Guidelines for international data collection and resource assessments and analyses

The ever-increasing world interdependency required to provide the basic energy and mineral commodities needed by society, has created a need to assess, on a common basis, the location, number, and quality of deposits of natural resources. In order to evaluate and compare the resource potential of any area, two major factors must be considered: (1) the type of commodity being evaluated and (2) the specific parameter (reserves or resources) which is being defined. Each commodity or parameter being studied requires a separate methodology for analysis and different basic data. Porphyry copper deposits must be treated differently from stratabound copper deposits or massive sulfide deposits of copper. Similarly, oil and gas deposits associated with stratigraphic traps must be treated differently from those associated with salt domes. Resource assessments attempt to estimate the aggregate resource potential of an area whereas resource analyses attempt to define the specific characteristics of the individual occurrences which comprise the aggregate resource potential. Assessment programs may range from a national inventory of known deposits and occurrences to detailed studies which require an extensive integration of geological, geochemical, and geophysical data. Examples of national inventories are the small mine inventory of Bolivia and presently operating resource programs in Turkey and Argentina. Detailed programs of assessment include the AMRAP (Alaska Mineral Resource Appraisal Program) program and studies in the Coeur d'Alene district and Ely, Nevada. Worldwide resource analysis is a rapidly expanding field of endeavor necessitated by the need to more clearly define the characteristics of known deposits and to provide quantitative estimates of hypothetical and speculative resources. Studies presently underway deal with the development of search and occurrence models, field size distributions of energy resources, tonnage and grade relationships of mineral deposits, the zone of influence of exploratory drill holes, and models of the exploration process.This paper was presented at the International Geological Correlation Program (IGCP) Project 98 entitled Standards for Computer Applications in Resource Studies held at Loen, Norway, September 27–October 1, 1976.     

Requirements of the data to be used for resource appraisal

General principles in evaluation and selection of data to be included in computer processible files intended for use in assisting regional resources appraisal are discussed against the background of activities related to file assembly at the Geological Survey of Canada. Some of the principles discussed are currently being implemented in the assembly of files at the GSC where they apply to the specific data being collected. Others are apparent from our analysis and would be applied if different data were being collected. The files currently being assembled at the Survey are intended to assist the commodity geologists in all project-related activities, one of which is regional resource appraisal. Prior to the commencement of data assembly, each data item considered for inclusion in the data files was scrutinized by members of the Economic Geology Subdivision in order to establish how it would contribute to the overall objectives of the file. At the same time strict definitions of each item were established. The main criteria applied to each data item considered for inclusion in the files were (a) the necessity of the item to satisfy the objectives of the file within the practical limitations of the resources available and (b) the general availability of the item. The characteristics found necessary to ensure integrity of the data files were (a) uniformity—the same definitions must apply to each item of similar type, (b) consistency—analytical results should be of the same method or differences noted in order that the data may be compared, and (c) mutual exclusiveness—especially when dealing with data referring to size. Such data should never be repeated in another part of the file or be included as part of another item.This paper was presented at the International Geological Correlation Program (IGCP) Project 98 entitled Standards for Computer Applications in Resource Studies held at Loen, Norway, September 27–October 1, 1976.     

Spatial analysis of two-dimensional orientation data

A frequently encountered problem in structural geology is the analysis and interpretation of directional data with a geographical distribution. Such data may arise, for example, as samples of fracture strikes collected at a number of locations (rocky outcrops, road cuttings, etc.), trends of geological structures mapped in underground mines where they are exposed in the tunnel roof, or as lineaments annotated on aerial or satellite photographs. From such data, it is of interest to determine the structural domains in the area, that is, to partition the area into subareas of homogeneous structural pattern. This paper presents a method for performing such an analysis, and applies it to a data set collected from an underground coal mine.     

结构方程模型及其在地学数据建模中的回顾与展望

结构方程模型是一种建立、 估计和检验因果关系的方法.它可以替代多重回归、 路径分析、 因子分析、 协方差分析等方法,清晰分析单项指标对总体的作用和单项指标间的相互关系,是一种主要应用于验证性模型分析的多元统计建模技术.由于能够通过可观测变量来度量潜变量得分以及分析不同子模型下潜变量之间的协同效应等优点,结构方程模型被广...     

Petroleum resource data systems

Construction of a petroleum data file first requires answers to specific questions: Who are to be the users; for what purpose is the file to be used; what are to be the data sources; are proprietary data to be included; is graphic display of the data desired? After fixing these guidelines, attention may be directed to data acquisition and file building. Because many useful software systems are now readily available, this aspect of the file-building process should require little attention. In general, the software should include an open-ended format to permit addition of new data items and easy updating, with economy of space on the tape or lisc. With respect to the data, and unless the file has a narrow usage, all available data on the geological and engineering aspects of petroleum occurrence should be collected. Proprietary data should be avoided, if possible, or else clearly labeled, and the file should be planned for public use, for convenience, to provide a needed service, and to avoid the pitfalls of implied secrecy.This paper was presented at the International Geological Correlation Program (IGCP) Project 98 entitled Standards for Computer Applications in Resource Studies held at Loen, Norway, September 27–October 1, 1976.     

应用地球物理数据处理与分析

从理论和方法技术两个角度讨论了应用地球物理学数据分析当前存在的问题,并对当前学科发展前沿的非线性反演问题进行了重点分析。笔者认为,当前这个领域主要存在８个理论问题,它们影响了学科的发展,同时还存在４个方法技术问题,限制了应用效果。由于从地球物理数据中提取信息和数据处理中不可避免地产生人造假象是相互矛盾的,当前的研究方向是“最大限度地从地球物理数据中提取信息的同时,有效地抑制人造假象”。主要的研究应集中在非线性技术与地球物理反演的结合部上,以开创非线性反演的理论体系。这个体系应突破正则化思维的束缚,引入非线性系统自组织、地球物理场的非线性属性等新概念,融信息科学、数理科学与地球科学为一体,为全球能源资源的勘查开发和环境监控服务。     

水利大数据研究综述

为了推动水利大数据的发展及其在水利管理中的应用,对水利大数据相关的研究进行总结和分析,并对未来的研究方向进行展望。在回顾水利大数据的产生背景和发展历程的基础上,界定了水利大数据的概念及内涵;构建了水利大数据的研究框架,并对水利大数据的存储与共享方法、分析平台、挖掘算法、数据可视化和应用等进行了探讨。结合水利大数据研究发展和应用需求,从数据集成方法、分析挖掘算法、数据安全和综合决策分析平台等方面对水利大数据研究领域的发展趋势进行阐述。     

仪器分析输出数据的转换和处理软件

利用Vc 编写了处理仪器分析后输出数据的软件，程序具有原始数据转移以及对转移后的数据进行校正、选择等功能。     

大数据时代的岩土工程监测——转折与机遇

随着电子信息技术、科学研究与工程实践的快速发展,不断产生种类繁多、数量巨大的数据,大数据现象已经出现,在科学数据分析、电子商务和银行业等领域得到了越来越多的重视和应用,大数据即将深刻地影响着人类的生活、工作及思维。传统的数据存储方法、关系数据库、数据处理和数据分析方法逐渐不能满足大数据业务的需要。简要介绍了大数据的定义、特征、所涉及的方法和技术、带来的变革及简单的应用实例,回顾了岩土工程监测学科的历史、现状及面临的问题,指出大数据的概念与岩土工程监测具有天然的契合性,今后大规模、全方位、多维度及多场的岩土工程监测将得以实现。在大数据时代,以关联分析、成因分析及决策支持为核心的深入分析能力将成为监测工作的核心,现场监测将被提升到与试验、理论与数值模拟相同甚至是更为重要的地位。因此,岩土工程监测工作者应该重视大数据的研究,加强应用其他行业的大数据研究成果,抓住大数据对岩土工程监测带来的机遇,为未来岩土工程监测的跨越式发展奠定基础。     

CGG解释工作站Fastedit成多图的一种方法

在对ＣＧＧ解释工作站系统的深入分析基础上,提出了“处理成图数据、Ｆａｓｔｅｄｉｔ一次成多图、降低生产成本”的改进方法。     

多种再分析地表温度资料在中国区域的适用性分析

利用1979-2010年中国805个站点的逐日地表温度观测资料与ERA-Interim、ERA-Interim/Land、JRA-55、NCEP/NCAR和NCEP/DOE五种再分析地表温度资料, 对五种再分析地表温度资料在中国区域的适用性进行了比较与分析. 结果表明: 从空间分布特征来看, JRA-55资料与观测资料最为接近; 五种再分析地表温度资料在东部地区的适用性好于西部地区, 且均不能很好地模拟出青藏高原地区和西北西部地区的地表温度分布. 从地表温度的长期变化来看, 五种再分析地表温度资料虽然可以描述地表温度变化趋势, 但均存在低估现象, 且低估现象随着地表温度的增加变得更加严重. 在地表温度人工观测和自动观测交接的时间段, 可以使用再分析资料作为地表温度均一化的参考序列.     

Locating maximum variance segments in sequential data

An automated method is presented for the identification of peaks in sets of sequential data. The method is based upon the location of those segments with maximum variance and has the advantage of guarding against the masking of small-scale effects by large-scale effects. The procedure is illustrated with data taken as part of the National Uranium Resource Evaluation project.This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, Grand Junction Office.     

应用测井资料自动确定岩性的计算机程序

在复杂岩性地层的测井资料解释工作中,用常规的双矿物模型已无法对地层岩性进行准确的分析。为此,设计了应用测井资料自动确定岩性的计算机程序。该程序应用常规测井资料,使用取芯井段选择标准层,建立各种岩性模式,根据这些模式对未取芯井段或井进行逐层岩性统计判别,绘出一个完整而连续的岩性剖面。文中以 X 地区 Y 构造 B 井为例,说明这一程序在应用测井资料自动确定岩性方面具有较高的精度。     

运用1∶25万化探数据进行区域天然放射性填图评价

以1∶25万化探数据为切入点,在分析全国各城市天然放射性水平特征的基础上,运用放射性填图评价技术研究了成都平原天然放射性水平分布特征。结果表明:研究区环境天然放射性核素238 U、232 Th、40 K含量频数均呈正态分布,数值均在正常本底范围内;238 U比活度总体上低于全国平均水平,232 Th和40 K比活度总体上高于全国平均水平;研究区天然放射性辐射水平、γ射线照射量率、吸收剂量率、年有效剂量当量均低于世界和全国的平均水平;研究区γ射线内、外照射指数均在国家限量标准控制范围之内。     

铜陵矿集区姚家岭锌金多金属矿床深部地质空间信息相关性数据挖掘

姚家岭锌金多金属矿床是长江中下游成矿带铜陵矿集区近年来新发现的特大型热液多金属矿床,矿床位于铜陵断隆区与繁昌断凹区的过渡部位,成矿过程受构造、裂隙和矿液运移模式等因素的控制。成矿作用分为多个阶段,矿床范围内蚀变作用强烈,蚀变类型复杂多样,矿化不均匀。当前大数据思维为地质研究开辟了新思路,采用全数据模式、从数据出发的大数据分析方法可以有效探索研究矿床。基于姚家岭矿床的钻孔数据,结合已有研究成果,创建深部数据挖掘范围,在该范围内采用反距离权重插值法建立姚家岭块体模型,然后选择三维欧式距离场及空间相关程度定量化分析对深部空间信息进行相关性数据挖掘。结果表明,姚家岭矿床的铅锌矿体、金矿体和铜矿体与二叠系栖霞组重叠超过50%,60%左右铅锌矿体与石炭系的空间距离在500 m以内,80%左右金矿体和铜矿体与石炭系的空间距离在500 m以内。铅锌矿体与角砾斑岩和角砾大理岩的空间相关性最高,相关程度分别为40.37%和24.77%;金矿体与角砾斑岩的空间相关性最高,相关程度分别为13.76%和5.5%;铜矿体与角砾斑岩、角砾大理岩和角砾灰岩的相关性最高,相关程度分别为36.17%、16.51%和15.60%。     

空间数据：性质、影响和分析方法

20世纪90年代以来,以信息技术为主要标志的科学进步日新月异,正深刻地改变着人类社会的生产和生活方式。人类活动所涉及的信息80％以上属空间信息,可由地理坐标确定其空间区位,美国已将发展空间信息科学视为提升其国家竞争力水平的重要途径之一。2000年美国国家地理信息与分析中心（Nat ionalCenterforGeo graphicInformat ionandAnalysis,NCGIA）在其跨世纪的研究规划中提出了发展地理信息科学的Varenius计划。Varenius计划要求研究空间信息的不确定性理论,并开发处理这种不确定性的空间数据分析技术。鉴于空间数据的两维多方向性,空间数据所包含的误差远比单一方向性的时间序列数据来得复杂。最近发展起来的空间统计学和空间计量经济学不仅解决了标准统计方法在处理空间数据时的失误问题,更重要的是为测量这种空间联系及其性质、并在建模时明确地引入空间联系变量以估算与检验其贡献提供了全新的手段。基于美国地理信息科学的发展动态,重点阐释空间统计学和空间计量经济学的理论基础,包括空间数据的性质、空间信息的误差理论、空间数据分析的类型和内容。     

地震数据采集新概念

随着地震勘探目标的越来越复杂化，地震勘探已经从经验化、定性化的过程，发展到准确化、定量化。计算机及其相关技术的发展进一步为地震勘探的现代化提供了保证。这里就地震数据采集方面的科学化分析提出了系统的解决思路，即由采集参数系统分析可获得最佳的地震观测参数；地质模型分析可帮助用户在复杂地质结构下设计曩有利的接收排列；地震资料品质分析可定量地评价地震采集到的单炮资料的品质。它既可以用于采集参数试验过程中参数的优先，也可以用于施工过程中资料的质量监控。