贵州兴义马岭河流域典型沉积地貌发育与演化

兴义马岭河流域位于贵州三叠纪“S”型沉积相变露头区,沉积地貌类型多样,具有优质的地质遗迹资源开发潜力,但是关于区域地质遗迹成景主控因素研究尚显薄弱。本文基于实地调查,试图分析区内不同岩相结构与溶蚀速率的关联,探讨主要的地表-地下岩溶-侵蚀地貌的发育与演化过程。受控于不同的溶蚀速率,碳酸盐台地及台地边缘相露头区分别形成三类锥状岩溶石峰与两类塔状岩溶石峰,深水陆棚-斜坡带地表地貌则表现为浅-中切割山地。马岭河峡谷具典型地下洞穴伏流-地表岩溶峡谷演化特征,峡谷演化进程受溶蚀-侵蚀-崩塌-钙华堆积等多种地质作用综合影响,空间上箱型谷-嶂谷-宽缓谷依次分布。碳酸盐台地-碳酸盐台地边缘-碎屑斜坡-陆棚沉积分异是区内地貌发育的重要物质基础,差异溶蚀是地质遗迹成景及成片分布的关键。     

宣汉百里峡地质遗迹景观成因与保护研究

从地质公园区域地质背景入手,探讨宣汉百里峡地质景观特征和成因机制。研究表明：地质构造、水流侵蚀、岩溶作用是百里峡地质遗迹景观形成的主导因素,尤其是与褶皱构造变形关系极为密切,从这一特征来看,百里峡与长江三峡属于相同峡谷类型,在景观特征上具有诸多相似之处。构造地层剖面、岩溶峡谷地貌、溶洞景观是地质公园的主要保护对象,并根据地质遗迹的典型性、稀有性对地质遗迹景观进行保护分区规划。     

贵州赤水丹霞国家地质公园内地质遗迹特征及资源评价

贵州赤水丹霞地质公园是经国土资源部正式授予第六批建设资格的国家地质公园。公园由两个园区构成,是以丹霞地貌景观为核心,以瀑布景观、孑遗植物为重点,兼有峡谷地貌、风景河段、古崩塌堆积体、中小型构造等地质遗迹,属综合性大型国家地质公园。本文介绍了公园内主要的地质遗迹资源及特征,并对其突出价值进行了定性评价。     

四川八台山绝壁峡谷地质遗迹特色及保护策略

位于川、陕、渝交界的八台山省级地质公园,发育着独特的绝壁峡谷地貌,地质遗迹资源丰富,具有重要的旅游和科研价值。文章初步论述了绝壁峡谷地貌发育的区域地质背景、地貌景观特色,提出了对景区地质遗迹景观的保护策略。     

四川邻水华蓥山大峡谷地质公园地质遗迹资源体系及地学意义

华蓥山大峡谷地质公园是以峡谷、构造和岩溶地貌为代表的风景地貌类地质公园。本文以华蓥山大峡谷地质公园地质遗迹景观资源为基础, 以川东褶皱带构造单元、川东平行岭谷地貌单元和上扬子地层分区的部分地层区域为研究视角, 构建华蓥山大峡谷地质公园地质遗迹资源体系——包括地质(体、层)剖面、古生物活动遗迹、地貌景观、水体景观以及环境地质遗迹5个大类、15个类共100多处地质遗迹景点; 通过对各类地质遗迹的特征进行分析, 对前人研究进行总结, 探讨了地质公园地质遗迹重要的地学意义。研究表明, 华蓥山大峡谷地质遗迹在地质构造、地层、岩溶学、水文地质学以及地貌学等领域具有重要的科学价值。     

山西王莽岭国家地质公园地貌景观特征及其成因研究

王莽岭国家地质公园位于太行山南段,地质遗迹资源丰富、类型多样,具有重要的美学及科学价值。本文以王莽岭地质公园为研究区,通过野外调查并依据地质遗迹的成因、形态及规模、自然属性及分布特征,将地质遗迹资源划分为地貌景观、沉积构造、构造形迹、古生物化石四类,系统地研究了峡谷、岩溶、夷平面、河流阶地、瀑布等地貌的成因,为太行山的形成演化研究提供了资料,对提升研究区地质遗迹资源的科学价值具有重要意义。     

论平顺天脊山国家地质公区地质遗迹类犁及评价

山西平顺天脊山国家地质公园2011年11月由国土资源部审定为第六批具有国家地质公园建设资格的地质公园。公园内包括通天峡、天脊山和神龙湾3个景区,主要地质遗迹景观96处,其中国家级地质遗迹4处,省级地质遗迹39处,地方级地质遗迹56处。主要的地质遗迹为岩石地貌景观、流水侵蚀地貌景观、构造地貌景观和水体景观大类的泉水景观、河流景观和瀑布景观,其中最重要的地质遗迹景观是流水侵蚀地貌景观和瀑布景观．     

湘西地质公园岩溶峡谷群成因及其地学意义

湘西地质公园岩溶峡谷分布面积约1 162 km2,岩溶峡谷200多条,密如蜘网分布,是世界上最密集的岩溶峡谷群分布区。湘西岩溶峡谷形态上分为线型峡谷、“V”字型峡谷和箱型峡谷,其间分布岩溶台地和峰丛山地,岩溶峡谷两侧岩溶洞穴、瀑布和石柱发育,景观奇特壮观。相间分布的硅质碳酸盐岩和泥质碳酸盐岩、密集分布的地质构造及高角度节理裂隙、地块掀斜式抬升和强的岩溶水动力为岩溶峡谷群的发育提供了有利条件。岩溶峡谷群的形成经历了地质构造抬升、河流峡谷形成、岩溶峡谷发育三个阶段。与世界其他岩溶区峡谷对比,湘西岩溶峡谷群是世界地质公园中分布规模最大、峡谷最密集、岩溶发育最典型的岩溶峡谷区。湘西岩溶峡谷群不但具有重要的岩溶学研究和地质历史价值,而且具有重要的地质景观和地质文化意义。      

湖北神农架世界地质公园地质遗迹分类及地学意义

湖北神农架世界地质公园是以(秦岭)造山带地质构造为特征的构造地貌及山地生态综合性地质公园。公园内地质遗迹和景观类型多样,共包括地质(体、层)剖面、地质构造、古生物、矿物与矿床、地貌景观、水体景观和环境地质遗迹景观7个大类、20个类共100多处地质遗迹景点,其中世界级地质遗迹景观共计5处。在前人研究总结的基础上,就地质公园内地质遗迹的地貌学、构造地质学、地层岩石学、化石及古生物等方面的地学意义进行了探讨。结果表明,湖北神农架世界地质公园内地质遗迹种类丰富,具有较高的科研、科普价值,园内多处地质遗迹具有全球对比意义。     

可可托海世界地质公园萨依恒布拉克景区地质遗迹特征及初步评价

萨依恒布拉克景区为可可托海世界地质公园五大景区之一,该景区为2017年可可托海国家地质公园申报世界地质公园时新划入的景区,目前该景区处于待开发状态。为了进一步查清可可托海世界地质公园地质遗迹资源,为地质遗迹保护、规划和开发提供科学依据,进一步提升公园科学研究水平及地质遗迹科学内涵,促进公园各景区均衡发展,特开展萨依恒布拉克景区地质遗迹调查与评价工作。     

克里雅河河谷地貌与塔里木盆地 早—中更新世大湖环境

克里雅河谷现今的地貌特征是其1.09Ma以来演化的结果,记录了构造-气候综合作用下的地表过程.在克里雅河流出西昆仑山山前的支流吾格也克河至克里雅河主支的康苏拉克河段,河谷地貌清楚地分为早期的宽阔河谷地貌和其后明显窄小的峡谷地貌.克里雅河近50年来的平均年径流量约为7.345×108m3,早期宽阔河谷发育阶段的河水年径流量推测值不小于146.9×108m3.这表明当时克里雅河的河水流量远比现今的观测值要高得多,当时上游来水、区域降水远比现在多,塔里木盆地的古气候环境与现今塔里木盆地的荒漠环境迥异.在邻区策勒河西域砾岩中观察到的泥石流沉积表明,早更新世及略早一些,西昆仑山有可观的季节性洪水,那时的克里雅河河谷更加宽阔.因此,早--中更新世塔里木盆地应当存在相当可观的大湖.     

锦屏复杂结构谷坡应力场反演模拟与特征分析

在野外实际地质条件调查的基础上,分析整理前人对锦屏有关地应力场的实测数据、模拟计算成果,研究多种地应力反演模拟手段,结合此次应力场的模拟目的,对锦屏一级水电站的地应力场进行更为细致、全面地反演计算。以II1勘探剖面为研究对象,对其进行细致概化,形成具有复杂结构的概念模型。同时,对河流下切历史进行分析,根据各阶地的下切速度和发育时间,设计岸坡线和风化线的演化过程。通过分析锦屏构造特征、地应力数据及前人的研究成果,经多次试算后确定,在VI级阶地重力场模型上,同时施加12 MPa和8 MPa的均布应力在两个垂直边界上,所得到的拟合结果最佳。对比分析模拟结果与实测地应力数据后认为,谷底应力包的量值和分布范围都有着较高精度的拟合,与前人的计算成果也有着较大的相似性。分析锦屏现今河谷地应力场特征认为,左右岸应力非对称分布,左岸受倾坡外断层、黄斑岩脉影响,应力分布情况比右岸复杂,其应力分异强烈带、卸荷范围均比右岸深。     

Litho-tectonic sequence and their regional correlation along the Lohit and Dibang valleys,eastern Arunachal Pradesh

Geological mapping between Lohit and Dibang valleys of eastern Arunachal Pradesh reveals the existence of five thrust bound tectonostratigraphic units. In ascending structural order from SW to NE these are: (1) Sewak Group, (2) Lalpani Group, (3) Mayodiya Group, (4) Tidding Formation and (5) Lohit plutonic complex. This differs from previous mapping, because the three tectonostratigraphic units (Sewak, Lalpani and Mayodiya) were grouped under a single unit, referred as the Mishmi crystallines. The low-grade metamorphics of the Sewak Group occur at two different tectonic levels, one as persistent belt in the foothills and the other in the tectonic window beneath the high-grade metamorphics of the Mayodiya thrust sheet in the Higher Himalaya. The Tidding suture is the southeastern extension of the Indus-Tsangpo suture zone.     

河谷外鼓

文章回顾了不同地质背景条件下的浅表河谷扰动。从广义上讲,“弓形坡和河谷外鼓”这个专用词在不列颠广泛用于描述浅表河谷扰动。在Ｒｕｔｌａｎｄ,Ｅｍｐｉｎｇｈａｍ存在一个绝好的实例,具备真实的弓形坡和河谷外鼓。相对薄的冠岩覆盖在相对厚的上里阿斯统粘土之上,向下直到拉脱面,这样一个组合,允许弓形坡和河谷外鼓特征得到最充分发育。它们特征包括（１）下面粘土层明显变薄,系粘土进入河谷外鼓位置结果;（２）覆盖在上面的冠岩同步弯曲,产生一个向河谷的弓形坡（Ｃ）,一个河谷边缘向斜（Ｙ）和一个对照外鼓侧翼的上拱（Ｕ）。     

Morphostratigraphy and provenance of Plio‐Pleistocene terraces in the south‐eastern Alpine foreland: the Mislinja and Upper Savinja valleys,northern Slovenia

This study focuses on the Plio‐Pleistocene fluvial deposits preserved in the terrace staircases in the south‐eastern Alpine foreland of the Mislinja (MV) and Upper Savinja valleys (USV) in northern Slovenia. The area is located at the north‐eastern margin of the Adria microplate, where neotectonic activity is the prevailing driving force for the terrace formation. The aim of this study is to determine the morphostratigraphy and provenance of the Pliocene to Early Pleistocene gravels using geomorphic and clast lithological analysis. The established morphostratigraphic framework encompasses three terraces in the MV and five terraces in the USV. Due to the lack of age‐relevant data, the morphostratigraphy of the MV and USV is based on the results of geomorphic analysis, clast petrography and data from the literature. Low‐level, middle‐level and high‐level terrace groups were tentatively attributed to the Late and Middle Pleistocene, Early Pleistocene–Pliocene and Pliocene, and compared with the traditional Quaternary stratigraphy of the Alpine foreland. The results of the clast lithological analysis revealed major provenance areas. Moreover, the evolution of long‐term drainage from the Miocene onward was inferred, which suggests that the system reached conformity with the present‐day drainage pattern at the Miocene to Plio‐Pleistocene transition. Copyright © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Tectonically driven deposition and landscape evolution within upland incised valleys: Ambra Valley fill,Pliocene–Pleistocene,Tuscany, Italy

Sedimentation in the upstream reaches of incised valleys is predominantly of alluvial origin and, in most cases, independent from relative sea‐level or lake‐level oscillations. Preserved facies distributions record the depositional response to a combination of allogenic factors, including tectonics, climate and landscape evolution. Tectonics drive fluvial aggradation and degradation through local changes in gradient, both longitudinal and transverse to the valley slope. This article deals with a Pliocene–Pleistocene fluvial valley fill developed in the north‐eastern shoulder of the Siena Basin (Northern Apennines, Italy). Evolution of the valley was not influenced by sea‐level or lake‐level changes and morphological and depositional evolution of valley resulted from extensional tectonics that gave rise to normal and oblique‐slip faults orthogonal and parallel to the valley axis. Data from both field observations and geophysical study are interpreted to develop a comprehensive tectono‐sedimentary model of coeval longitudinal and lateral tilting of the developing alluvial plain. Longitudinal tilting was generated by a transverse, upstream‐dipping normal fault that controlled the aggradation of fining‐upward strata sets. Upstream of the fault zone, valley back‐filling generated an architecture similar to that of classic, sea‐level‐controlled, coastal incised valleys. Downstream of the fault zone, valley down‐filling was related to an overwhelming sediment supply sourced and routed from the active fault zone itself. Lateral tilting was promoted by the activity of a fault oriented parallel to the valley axis, as well as by different offsets along near orthogonal faults. As a result, the valley trunk system experienced complex lateral shifts, which were governed by interacting fault‐generated subsidence and by the topographic confinement of progradational, flank‐sourced alluvial fans.     

花江喀斯特峡石漠化治理示范区水资源赋存特点及开发条件评价

文章阐述了贵州花江喀斯特峡谷石漠化治理示范区水资源赋存特点:降水资源比较丰富,但垂直差异大、干湿季节明显;坡面径流比较丰富,但时空分布不均;过境河流水量丰富,但水质较差;地下水资源量大,但空间分异明显。然后,从资源、经济、技术等不同层面综合分析了示范区水资源开发利用条件,指出示范区水资源开发利用中存在的主要问题:"三水"资源开发利用程度低,工程性缺水严重;"三水"资源时空分布不均,调控相对困难,有些技术还需开展攻关研究。最后简要提出相应的对策建议。     

新构造运动影响下的雅鲁藏布江水系发育和河流地貌特征

雅鲁藏布江(雅江)水系发育和河流地貌演变受新构造运动的强烈影响。通过野外调查,结合SRTM(航天飞机雷达地形测绘使命)数据分析和Google Earth三维地图功能,对雅江河网形态及河流地貌特征进行了分析,并采用EH4电磁成像系统测量了雅江及其支流宽谷河道淤沙深度。研究发现,雅江河网呈现格状水系特点,同时具有枝状河网的拓扑性质,这主要是由于新构造运动的影响,河网发育过程中受到南北向挤压和东西向拉伸所至。青藏高原阶段性不均匀抬升形成了宽窄相间的藕节状河道形态,宽阔河段河道为辫状河型,而窄深河段为深切的V型河谷、单一顺直河型,纵剖面上构成裂点。裂点河段地块相对上升较快,阻滞了水流和泥沙,上游河段大量卵石和泥沙在河谷里淤积深达800多米,形成了平整而宽阔的U型河谷。整个雅江宽谷段泥沙淤积量约0.9万亿m³。     

Stratigraphic architecture and infill history of a deglaciated bedrock valley based on georadar, seismic profiling and drilling

The sediment fill of a silled bedrock valley in Western Norway has been investigated with respect to stratigraphy and infill history using a combination of mapping, georadar, seismic profiling and drilling. A small outlet glacier occupies the head of the valley that displays a stepwise down-valley profile and terminates in a lake at 29 m above sea-level. The valley is surrounded by high, steep bedrock slopes and is characterized by a series of filled basins each limited by sills of bedrock or moraine accumulations. Till, glacial outwash and/or rockslide deposits fill in the lower half of the two larger basins. (Fan) delta deposits fringed by the deposits of alluvial fans and colluvial cones dominate the upper fill of most basins. (Fan) delta deposits interfinger downstream with lake sediments in the larger basins and fluvial deposits comprise the top fill. The overall infill pattern was controlled by deglaciation as well as basin size and shape. An overall decreasing sediment supply following deglaciation is shown in the fill of a larger basin down-valley, whereas a recently increasing sediment supply during glacier growth is reflected primarily in an upstream basin. Only the lowermost basin was exposed to a sea-level drop from 75 m above sea-level to the present lake level associated with incision and river migration. This observation is in contrast to the basins above marine influence where incision has been limited due to fixed downstream sills resulting in insignificant erosion except for some fan-head entrenchment. It follows that the fills of these small valley basins display progradational and aggradational trends of deposition and paraglacial reworking has been limited. Additionally, the study demonstrates that georadar profiling, combined with other methods, is very useful for comprehensive investigation of valley basins.     

金沙江某水电站上下坝址岩体卸荷差异研究

在河流下切、斜坡成坡过程中,斜坡应力场不断调整和适应坡体的变化,表浅部岩体在应力变化过程中往坡外发生卸荷,在同一地区岩体卸荷深度应当相差不大。而在西南某水电站相隔仅1.4km上下坝址勘察过程中发现,两坝址岩体卸荷深度却存在较大差异,上坝址岩体卸荷深度在20m以上,最大深度达到90m;下坝址岩体卸荷深度仅为5~20m。,通过现场调查及数值模拟成果表明,上下坝址岩层方位是两坝址岩体卸荷差异的决定性因素,上坝址为顺向坡,岩层走向与边坡走向平行,倾角较陡的岩层形成拉裂面,易于风化营力的侵入,岩体卸荷深度大;下坝址为横向坡,岩层走向与边坡走向近于垂直,岩体强度远大于岩层面的强度,且平行坡向的结构面数量少,岩体卸荷深度在20m以内。