pointe-à-Pitre is prone to strong site effects, due to the particular geology of the area. In this paper, we present a comparison between the strong-motion data available from the stations operating on the swampy site of Pointe-à-Pitre airport and the ground motions derived from 1D non-linear finite element simulations.Results show that, for moderate to strong ground motions, 1D simulations reproduce the main characteristics of site response in terms of duration, energy distribution, amplitude and frequency content. It also shows the importance of very superficial soft layers as peat or saturated mud in low frequency site effects simulations. This point is important for further engineering studies since such very soft formations overlain by stiffer landfills are commonly expected in the Antilles context. Our work also shows that Anderson's criteria, used to quantify the goodness-of-fit of simulated ground motions to the observed ones, appear to be an interesting diagnostic tool for testing the quality of numerical simulations from an engineering point of view.