Trip making, induced travel demand, and accessibility

Traditional transportation planning practice rests on the premise that the demand for transportation is derived. On the other hand, economic theory advances that enhancement to the transportation system leads to lower travel cost and hence to induced demand. Such an argument lends support to the view that the rate at which trips are generated is linked to the ease of making trips to potential destinations. Rather conflicting evidence has so far come out of aggregate trip generation modeling applications. This paper revisits this issue with proper characterization of integral accessibility. Poisson regression models of automobile trip generation by trip purpose are estimated on travel survey data in Minneapolis–St. Paul, MN. Alternative measures of accessibility are tested for statistical significance. Conclusions are drawn on the role of accessibility in trip making and on the comparison of integral accessibility measures.The first author gratefully acknowledges the financial support of NSF grant SBR- 9308394. We are particularly indebted to Rick Gelbmann, Robert Paddock, and Mark Philippi at the Metropolitan Council, Minneapolis–St. Paul, and William Barrett at the Office of Transportation Data Analysis, Minnesota Department of Transportation for their availability to answer all our data-related questions.     

Making more out of pixel-level change information: using a neighbourhood approach to improve land change characterization across large and heterogeneous areas

The paper demonstrates two issues; (i) how a ‘moving window approach’, that translates pixel level detected changes to landscape level, can be implemented; (ii) how the approach can overcome the limitations of pixel level change information to characterize change over large areas. First we detected changes from two periods (1986 and 2010) of LULC maps. On the pixel-based changes, we ran focal statistics summation operator separately for selected window sizes (1–10 km). Further, we assessed effect of scale in depicting the pattern and amount of change. The approach is found useful to overcome major shortfalls of pixel-based change characterization. However, varying scale of analysis provide varying amount of change and differently represent change patterns. Thus, implementing the approach over complex and large areas requires multi-scale approach. Subdividing complex and large areas into homogeneous zones can help to implement the multi-scale approach and facilitate the selection of appropriate scale of analysis.     

Models for analyzing the driving force of cultivated land supply change

This paper focuses on a series of quantitative analysis models, such as grey relational analysis model, hierarchical cluster analysis model, principal component analysis model, linear regression model and elastic coefficient model. These models are used to analyze the comprehensive function and effect of driving forces systemically, including analysis on features, analysis for differentiating the primary and the secondary, analysis on comprehensive effects, analysis of elasticity, analysis of prediction. The primary and characteristic factors can be extracted by analysis of features and analysis for differentiating the primary and the secondary. Analysis on prediction and elasticity can predict the area of cultivated land in the future and find out which factors exert great influence on the cultivated land supply.     

Models for analyzing the driving force of cultivated land supply change

This paper focuses on a series of quantitative analysis models, such as grey relational analysis model, hierarchical cluster analysis model, principal component analysis model, linear regression model and elastic coefficient model. These models are used to analyze the comprehensive function and effect of driving forces systemically, including analysis on features, analysis for differentiating the primary and the secondary, analysis on comprehensive effects, analysis of elasticity, analysis of prediction. The primary and characteristic factors can be extracted by analysis of features and analysis for differentiating the primary and the secondary. Analysis on prediction and elasticity can predict the area of cultivated land in the future and find out which factors exert great influence on the cultivated land supply.     

Mapping and estimating land change between 2001 and 2013 in a heterogeneous landscape in West Africa: Loss of forestlands and capacity building opportunities

In West Africa, accurate classification of land cover and land change remains a big challenge due to the patchy and heterogeneous nature of the landscape. Limited data availability, human resources and technical capacities, further exacerbate the challenge. The result is a region that is among the more understudied areas in the world, which in turn has resulted in a lack of appropriate information required for sustainable natural resources management. The objective of this paper is to explore open source software and easy-to-implement approaches to mapping and estimation of land change that are transferrable to local institutions to increase capacity in the region, and to provide updated information on the regional land surface dynamics. To achieve these objectives, stable land cover and land change between 2001 and 2013 in the Kara River Basin in Togo and Benin were mapped by direct multitemporal classification of Landsat data by parameterization and evaluation of two machine-learning algorithms. Areas of land cover and change were estimated by application of an unbiased estimator to sample data following international guidelines. A prerequisite for all tools and methods was implementation in an open source environment, and adherence to international guidelines for reporting land surface activities. Findings include a recommendation of the Random Forests algorithm as implemented in Orfeo Toolbox, and a stratified estimation protocol − all executed in the QGIS graphical use interface. It was found that despite an estimated reforestation of 10,0727 ± 3480 ha (95% confidence interval), the combined rate of forest and savannah loss amounted to 56,271 ± 9405 ha (representing a 16% loss of the forestlands present in 2001), resulting in a rather sharp net loss of forestlands in the study area. These dynamics had not been estimated prior to this study, and the results will provide useful information for decision making pertaining to natural resources management, land management planning, and the implementation of the United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (UN-REDD).     

半参数测量平差模型与系统误差处理

考虑半参数测量模型L=Bx+S+Δ,x$Rd为未知回归参数,S为未知Borel函数。本文首先利用自然样条函数法,找到符合条件的非参数自然插值样条函数。其次利用偏残差法并综合最小二乘法,导出了这种平差方法的解算公式。最后,用一个算例说明了此方法的优越性。     

基于地铁的乘客出行群组模式发现与可视化

拥挤现象是困扰公共交通出行者和管理者的一个重要问题.公共交通出行者需要了解公共交通载具的负载情况从而尽可能地避免拥挤,公共交通管理者需要了解公共交通的客运情况来指挥调度.为了服务于以上需求,该文参考自由轨迹的群组定义方式定义了 一种在公共交通系统中与拥挤现象强相关的群组模式,并重点给出了包含原始群组提取和融合原始群组在内的群组模式挖掘算法.基于提取到的群组进一步设计了群组的可视化方法.最后基于深圳地铁智能卡数据对地铁群组进行了模式挖掘与可视化.基于提取到的群组,乘客可以错峰出行,提高出行舒适度;交通规划者可以对拥挤易发生的路段进行调度.     

Supporting Automated Pen and Ink Style Surface Illustration with B-Spline Models

This paper introduces a methodology for constructing pen and ink style landscape illustrations using B-spline surface models. Following a brief discussion of manual methods and recent developments in automated non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) techniques, the paper discusses polynomial models for surface rendering and their implementation in the OpenGL graphics interface. It then discusses the generation of silhouettes and form lines for topographic surfaces from a set of triangulated vertices obtained from polygonal tessellations. An implementation of the methodology outlined in the paper is described and tested. The results are analyzed and suggestions for further research are presented.     

Understanding tourists' travel behavior before,during, and after the trip with data from social media platforms

Analyzing tourists' travel behavior at different stages of a trip can help to better understand their travel demands, providing valuable suggestions for destination management. In this article, we propose a research framework that can help in comprehensively analyzing tourists' travel behavior from the perspective of the three main stages: before, during, and after the trip. A case study was conducted based on user-generated content data from the Old Town of Lijiang to verify the feasibility of the proposed research framework. The results show that: (1) before the trip, tourists inquire about destinations and optimal stay; (2) during the trip, tourists are attracted to natural sceneries; (3) after the trip, tourists discuss experience and services. Travel behavior in stages provide detailed (inter-, intra-, and individual attractions) guidance (from tourists) for destinations. The proposed framework provides a novel perspective for exploring the spatiotemporal behavioral features of tourists at different stages of their trips.     

时空数据质量与模型

时空数据不确定性与数据质量是地理信息科学的基础理论之一,也是GIS应用发展的重要问题。本文作为ISPRS2008大会专题“时空数据质量与模型”导读,从空间实体的位置不确定性、数字高程模型的位置不确定性、遥感数据的不确定性、属性数据的不确定性与质量控制、空间分析与操作的不确定性传播和空间数据采集的不确定性与处理等方面,分析了时空数据不确定性与数据质量的最近发展。     

GNSS多径反射探测海平面变化初探

随着GNSS研究与应用的不断深入,GNSS多径反射技术用于地表环境监测已成为一种新兴的遥感手段。针对目前国内对GNSS多径反射技术开展海平面变化探测研究较少的现状,该文通过分析信噪比值的变化特性,详细给出了基于信噪比观测值的GNSS多径反射技术探测海平面变化的基本原理。利用布设在美国华盛顿州Friday Harbor岸边的GPS连续运行跟踪站SC02观测数据反演了海平面变化,并与该站相距359m的Friday Harbor验潮站的监测数据进行了对比分析,误差均值为0.091m,相关系数为0.99。实验结果进一步验证了基于大地测量型GPS接收机用于海平面变化监测的有效性。     

数字地面模型的建立及其应用

数字地面模型的建立与实践由数据采集、数据处理与应用3部分组成。数字地面模型是地形表面形态等多种信息的一个数字表示,它是地理信息数据库的基本内核。在实际应用中便于修改、更新、复制及管理,也可以方便地转换成其他形式的地表资料文件及产品。着重讨论了在全数字摄影测量工作站上,如何建立 DTM 以及 DTM 用于生成等高线、正射影像图的方法与技巧。     

三旋转自由度激光经纬仪的扫描数学模型

首先给出二旋转自由度激光经纬仪的铅垂面扫描方程和圆锥面扫描方程的推演结果,然后着重推演三旋转自由度激光经纬仪的扫描方程,其中包括绕竖轴(主轴)旋转生成的单叶双曲面扫描方程、绕横轴(副轴)旋转的单叶双曲面扫描方程以及绕视准轴(第三轴)旋转的给定方位的平面扫描方程。     

Spatiotemporal analysis of vegetation variability and its relationship with climate change in China

This paper investigated spatiotemporal dynamic pattern of vegetation, climate factor, and their complex relationships from seasonal to inter-annual scale in China during the period 1982–1998 through wavelet transform method based on GIMMS data-sets. First, most vegetation canopies demonstrated obvious seasonality, increasing with latitudinal gradient. Second, obvious dynamic trends were observed in both vegetation and climate change, especially the positive trends. Over 70% areas were observed with obvious vegetation greening up, with vegetation degradation principally in the Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta, and desert. Overall warming trend was observed across the whole country (>98% area), stronger in Northern China. Although over half of area (58.2%) obtained increasing rainfall trend, around a quarter of area (24.5%), especially the Central China and most northern portion of China, exhibited significantly negative rainfall trend. Third, significantly positive normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)–climate relationship was generally observed on the de-noised time series in most vegetated regions, corresponding to their synchronous stronger seasonal pattern. Finally, at inter-annual level, the NDVI–climate relationship differed with climatic regions and their long-term trends: in humid regions, positive coefficients were observed except in regions with vegetation degradation; in arid, semiarid, and semihumid regions, positive relationships would be examined on the condition that increasing rainfall could compensate the increasing water requirement along with increasing temperature. This study provided valuable insights into the long-term vegetation–climate relationship in China with consideration of their spatiotemporal variability and overall trend in the global change process.     

On design and implementation of an object-relational spatial database for activity/travel behaviour research

The development of micro level models of urban processes has partially been facilitated by increased availability of detailed activity/travel survey data. Managing and exploring these data can be resource intensive and time consuming. Researchers and municipal planning organizations increasingly face information management challenges. This paper reviews an experiment in design and implementation of an object-relational geographic database using the principles of object-orientation. A data model is specified using the Unified Modeling Language notation and a visual modeling tool, and then implemented as an object-relational spatial database. The resulting database acts as an information foundation capable of supporting empirical research and application development. The experience suggests that a formal approach to information management can enhance our understanding of complex activity/travel data contributing to informed application of these data to transportation research questions.The authors would like to thank Metro for the provision of data and supporting documentation. They are also thankful to three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. The second author, holder of the Canada Research Chair in Spatial Analysis, is grateful for the support of the SSHRC Canada Research Chairs program.     

基于中间件技术的异构数据库集成设计与实现

针对数据库存在的异构问题和集成的需要,提出一种基于XML中间件技术的异构数据库集成模型,该模型由异构数据源层、中间件层和应用层组成。详细阐述中间层的实现流程和实现的相关技术。设计并开发流域水环境异构数据库集成中间件。数据集成实验证明:该模型具有可行性、扩展性和透明性等特点。     

水准监测网的分段速率整体平差

本文介绍了一种整体处理水准监测网多期复测资料的分段速率整体平差法。该法可在统一基准上整体解算各分时段的形变速率,反映出垂直形变场的整体动态变化过程。其平差模型是一种通用的水准网间接平差模型,可包含原有的静态平差和速率动态平差模型。本文还分析了该模型的有关特点,介绍了在平差计算中解巨型法方程式的算法和编程,并给出了算例。