江西武功山花岗岩地貌特征与成因

江西武功山花岗岩穹窿构造地貌景观类型具有多样性、典型性,具有极高的美学价值、科学价值和旅游开发价值。武功山花岗岩地貌类型可划分为花岗岩风化壳高山草甸、花岗岩侵蚀构造地貌、花岗岩流水侵蚀地貌和花岗岩崩塌堆积地貌等,而且每一类型又有多种微地貌景观,具有显著的集聚性特征,主要集中在金顶、明月山和羊狮幕地区,空间上可分为4个梯度,分别为中心高山草甸带、中心边缘构造侵蚀地貌区、外围峡谷、孤峰、瀑布、温泉区、武功山主山体前缘区。花岗岩穹窿构造核部及外缘区域的花岗岩地貌发育模式和发育阶段具有明显差异,反映了武功山不同山体单元多期差异性隆升后,在亚热带气候环境下,流水溯源侵蚀、构造、岩体性质等内外营力对原始地貌面的差异性作用过程。本研究不仅可为花岗岩穹窿构造地貌景观空间展布规律和地貌特征的研究提供有效借鉴,而且可为武功山地区地学科普、地质遗迹保护等提供支撑。     

江西武功山花岗岩地貌特征与成因

江西武功山花岗岩穹窿构造地貌景观类型具有多样性、典型性,具有极高的美学价值、科学价值和旅游开发价值。武功山花岗岩地貌类型可划分为花岗岩风化壳高山草甸、花岗岩侵蚀构造地貌、花岗岩流水侵蚀地貌和花岗岩崩塌堆积地貌等,而且每一类型又有多种微地貌景观,具有显著的集聚性特征,主要集中在金顶、明月山和羊狮幕地区,空间上可分为4个梯度,分别为中心高山草甸带、中心边缘构造侵蚀地貌区、外围峡谷、孤峰、瀑布、温泉区、武功山主山体前缘区。花岗岩穹窿构造核部及外缘区域的花岗岩地貌发育模式和发育阶段具有明显差异,反映了武功山不同山体单元多期差异性隆升后,在亚热带气候环境下,流水溯源侵蚀、构造、岩体性质等内外营力对原始地貌面的差异性作用过程。本研究不仅可为花岗岩穹窿构造地貌景观空间展布规律和地貌特征的研究提供有效借鉴,而且可为武功山地区地学科普、地质遗迹保护等提供支撑。     

Tropical stone lines and podzolized sand plains as paleoclimatic indicators for weathered cratons

Stone lines and podzolized (white) sand plains are characteristic features of the regolith in many low-latitude cratonic landscapes, but nevertheless often seem to be out of phase with the present pedogenic and geomorphic regimes of the humid tropics and subtropics. Consideration of contemporary environments where the genetic processes related to these features can be observed, implies several conditions for prior events in landscape evolution: (1) tropical stone lines may be interpreted as winnowed mudflows or lag deposits that reflect morphoclimatic events of brief duration (torrential rains) within an arid or semi-arid phase of pronounced global cooling; (2) within the present zone of the prevailing westerlies, stone lines may reflect periglacial activity during brief interstade fluctuations; (3) in lower latitudes the principal stone line, which commonly truncates saprolites, appears to be late Wisconsinan (Würmian) in age coinciding more or less with the pleniglacial phase; (4) the podzolized sands represent leached residuals and, accordingly, reflect extended intervals of leaching during the Pleistocene; and (5) the nature and distribution of podzolized sand plains indicates a pedogenic history of considerable variety and no brief episodicity as implied with stone lines.     

贵州织金洞世界地质公园喀斯特景观特征及其形成演化分析

织金洞世界地质公园,位于贵州高原西部,园区内喀斯特景观总体可概括为洞穴、峡谷、天生桥、天坑、高峰丛、丘陵、单面山与象形山、水文遗迹等8大类,它们以下三叠统海相碳酸盐岩为物质基础,有序、集中分布于织金洞、绮结河、东风湖三片相对独立,却又以绮结河为纽带紧密相连的喀斯特区域内,共同构成一个以洞穴、峡谷、天生桥、天坑为核心,形态雄伟、典型、优美、珍稀的高原喀斯特景观群。同时在对公园岩溶景观特征及区域地质背景进行分析和研究的基础上,系统研究和探讨了织金喀斯特,及织金洞、绮结河、东风湖三大地貌单元的形成演化过程,并认为它们的发育模式由地下喀斯特逐渐过渡至地表喀斯特,系统完整地纪录了贵州高原喀斯特的演化历程。     

The Neogene and Quaternary of England: landscape evolution,tectonics, climate change and their expression in the geological record

During the Neogene and Quaternary, tectonic and climatic processes have had a profound impact upon landscape evolution in England and, perhaps as far back as 0.9 Ma, patterns of early human occupation. Until the Late Miocene, large-scale plate tectonic processes were the principal drivers of landscape evolution causing localised basin inversion and widespread exhumation. This drove, in places, the erosion of several kilometres of Mesozoic cover rocks and the development of a regional unconformity across England and the North Sea Basin. By the Pliocene, the relative influence of tectonics on landscape evolution waned as the background tectonic stress regime evolved and climatic influences became more prominent. Global-scale climate-forcing increased step-wise during the Plio-Pleistocene amplifying erosional and depositional processes that operated within the landscape. These processes caused differential unloading (uplift) and loading (subsidence) of the crust (‘denudational isostasy’) in areas undergoing net erosion (upland areas and slopes) and deposition (basins). Denudational isostasy amplified during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (c.0.9 Ma) as landscapes become progressively synchronised to large-scale 100 ka ‘eccentricity’ climate forcing. Over the past 0.5 Ma, this has led to the establishment of a robust climate record of individual glacial/interglacial cycles enabling comparison to other regional and global records. During the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition and early Holocene (c.16–7 ka), evidence for more abrupt (millennial/centennial) scale climatic events has been discovered. This indicates that superimposed upon the longer-term pattern of landscape evolution is a more dynamic response of the landscape to local and regional drivers.     

基于地质建造和流域地貌的河北省承德蟠龙湖地区大比例尺地质遗迹调查

基于地质建造分区和流域地貌演化理论，利用地质建造分析、DEM数字地貌、遥感解译、无人机和野外路线调查等技术方法组合，快速查明了承德蟠龙湖景区地质遗迹单体63处，丰富了景区的地质旅游资源，提升了景区的科学内涵。地质建造决定基础地质大类地质遗迹的内在“基因”，是地貌景观大类地质遗迹形成的物质基础，并通过岩性和构造影响地质灾害大类地质遗迹的发育。流域地貌演化影响基础地质大类地质遗迹的出露情况；是塑造地貌景观大类地质遗迹形成的主要地质营力，影响地质灾害大类地质遗迹发育。将地质建造和流域地貌相结合的思路贯穿整个地质遗迹调查全过程，初步形成“圈定潜力区—摸清家底—探究规律—总结方法”的大比例尺地质遗迹调查技术方法流程。大比例尺地质遗迹调查的目标是力求打通地质遗迹调查与地方需求、旅游产业发展的“最后一公里”，为地质遗迹保护与开发利用、美丽乡村与特色小镇建设提供科技支撑。     

The concept of cryo-conditioning in landscape evolution — Comment to the paper published by Ivar Berthling and Bernd Etzelmüller,Quaternary Research 75 (2011) 378–384

The term “cryo-conditioning,” proposed by the authors for classifying specific landform association in periglacial landscapes, needs to be defined more precisely. A starting point could be the proper understanding of the term “Cryo-” in the various compound words found in various disciplines. This is also important for a correct understanding of the proposed concepts, since it concerns one of the most important processes in nature: the phase transition of water between solid and liquid. Cold-temperate transition surfaces in polythermal glaciers and at the permafrost base in their forelands can act as a specific hub between the glacial and periglacial domains.     

西秦岭嘉陵江上游瞬时地貌发育特征

西秦岭位于青藏高原东北缘,是青藏高原晚新生代构造扩展的前缘部位。西秦岭地区发育的一系列河流水系作为高原物质向外扩展的载体,记录了高原扩展过程中的地貌演化信息。本文选取西秦岭嘉陵江上游的支流作为研究对象,以河流纵剖面的形态和陡峭指数的空间分布为基础数据,初步分析了嘉陵江上游的地貌特征及其影响因素。结果表明,嘉陵江上游地貌演化处于瞬时状态,裂点以上的低陡峭指数区域代表了残余地貌,裂点以下高陡峭指数区域是裂点响应基准面下降后形成的新地貌。通过对比区域岩性和降水条件发现,岩性和降水对河流裂点发育以及陡峭指数的影响是有限的,河流裂点的发育和陡峭指数的变化主要受控于区域构造抬升引起的基准面下降。陡峭指数的空间分布特征表明构造作用对地貌发育起了重要的塑造作用。西秦岭瞬时地貌的发育是对印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞汇聚以来的远程效应的响应。     

Political memories of conflict,economic land concessions,and political landscapes in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic

Political memories—which are crucial for establishing and maintaining ‘political capital’, based on individual and group positioning during past conflict and wars, but also in relation to presentday politics—are important when considering varied outcomes from negotiations and other interactions that occur in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic in relation to large-scale economic land concessions. This paper continues to expand on the idea of political memories of past conflicts and wars by considering the concept in relation to the theoretical framework proposed by Hall et al. (2011) in their book Powers of Exclusion, which stresses the importance of interactions between regulation, force, the market and legitimation for understanding different types of exclusionary processes, especially those linked to land access. I argue that political memories are particularly relevant when it comes to legitimation, but that expanding the concept so as to include political memories is important. In relation to large-scale plantation, mining and hydropower dam concessions, I also stress the importance of political memories in (re)shaping understandings of landscapes, thus creating particular varieties of memory laden political landscapes, which too are constituted by the past but are also politically mobilized in the present.     

Buried Late Weichselian thermokarst landscape discovered in the Czech Republic,central Europe

Pronounced climatic warming associated with the Late Weichselian Pleniglacial‐to‐Lateglacial transition caused considerable environmental changes throughout the former periglacial zones (in Europe ~53°–46°N). During permafrost degradation and subsequent ground subsidence (i.e. thermokarst processes), the landscape changed rapidly. In this study we investigated a flat mid‐altitude area in south Bohemia, Czech Republic, lying close to the southern limit of the Weichselian permafrost. We discovered palaeo‐lake basins with sedimentary infillings up to 11 m in depth. According to radiocarbon and palynostratigraphical dating, these basins were formed at the onset of the Late Pleniglacial‐to‐Lateglacial transition, whereas the smaller depressions were formed later. We suggest that the basins resulted from thermal and fluvio‐thermal erosion of the former permafrost and represent remnants of discontinuous gullies and possibly collapsed frost mounds (pingo/lithalsa scars). The formation of this a fossil thermokarst landscape was climatically driven and multiple phased, with the major phase during the climatic warming and wetting at the onset of GI‐1e (Bølling) and the minor phase during GI‐1c (Allerød). This study enhances knowledge of the palaeogeography of the former European periglacial zone by showing that Late Pleistocene thermokarst activity could have had a significant impact on the evolution of the landscape of at least some regions of central Europe along the southern limit of the continuous permafrost zone. The research also points to a similar history for the physical transformation of the landscape of the former European periglacial zone and current thermokarst landscapes and could be a valuable source of information with respect to the future transformation of the Arctic under conditions of ongoing global warming.     

Quartz sandstone peak forest landforms of Zhangjiajie Geopark, northwest Hunan Province, China: pattern, constraints and comparison

The Zhangjiajie Sandstone Peak Forest Geopark in northwest Hunan Province, China, is a comprehensive geopark containing many spectacular quartz sandstone landforms, limestone karst landscapes and various other important geoheritage resources. It is listed as a UNESCO World Geopark and is also part of the World Heritage Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area for its important landscape features. Many of the sandstone landforms, particularly the vast number of thin pillars or spires, are very unusual and serve as the core landscapes of the geopark. But Zhangjiajie displays a diverse range of landform types, exhibiting spectacular patterns and regular distributions. In this paper, the geomorphic traits, distribution pattern and constraints of the sandstone landforms of the Zhangjiajie Geopark are examined. Our study indicates that in the outcropping areas, the sandstones display four distinctive levels from 300 to 1,000 m above sea level, and these extend clearly from the highest sandstone plateau platform to the center of the valleys. The high sandstone platforms developed close to a flat high-level erosional surface, and subsequent erosion into this plateau has resulted in successively lower levels of landforms that transition gradually from peak walls, peak clusters, peak forests and peak pillars to remnant peaks in the lower valley bottoms. The form and distribution of the Zhangjiajie sandstone landforms are primarily dominated by the geological setting, particularly the presence of brittle structures (fractures and joint sets) trending NNW, ENE and NE. Triggered by the episodic tectonic movements, major streams and escarpments frequently occur along these structural directions, while some of the peak walls, peak clusters and peak forests have their longer elongated axes corresponding to NE or NNW directions, with an increased density of peak forms at the intersection of these fractures and joints. The geometry of the diverse sandstone landforms is also influenced to a certain degree by the climatic, water system distribution, lithologic properties, biological process, meteorological features and denudation processes. The suite of quartz sandstone landforms in Zhangjiajie can be compared with other sandstone landscapes regionally, and our interpretation of the sandstone peak forest formation processes offers a significant contribution to the study of topographic features and the geomorphic evolution of sandstone landscapes.     

南昌梅岭花岗岩地貌景观特征及其形成发育规律

花岗岩地貌具有独有的景观特征和演化规律,本文对江西南昌梅岭地区新元古代花岗岩地貌景观特征、空间分布规律和成因演化规律进行了系统分析与总结.梅岭花岗岩地貌主要发育于新元古代花岗岩之上,并在岩性、区域断裂和气候控制的风化侵蚀作用下,逐步形成了以崩塌倒石堆积、石蛋为特色的花岗岩低山丘陵地貌;新生代以来,梅岭地区长期受到太平洋...     

The use of landscape evolution models in mining rehabilitation design

Landscape evolution models can be useful tools for the evaluation of rehabilitation designs for post-mining landscapes. When calibrated for the erodible material, landscape evolution models can predict sediment loss over entire landscapes (i.e. tonnes/hectare/year), method of erosion (i.e. slope wash, gullying) and also where on a hillslope erosion is likely to occur. The models provide the ability to examine simple hillslopes through to complex whole landscapes. These models can also be used for a probabilistic risk assessment of rehabilitation design for high-risk situations such as tailings dams. Importantly, unlike other erosion models they allow the eroded landscape to be visualised. This paper outlines the capabilities of the SIBERIA landscape evolution model for the rehabilitation of mining landscapes and proposes a probabilistic approach for risk assessment and site stability.     

郴州飞天山国家地质公园旅游设计初探

飞天山地质公园内有丰富的旅游资源，尚保持原始的自然风貌。郴州飞天山国家地质公园的成功开发应着眼于旅游产品的市场定位、旅游形象的系统设计及其创意与创新。     

不同类型地貌的各向异性分形与多重分形特征研究

利用标准偏差法和固定质量法，研究了新疆天山地区3种不同构造地貌单元地形剖线的自仿射分形和多重分形特征。结果表明，在所研究的标度范围内，不同构造地貌单元剖线分维值总体上呈现出高山区大于中低山区大于盆地区特点，同一个地貌研究区不同方向的剖线呈现不同程度的各向异性。多重分形谱Dq的形态和值域范围也呈现出不同特征。研究认为，地貌表面形态并不是完全随机的，而是一种各向异性的分形布朗运动，分维值表征了内外营力作用的方向和强度，渡越长度是自仿射分形研究中的另一个重要参量。利用上述分形特征可定量研究地貌的发展阶段和地貌动力学。     

湘桂走廊地貌发育特征的地学意义及形成机制研究

为了探讨湘桂走廊内岩溶发育特征、水文地貌学意义及区内峰林平原形成原因,文章通过实地调查区内地貌形态、岩性以及地貌类型的空间展布特征,运用岩溶水文地貌学理论探讨区内水文地貌的形成与演化.根据区内地貌形态的空间展布特征,分析认为区内水系经历一次反向袭夺过程;区内地貌演变受到越城岭、海洋山两个隆起的影响,平原面积变小,湘江向...     

辽东山地老秃顶子冰缘地貌特征及其环境意义

通过对以老秃顶子为中心的辽东冰缘地貌分布区考察研究, 发现区内广泛发育的冰缘地貌类型为石河、石流坡、石海, 偶见石堡、雪蚀洼地、寒冻风化崩坍崖和倒石堆. 砾石大小不一, 堆积混杂无序, 在地表径流的作用下, 具有潜在的移动性. 风化淋溶以石流坡地貌最为显著, 土壤营养元素含量及成壤作用均以石河最优. 石下暗河发育, 上覆植被多样, 植被类型随海拔自高向低可划分为灌草丛、灌丛、矮曲林、暗针叶林、针阔混交林、落叶阔叶林, 其群落类型变化与冰缘过程趋于复杂化具有一致的发展趋势. 由于该区生境条件苛刻, 植被演替极慢且容易发生山地灾害, 建议加强人为干预, 改善植被覆盖状况, 促进演替进度, 以提高此冰缘地貌的稳定性.     

Climate and material controls on periglacial soil processes: Toward improving periglacial climate indicators

One of the distinguished efforts of A.L. Washburn was to reconstruct mean annual air temperature using periglacial features as climate indicators. This paper reviews existing periglacial indicators and proposes a strategy to improve their thermal resolution based on recent periglacial process studies, with a focus on solifluction and thermal contraction cracking and associated landforms/structures. Landforms resulting from solifluction reflect both the depth subjected to freeze-thaw and the thickness of frost-susceptible soils. The thickness of a solifluction structure can be used to infer the dominant freeze-thaw regime and minimum seasonal frost depth. Ice-wedge pseudomorphs have limited potential as a climate indicator because (1) they mainly reflect extreme winter temperatures, (2) their thermal thresholds depend on the host material, and (3) they need to be distinguished from frost wedges of other origin produced under different thermal and/or material conditions. Monitoring studies of currently active ice wedges suggest that ice-wedge cracking requires a combination of low temperature and large temperature gradients in the frozen active layer. Further field monitoring of periglacial processes and their controlling factors under various climate conditions and in various materials are needed, however, to improve the resolution of periglacial paleoclimate indicators.     

帕米尔弧形构造带的构造过程与地貌特征

帕米尔弧形构造带是印度-欧亚板块碰撞变形最强烈的地区之一,是研究构造过程、地貌演化以及气候变化及其相互作用的理想场所。本文基于前人的研究成果,对帕米尔弧形构造带新生代构造单元、地貌特征和动力学演化模型进行了总结归纳,包括:主要构造单元的活动起止时间、活动量及活动速率;帕米尔弧形构造带现今的地貌特征(水系和冰川的分布);帕米尔弧形构造带6种主要的地球动力学演化模型的主要样式、优点及限制。论文提出了帕米尔弧形构造带晚新生代构造研究的三个重要的科学问题:精细厘定构造带内部的不同断裂带运动学特征和相互关系;深部地质过程与浅部响应相结合,探讨构造带形成的深部地质过程控制;将构造过程、气候特征与地貌演化作为一个耦合系统开展研究。     

Fluvial geomorphic features of the Lower Mississippi alluvial valley

The Lower Mississippi Valley (LMV) has been one of the most intensively studied alluvial valleys in the world in terms of it's geological and geomorphic framework and history. A brief outline of the history of the major geological and geomorphological investigations of the LMV is provided. The results of these investigations are discussed in terms of the fluvial geomorphic framework of the valley and the apparent significant changes in the regime of the Mississippi River during the Late Wisconsinan and Holocene stages.

The LMV occupies the broad deep synclinal trough of the Mississippi Embayment which extends from Cairo, Illinois, to the Gulf of Mexico in a slightly sinuous north-south trend. The embayment is filled with a north to south thickening wedge of non-marine and marine sediment ranging in age from Jurassic to Holocene. The major landscapes of the LMV may be considered in four regions: (1) a narrow active meander belt in a broad valley of Late Pleistocene valley train in the northern third; (2) a wide mosaic of interwoven Holocene meander belts in the middle third; (3) a relatively narrow valley of the Atchafalaya Basin bounded on each side by narrow meander belts in the upper part of the lower third; and (4) the broad distributary wedge of the deltaic plain in the southernmost region of the valley. The valley trains vary in age and landform with the oldest occurring as slightly dissected low ridges and the youngest as broad flats separated by shallow interwoven former braided channels. Meander belts formed throughout the Holocene are comprised of low natural levee ridges flanking abandoned courses and bordered by crescent-shaped oxbow lakes and ridge and swale topography. In the middle third of the valley, meander belts are separated by expansive backswamps of very little relief. The deltaic plain is also exceptionally flat, interrupted by the low natural levee ridges of the abandoned deltaic distributaries.

The floodplain of the LMV is a complex mosaic of fluvial features and landscapes within the four landscape regions. Included in this mosaic are abandoned channels and courses, lateral accretion topography of ridges and swales, natural levees, crevasses and crevasse channels, distributary channels, backswamps and rimswamps, alluvial fans and aprons, valley trains (braided stream terraces), lakes and lacustrine deltas, terraces, and the alluvial valley bluff.

Changes in the hydraulic regime of the Lower Mississippi River (LMR) since the Late Pleistocene have played a major role in the development of the landscape of the valley. The most important regime change was the diminishment of the influence of Wisconsinan glaciation in the upper Midwest and the resultant evolution of the Mississippi River from a broad braided outwash channel to a more narrow but sinuous meandering channel at the end of the Pleistocene. During the Holocene, the Mississippi River undoubtedly responded to major climatic changes, rising sea level, tributary stream influence, and possibly tectonism, diapirism, and subsidence through the growth and evolution, and abandonment of it's meander belts and deltas.