A method for prevent water inrush from karst collapse column: a case study from Sima mine,China

Mining-induced groundwater inrush could result in serious economic losses and casualties. This disaster usually depends on geological structure, such as the karst collapse column (KCC). It could reduce the aquifuge thickness, causing a great risk of water bursting. In order to assess the impact of mining on the KCC, we have developed a complete set of methods, including three-dimensional seismic exploration, connectivity experiment, water injection experiment in two sidewalls, numerical simulation based on Drucker–Prager (D–P) elastoplastic damage theory. This method is used to test the size, type and the damage thickness of the KCC named DX1 in Sima mine, and the results indicate that the type of DX1 is good cementation. In addition, under the influence of the shear stress at the coal wall and the unloading at the goaf, a significant compressive damage zone with a large damage thickness will form at the sidewall of the KCC. As the roof collapses, the backfill is compacted and the maximum damage thickness gradually moves to the other side of the KCC. Eventually, an asymmetric inverted saddle-shaped damage distribution is formed with a maximum compression damage depth of 32.5 m. The results provide a basis for preventing water inrush from KCC.     

Blast damage control in jointed rock mass

Highly jointed rocks often cause problems associated with blast damage and the stability of the back and/or walls of the excavation. A field study was performed to understand the role played by the joint parameters in inducing blast damage. The field work included blasting of small scale models, drift rounds and monitoring of blast damage at several operating mines. The damage was assessed by blast vibration monitoring, half cast factor, overbreak measurement and visual inspection.

The effect of spacing, orientation, aperture, condition, filling material and wall strength of joints on blast damage is described. The interaction between the joint planes and explosive energy has been discussed and the overbreak control measures have been suggested.     

胜利油气区东营凹陷现今地温场研究

文中利用热导率分散模型,根据地层中砂质含量数据计算东营凹陷第三系各沉积地层单元的原地热导率,再利用热阻率法根据东营凹陷１７０口测温井中测温资料计算出第三系各地层界面上和特征深度处温度,进而研究东营凹陷现今地下温度。计算结果表明,第三系各地介面上地温分布特征主要受各界面埋藏深度控制,而地下各特征深度上地温分布特征主要受热流平面分布特征控制。     

Productivity optimisation in weak sedimentary formations for improved coal production and roof stability—an approach

Far-field peak particle velocity (PPV) measurements were made in the roof while blasting in coal development drivages at Tandsi Mine, Western Coalfields Limited, India. The roof was fragile at this mine and was posing constant support problems for mining, resulting in low productivity. The PPV measurements have been used to decipher the damage zone in the roof. The extent of damage obtained has been compared to establish the threshold limits for the damage zone. Conversely, the maximum charge per delay that can be exploded is calculated and a suitable blast design has been recommended for maintaining the roof stability and pull. A roof vibration predictor equation has been developed that shows a consistent trend indicating that it may have future use in a similar geo-mining setup. The blast pattern recommended has reduced the damage extent, though marginally, but helped in improving pull. Critical PPV for incipient rock damage in underground coal mine development drivages under fragile roof were computed. The PPV level for incipient crack growth was found to vary from 500 to 800 mm/s while for overbreak it varied from 800 to 1200 mm/s. It was also observed that the location of cut holes, charge concentration and firing sequence were found to be responsible for the difference in their damage potential.     

GIS地表塌陷计算的有限棱柱法及三维数据模型

具有强大信息管理和可视化功能的GIS已在地下硐室开挖、矿山采掘、边坡等许多工程领域中得到了广泛应用。笔者给出了一种用于地下开挖变形描述和应力分析的方法——有限棱柱法，并就该方法与GIS集成中的数据模型和数据组织方法进行了探讨，建立了基于GIS的虚拟地质体地下开挖变形描述与评价计算的三维可视化系统，并对多语言集成模式和数据可视化方法进行了探讨。同时还给出了该方法的工程应用实例，对该方法的可靠性和有效性进行了验证。     

花岗岩循环爆破振动衰减规律与损伤演化机理试验

为了研究岩石在循环爆破作用下的动力学响应,本文对黑云母花岗岩试块进行了小型爆破试验,利用加速度传感器和声波测试仪,分别对循环爆破荷载下质点振动衰减规律与累积损伤演化机理进行了探析,并对不同装药量下花岗岩试块的裂纹扩展与断裂形态进行了比较。结果表明:萨道夫斯基公式对室内花岗岩试块的爆破振动衰减规律具有较好的适用性,拟合相关参数都处于0.90以上;花岗岩的爆破损伤随着爆破次数的增加而增加,且损伤值随着距爆心距离（爆心距）的增加而降低,近区损伤值迅速降低,降幅约为1.46/m,而中区和远区损伤值降低相对缓慢,约为0.57/m和0.13/m;花岗岩的破坏程度和装药量有较高的关联度,当药量较低时,岩块致裂所需要的爆破次数就越大;随着药量增加到一定程度,岩块在低爆破次数下就会发生破坏;此外,还发现随着装药量的增加,试块爆后破裂的块数呈现增加趋势,如较低药量时试样破裂成2块,较高药量下破裂成3~4块。     

利用钻孔注水试验测试爆区周边岩体损伤场的可行性研究

穿孔爆破是露天矿开采的主要模式,爆破产生的冲击效应将导致周边岩体出现不同程度的损伤破裂,影响台阶边坡的稳定性。提出一种利用钻孔注水试验评价爆破周边岩体等效损伤场的方法,通过向若干钻孔内注满水,记录不同时间的水位,绘制水位随时间的变化曲线,并最终获得不同位置的损伤程度及损伤深度。采用相对损伤因子定量化表征爆破对岩体的损伤程度,通过水位-时间曲线中速降段与平缓段的交界点反映岩体的损伤深度及损伤距离。通过试验发现,爆破引起的周边岩体损伤范围一般在20 m之内,引起的最大损伤深度在12 m以内;铁矿的抗爆能力高于灰岩,相同位置铁矿的相对损伤因子比灰岩的小7.5%左右,铁矿的最大损伤距离及最大损伤深度均比灰岩的小4～6 m;某些情况下注水后水位会快速降至某一特定高程,然后保持不变,表明该高程出现了贯通性导水带,可通过窥视仪等设备进行观察校核。     

A practical method to estimate crack openings in concrete structures

Numerical modelling of concrete cracking requires robust models able to describe opening and propagation of cracks. Structural concrete codes provide practical relations to describe crack openings. However, these empirical methods were developed for specific structures and cannot be used for general applications. Here, a continuous modelling approach based on damage mechanics is used to compute crack openings in a tie‐beam concrete structure. We propose a post‐processing method to extract crack openings from a continuum damage finite element computation. This method can be applied to all continuum damage/plasticity models. The tie‐beam concrete is characterized by a weak stress gradient; this aspect complicates predictions of crack positions and number. A stochastic method is used to take into account the spatial variability in concrete properties and create a spatially correlated random property field. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimating apparent thermal diffusivity of soil using field temperature time series

Reliable estimates of soil thermal properties such as heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and diffusivity are important in analysis of heat transmission through soils in applications such as shallow geothermal applications, buried electrical conduits, and in general heat/fluid flow analyses. A number of analytical, numerical and experimental methods are available to determine the soil thermal properties. In this paper, the analytical and numerical methods developed on the basis of one-dimensional heat conduction equation are used to estimate the apparent thermal diffusivity of soil. Three of the four analytical methods, Amplitude, Phase, and Arctangent provide explicit equations for the apparent thermal diffusivity. Two methods, Harmonic and Numerical, make use of large number of temperature measurements to implicitly solve for the apparent thermal diffusivity. The temperature time series data monitored at different depths in two field sites in Melbourne, Australia for more than 2 year period were used to estimate the apparent thermal diffusivity of soil down to 2 m depth. The apparent thermal diffusivity was calculated using all five methods and compared with laboratory experimental results. The effectiveness of each method in predicting the thermal diffusivity was compared and observed discrepancies were discussed. Finally, the observed soil temperature data for a 12 month period are used to model the temperature variation in the ground analytically using Harmonic method and the model prediction for the following 12 month was compared independently with the field measurements. The analytical model prediction is found to be in good agreement with the field monitored data.     

Multivariate statistical analysis approach for prediction of blast-induced ground vibration

Excavation of coal, overburden, and mineral deposits by blasting is dominant over the globe to date, although there are certain undesirable effects of blasting which need to be controlled. Blast-induced vibration is one of the major concerns for blast designers as it may lead to structural damage. The empirical method for prediction of blast-induced vibration has been adopted by many researchers in the form of predictor equations. Predictor equations are site specific and indirectly related to physicomechanical and geological properties of rock mass as blast-induced ground vibration is a function of various controllable and uncontrollable parameters. Rock parameters for blasting face and propagation media for blast vibration waves are uncontrollable parameters, whereas blast design parameters like hole diameter, hole depth, column length of explosive charge, total number of blast holes, burden, spacing, explosive charge per delay, total explosive charge in a blasting round, and initiation system are controllable parameters. Optimization of blast design parameters is based on site condition and availability of equipment. Most of the smaller mines have predesigned blasting parameters except explosive charge per delay, total explosive charge, and distance of blast face from surface structures. However, larger opencast mines have variations in blast design parameters for different benches based on strata condition: Multivariate predictor equation is necessary in such case. This paper deals with a case study to establish multivariate predictor equation for Moher and Moher Amlohri Extension opencast mine of India. The multivariate statistical regression approach to establish linear and logarithmic scale relation between variables to predict peak particle velocity (PPV) has been used for this purpose. Blast design has been proposed based on established multivariate regression equation to optimize blast design parameters keeping PPV within legislative limits.     

Aquifer transmissivity from surface geo-electrical data: A case study of owerri and environs,southeastern Nigeria

The combination of layer resistivity and thickness in the so called Da-zarrouk parameters S (longitudinal conductance) and R (transverse resistance) have proved useful in the evaluation of the transmissivities of the aquifers around Owerri and environs. The area is underlain by the unconsolidated to semi-consolidated coastal Benin Formation. The surface direct current electrical resistivity method was used in the study. Seven Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) data by the Schlumberger array was acquired in the area. A maximum current electrode spacing (AB) of 1000 m was used for data acquisition. Four of the soundings were carried out near existing boreholes. Computer modelled interpretative methods was utilized in processing the data. Results show that the depth to the water level is shallow around Ife and Egbu areas with a mean depth of 30 m. Semi-deep aquifers were encountered around Okpalla and AVU areas with a mean depth of 90 m while very deep aquifers were sensed around Owerri and Obinze areas with a mean depth of 125 m. Aquifer thicknesses in the study area range from 8 m at Ife and 117 m at Owerri. The diagnostic Kσ = constant value have proved so useful in calculating transmisivities and hydraulic conductivities of all the sounding locations including areas where no boreholes exist. Hydraulic conductivity varies between 6.19m/day at Ife and 24.7 m/day at Obinze. Transmissivity values also very between 51.39 m²/day at Ife and 1379.56 m²/day at Owerri. It is hoped that the results would help in long term planning of groundwater exploitation schemes within the study area.     

Integrated studies for characterization of lineaments used to locate groundwater potential zones in a hard rock region of Karnataka, India

An integrated study was carried out to investigate the subsurface geological conditions in a hard rock environment, with the aim of identifying zones with groundwater resource potential. The study, in Bairasagara watershed, Karnataka, India, considered geomorphology, water level, resistivity imaging, self potential, total magnetic field and susceptibility. The signatures due to lineaments have been clearly identified and their role in groundwater movement has been documented. Synthetic simulation methods were used to model the electrical response of the lineament using finite differential modeling scheme. The inverted image of the field data is compared with the synthetic image and iteration were performed on the initial model until a best match was obtained resulting on the generation of the calibrated resistivity image of the subsurface. Resistivity imaging revealed that the dykes are weathered/fractured to a depth of 6–8 m and are compact at deeper levels, and that they behave as barriers to groundwater movement, yet facilitate a good groundwater potential zone on the upgradient side. The results of magnetic surveys were utilized in differentiating granites and dolerite dykes with an insignificant resistivity contrast. Geomorphological expression alone cannot reveal the groundwater potential associated with a lineament. However, characterizing the nature of the feature at depth with integrated geophysical methods provides essential information for assessing that potential.An erratum to this article can be found at     

Integrated studies for characterization of lineaments used to locate groundwater potential zones in a hard rock region of Karnataka, India

An integrated study was carried out to investigate the subsurface geological conditions in a hard rock environment, with the aim of identifying zones with groundwater resource potential. The study, in Bairasagara watershed, Karnataka, India, considered geomorphology, water level, resistivity imaging, self potential, total magnetic field and susceptibility. The signatures due to lineaments have been clearly identified and their role in groundwater movement has been documented. Synthetic simulation methods were used to model the electrical response of the lineament using finite differential modeling scheme. The inverted image of the field data is compared with the synthetic image and iteration were performed on the initial model until a best match was obtained resulting on the generation of the calibrated resistivity image of the subsurface. Resistivity imaging revealed that the dykes are weathered/fractured to a depth of 6–8 m and are compact at deeper levels, and that they behave as barriers to groundwater movement, yet facilitate a good groundwater potential zone on the upgradient side. The results of magnetic surveys were utilized in differentiating granites and dolerite dykes with an insignificant resistivity contrast. Geomorphological expression alone cannot reveal the groundwater potential associated with a lineament. However, characterizing the nature of the feature at depth with integrated geophysical methods provides essential information for assessing that potential.The online version of the original article can be found at     

北京怀柔地区第四纪下限的综合标志

本文运用综合分析的方法,从岩性、古地磁、古生物、矿物及化学成分等方面,对北京怀柔地区HR88—1钻孔剖面进行了系统研究。认为HR88—1钻孔所揭露的新生代沉积物可划分为4个岩性段。第三与第四岩性段的界线即为N/Q界线,该界线位于孔深370m处。由于M/G界面位于358.5m深处,故确认N/Q界限时代约为2.50MaB.P.,将孔深370m以下的红色沉积物划归上新统,其上的杂色沉积物划归更新统。     

基于技术经济评价的取心钻进方法设计

提出了一种进行取心钻进设计的新方法,其特点是将技术经济学的思想引入钻探工程设计中,从而实现取心钻进方法的优选。该方法具有通用性,可用于任何钻探项目取心钻进方法的选择。在研究中,建立了评价取心钻进施工的技术经济评价指标体系;推导了钻进时间和成本的计算公式,并以一个5000m取心钻进项目的设计为例,对CCSD科钻一井的取心钻进方法进行了评价,证明由中国大陆科学钻探工程中心发明和研制成功的螺杆马达-液动锤-提钻取心法是一种高效、优质、低成本和安全的取心钻进方法。     

Measurement and analysis of near-field blast vibration and damage

Summary Blast vibration and its attenuation within the rock mass immediately adjacent to a blast hole (2–15 m) were monitored for a blast hole diameter of 100 mm and a 2.4 m column of an emulsion explosive charge. Peak particle velocities calculated from the measured accelerations were compared with predictions from the charge-weight scaling law using typical site parameters which would be adopted for many far-field vibration predictions. It was found that the vibration amplitudes predicted by the conventional charge-weight scaling law are significantly lower than measured values. Strain and strain rates at different monitoring holes were calculated from experimental data. Using attenuation analysis of different frequency bands of measured acceleration signals, it was found that blast vibration attenuation between 2 m and 4 m depended not only on frequency but also on amplitude. A failure wave was postulated based on observations at the monitoring hole 2 m from the blast. A blast damage zone was evaluated using borehole camera and cross hole seismic studies. The damage zone in the rock was also analysed according to acceleration waveforms measured at different monitoring locations. The use of different techniques to measure blast damage provided an accurate assessment of the blast damage volume.     

A new approach for estimating the transverse surface settlement curve for twin tunnels in shallow and soft soils

Increasing demand on infrastructures has led to increased attention to shallow soft ground tunneling methods in urbanized areas. Especially in metro tunnel excavations, it is important to control the surface settlements which are observed before and after excavation, which may cause damage to surface structures. Unlike motorway, sewage and other infrastructure tunnels, metro tunnels generally have to be excavated as twin tunnels and must have a larger diameter. Metro tunnels also have shallow depth. Due to their shallow depth, metro tunnels generally have been constructed in weak rocks or weak soils in cities. The construction of twin tunnels will generate ground movements which have the potential to cause damage to existing surface and subsurface structures. To solve this settlement problem, experts have used the Earth pressure balance machine (EPBM) and the slurry balance machine. In such excavations, especially in twin tunnels, the main challenges for constructers are estimating the maximum surface settlement, controlling the interaction of transverse surface settlement and shaping the settlement curve. Incorrect estimation of these parameters can lead to significant problems above the tunnels and in nearby structures. This paper focuses on surface settlement measurements, on the interaction of twin tunnel transverse surface settlement and on the relationship between shield parameters and transverse surface settlement for parallel tunnels using EPBM shields in clay and sand soils in shallow depth. Also, a new equation is proposed for estimating the transverse settlement curve of twin tunnels. The results from this proposed equation are compared with the results of field observations. The transverse settlement curve values obtained from the proposed equation have good agreement with the actual results for the Otogar–Kirazli metro case studies.     

胶东金矿成矿深度的构造校正测算及成矿预测

成矿深度测算对于矿床学理论研究和深部找矿都有重要意义。经典的成矿深度“压力/比重”计算方法,缺乏考虑构造应力在成矿过程中的影响。前人按照“压力/比重”的计算方法,提出胶东蚀变岩金矿是6 000~8 000 m深的元古宙成矿,石英脉型金矿是深度在3 000 m左右的中生代成矿,并据此建立了金矿垂直五层楼的分带模式。依据该模式指导的深部预测勘查效果不好。“成矿深度构造校正测算”是近几十年逐渐成长起来的一个新方法,即先减去“构造附加压力”后再进行成矿深度测算。本文介绍“成矿深度构造校正测算”的计算方法,指出其应用条件和预测意义。开展成矿深度构造校正测算需要以下条件:(1)确定成矿模式;(2)开展野外构造变形岩相测量;(3)测量岩石矿物应变,恢复成矿构造应力场,计算构造附加静水压力;(4)测算成矿深度。根据“成矿深度构造校正测算”方法已经获得胶东多个典型金矿成矿深度的测算结果:(1)夏甸金矿成矿深度为-1 979.51~-3 014.72 m;(2)焦家金矿成矿深度为-1 632.4~-2 331.6 m;(3)大尹格庄金矿成矿深度为-2 775.4~-4 164.5 m;(4)新城金矿成矿深度为-1 781.29~-2 750.0 m;(5)玲珑金矿成矿深度为-720.55~-3 454.97 m。根据以上典型金矿成矿深度的测算结果,本文认为胶东金矿属于深-1 000~-4 500 m的浅成热液剪切带型矿床,由此推断胶东典型金矿矿体主要部分仍然赋存在深部。按照“构造校正测算”方法得到的成矿深度,结合地质、物探和化探信息,预测金矿发育“深部第二富集带”,已经得到胶东金矿勘查工作的证实。     

基于滨线轨迹的古水深定量计算新方法①--以古近系沙三中段东营三角洲为例

古水深确定是沉积学分析中难点问题,目前主要依据“标志物-水深”的定性-半定量方法确定,但存在原始样品获取难、预测精度低等诸多问题。该方法依据滨线轨迹迁移规律获取在点物源背景条件下一个三级层序内可容纳空间与沉积物供给速率之间变化关系或定量函数,进而采用回剥法和正演法相结合获取不同点原始沉积物厚度和相应的可容空间,其中回剥法获取每个单元原始沉积厚度,正演法获取每个单元随沉积物覆盖后顶层可容空间增量。三角洲平原区为补偿区,其原始沉积物厚度等于可容纳空间增量,三角洲前缘区为欠补偿区,其水深等于可容空间增量与原始沉积物厚度之差。这一新方法不仅考虑到不同点构造沉降差异,而且还考虑了三级层序内沉积物供给速率的变化趋势,因而,较为准确地预测三角洲区的古水深变化。该方法成功地应用于东营地区三角洲沉积区水深变化,该区沙三中（Es3-2）共发育9期进积体,最大水深为180 m,出现于t3时刻。该方法揭示了9期三角洲朵体发育时期水深变化,为该区沉积体空间展布预测提供了有效的定量预测方法。     

Calculation of surface settlements caused by EPBM tunneling using artificial neural network, SVM, and Gaussian processes

Increasing demand on infrastructures increases attention to shallow soft ground tunneling methods in urbanized areas. Especially in metro tunnel excavations, due to their large diameters, it is important to control the surface settlements observed before and after excavation, which may cause damage to surface structures. In order to solve this problem, earth pressure balance machines (EPBM) and slurry balance machines have been widely used throughout the world. There are numerous empirical, analytical, and numerical analysis methods that can be used to predict surface settlements. But substantially fewer approaches have been developed for artificial neural network-based prediction methods especially in EPBM tunneling. In this study, 18 different parameters have been collected by municipal authorities from field studies pertaining to EPBM operation factors, tunnel geometric properties, and ground properties. The data source has a preprocess phase for the selection of the most effective parameters for surface settlement prediction. This paper focuses on surface settlement prediction using three different methods: artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machines (SVM), and Gaussian processes (GP). The success of the study has decreased the error rate to 13, 12.8, and 9, respectively, which is relatively better than contemporary research.