Application of approximate formulae to analyse the spectral distribution of the light attenuation coefficient

An analysis is made of the spectral distribution curves of the light attenuation coefficient in natural water areas and artificial roily oils in sea water samples under various conditions of salinity and storage time, using the approximate formulae based on the Mie theory.     

惠州凹陷花岗岩潜山储层条件分析及石油地质意义

南海珠江口盆地惠州凹陷经过近四十年的勘探、开发和生产,已经进入复式勘探阶段,急需开拓新的勘探领域。其中之一的花岗岩古潜山勘探由于一直没有钻遇油藏导致潜力受到学界质疑。为开拓火成岩油气藏勘探领域,优选惠州凹陷A构造作为靶区后成功钻探珠江口盆地第一口花岗岩潜山油藏发现井。对井壁取心、薄片和FMI(地层微电阻率扫描成像)成果进行分析,储层段裂缝有成组缝、网状缝和孤立缝3种类型,存在4个裂缝较为发育的层段;次生溶蚀主要包括沿裂缝溶蚀和溶蚀孔洞。垂向上受差异风化淋滤改造分为黏土带、碎裂-裂缝带和基岩带。储集空间以伴生缝为主, 裂缝被方解石充填。应用RCI(储层表征仪)和MDT(模块式电缆储层动态测试器)测试油藏的情况并分析生、储、盖和运移条件,揭示其石油地质意义和领域性突破的科学价值。     

载人潜水器在深海科学考察中的应用研究进展

载人深潜技术是深海技术的前沿与制高点,也是深海科考最先进的技术手段之一。20世纪60年代以来,随着高新技术的发展,美国、法国、俄罗斯、日本等国在载人潜水器的研制和应用上取得了快速的发展,先后掌握了大深度载人深潜技术,具备了在复杂海况下进行水下作业的能力,实现了对深海和大洋洋底的现场观察、探测和取样等。目前,深海载人潜水器的考察范围已经遍及全球大陆坡深水区、洋中脊、海山、海沟和洋盆等海底区域,获得了大量的深海地质、地球物理、生物、化学和环境方面的信息或样品,取得了一批重大的发现和创新性的研究成果,推动了深海科学的发展。我国自主集成研制的"蛟龙"号载人潜水器顺利完成了7 000m级海试,并于2013年开始开展了试验性应用,取得了丰硕的科考成果。本文简要介绍了世界载人潜水器的发展现状及其在深海科学考察中的技术优势,综述了国内外载人潜水器在深海地质学、生物学和物理海洋学等领域中的应用情况。     

太平洋波高熵的分布变化规律研究

使用1992年IO月到1998年12月连续共75个月、230个重复周期的Topex／Poseidon卫星高度计有效波高资料，对南、北太平洋波高熵的空间分布特征和时间变化规律进行了研究。统计分析了太平洋波高熵的多年的空间分布特征和多年各月的时间变化规律。结果表明，太平洋波高熵呈现出中间低、南北高的马鞍形空间分布特征和明显季节变化的规律，与太平洋的平均有效波高和气候分布特征和变化规律相一致。给出了南北太平洋模拟波高熵的计算公式及计算稳定性检验。     

大万山波浪能试验场泊位间水动力影响分析

当前我国近海海域属稀缺资源,波浪能试验场建设须通过合理布局各测试泊位,在保证试验场各泊位可同时正常开展测试工作的前提下,尽量减小用海面积。拉近试验泊位距离,是减小用海面积的直接手段,但在此过程中,必须保证在试验场场址海域水动力环境下,泊位接入测试波浪能装置后,其之间的水动力影响在可接受的范围内。以大万山波浪能试验场泊位设计为例,介绍一种有效的泊位间水动力影响分析方法。方法采用自主开发的二维Boussinesq波浪模型,开展水动力影响分析工作,同时引入相对波高比概念,对泊位接入装置后影响距离和影响面积进行了定量的分析。文中研究得出的分析方法,可用于判定泊位布局设计的合理性。     

较大尺度下潮流物模试验理论可行性的数值研究

以渤海及其局部海域为例,通过数值模拟量化地转缺失对水动力过程的影响,评价不同空间尺度下实施潮流物理模型试验的理论可行性。结果表明,对整个渤海、辽东湾这么大尺度的海域实施物模试验理论上是不可行的;对90km尺度的渤海湾,地转缺失使模拟结果存在较大偏差;对莱州湾61km尺度的海域可进行物模试验。研究确定60km为实施潮流物模试验一般的理论允许尺度。     

Study on collision avoidance in busy waterways by using AIS data

Due to high density of vessel traffic, busy waterways are water areas with high potential for collisions. The application of AIS makes it possible to investigate accurate and actual behavior of collision-involved ships, and benefits vessel traffic management and waterways design for these areas. As a case study, the authors focus on a Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) off Rotterdam Port in Europe, and using AIS data, statistical analysis is made for collision involved ships. In order to identify the correlation of CPA, which is a key indicator for collision avoidance, with ship's size, speed, and course, linear regression models are developed. To assess risks, a dynamic method based on SAMSON is presented.     

中国东部陆架海区粒度分析研究进展

沉积物的粒度受到物源区性质、沉积动力条件和搬运方式等因素的控制。自第四纪以来,我国东部陆架区由于海陆变迁、气候突变等古环境演化而沉积了巨厚的沉积物,这些成因特点都在沉积物的粒度特征中得到反映。沉积物粒度分析的经典方法是对粒度测试得到的数据进行计算和整理得到粒度参数和粒度图解,进而分析包括水动力、物源等在内的沉积环境特征。近年来随着计算机技术和数学模型的发展,沉积物粒度的应用也更加多元,如通过陆架区表层沉积物的粒度趋势研究现代沉积输运特征;通过敏感粒度研究高分辨率古气候演化;通过分离钻孔沉积物粒度数据重建古水深变化等。     

Photogrammetric Bathymetry for the Canadian Arctic

Abstract

Remote sensing is becoming common in the estimation of bathymetry for navigational charting through a process known as Satellite Derived Bathymetry (SDB). Most SDB techniques currently used by hydrographic offices employ an empirical approach, requiring the use of in-situ data to calibrate a relationship between spectral information and coincident depths. This article reports on a multi-site test of an alternative SDB method which uses photogrammetry to extract depths from stereo WorldView-2 imagery. In areas with heterogeneous seafloors, the empirical approach faces difficulties in establishing the relationship between colour and depth, while the photogrammetric approach uses the contrasting seafloor features for triangulation. Additionally, the photogrammetric method may be applied in areas lacking previous survey data. Five study areas in Nunavut, Canada were selected to test the robustness of the method in different environments and under different imaging conditions. Study areas were (with resulting RMSE/Bias given in metres) Coral Harbour (0.84/?0.47), Cambridge Bay (1.16/?0.15), Queen Maud Gulf (0.97/0.06), Arviat (0.99/?0.009), and Frobisher Bay, where extraction largely failed due to environmental conditions. Accuracies demonstrated here are similar to those seen using the empirical approach, suggesting that these two methods may be used in conjunction, each applied to regions where they are better suited.     

Aerospace methods and technologies for monitoring oil and gas areas and facilities

The urgency and specific features of the application of the up-to-date aerospace methods and technologies in order to monitor different oil and gas facilities; study subsurface geology of oil and gas areas; search for oil and gas deposits (particularly in Arctic regions); control oil, gas, and product pipelines; and estimate the environmental conditions in the areas of hydrocarbon production and transportation on land and on the sea are justified and analyzed. The problems in the oil and gas industry which can be solved using aerospace data are systematized. The principles of organization of aerospace monitoring and the physical bases of remote sensing methods for solving different problems in the oil and gas industry are considered. The application of aerospace methods and technologies in order to monitor the environmental conditions in the oil and gas production areas, monitor pipelines, detect pollution of the marine environment with oil products (particularly, after the accident on the oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010), and control the ice conditions in the Arctic oil and gas areas is illustrated.     

台风期间的海洋观测及其新技术发展

国外近几年已经研发出两种专门用于台风期间海洋观测的新技术,并在大西洋海域得到了试应用。文章将着重介绍这两种新型的观测仪器设备及其所取得的初步观测和研究结果。     

大水深斜坡堤护面块体稳定重量的确定

近年来,军队和地方港口建设中,在一些水深达20 m的水域,选择了造价相对较高、但安全性和耐久性较好的斜坡式结构防波堤。但在确定护面块体稳定重量时却发现,按照相关规范计算的重量值偏小,不能满足安全性的要求。结合某船厂防波堤的断面物模试验,对大水深的斜坡堤护面块体的稳定性进行了初步分析,发现在该试验中块体的临界重量为8.15 t。并提出在计算块体稳定重量时应考虑水深的影响,适当降低块体稳定系数的取值。     

Regional fish stock management: A model for North-West Africa

Development of a bio-economic model for applications in managing an important north African fishery is reported in this article. The model is applied through identification of baseline conditions and analysis of two alternative fishery management plans; limiting the number of vessels and instituting a closed season. Several key assumptions relative to biological and fleet variables are necessarily made, since in some areas historical data are limited. However, results strongly suggest that rents to resource owners (African coastal countries) can be substantially increased by either method of limiting access to the fishery and by licensing vessels and fishermen.     

Hydrodynamic Study on Energy Capturing Performance of Horizontal Axis Blades Under Sub-Low Speed Tidal Current

The research on the hydrodynamics of blades is mainly focused on sea areas with high-speed current. However, the average velocity in most territorial waters of China is smaller than 1 m/s, and the lift type of airfoil blades has limited application in most of these conditions. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the tidal current energy capture of blades in sub-low speed sea areas. The effect of flow impact resistance on the blade at sub-low current speed is considered and a new type of thin-walled blade based on the lift type of blade is proposed, and then the lift-impact combined hydrodynamic model of horizontal axis blade is established. Based on this model, and considering the characteristics of tidal current and velocity in the sea area of Yushan Islands, simulation and optimization of blade design are carried out. Additionally, the horizontal axis thin-walled blade and the NACA airfoil contrast blade under the same conditions are developed. By using a synthetical experimental test system, the power, torque, rotational speed and load characteristics of these two blades are tested. The performance of the thin-walled blade and the design theory are verified. It shows that this type of blade has much better energy capture efficiency in the sub-low speed sea area. This research will promote the study and development of turbines that can be used in low-speed current sea areas in the future.     

基于高空间分辨率遥感影像的水深反演有效性评估

卫星遥感反演水深（Satellite Derived Bathymetry, SDB）是获取浅海水深信息的有效手段。然而,其有效范围只限于光学浅水区域,在深水区域呈现“伪浅海”的失真现象。因此,如何准确识别SDB数据的有效范围对其广泛应用至关重要。本文基于高空间分辨率多光谱卫星影像,在深入分析深/浅水辐射亮度统计分布特征差异的基础上,提出一种数据驱动的水深反演有效性评价方法。该方法以卫星影像辐亮度信息的局域标准差作为特征,基于K-S检验方法对光学深水区域统计特征进行模型优选,并使用假设检验方法对深水无效区域对应的SDB进行识别。甘泉岛水域实验结果表明,该方法通过统计分布划分光学浅水与深水区域边界,可以有效识别光学深水区域产生的无效水深反演数据。在剔除无效区域数据后,光学浅水有效区域内水深反演平均绝对误差（MAE）为1.01,均方根误差（RMSE）为1.52。实验结果表明,本文提出的方法可准确识别SDB结果的有效区域,进而为浅海地形解译提供方法支撑。     

波浪作用下粘质粉砂底床性态变化的试验研究

利用不同波高条件下的波浪水槽试验,对现行黄河水下三角洲粘质粉砂底床的性态变化进行了研究.试验中观测了底床土体孔隙水压力的变化和扰动破坏区与未扰动破坏区之间在波浪作用下的性态差异.结果分析表明,土体孔隙水压力受波高要素影响较大;扰动破坏区含水量减小和容重增加现象比未扰动破坏区明显.在扰动破坏区经波浪长时间作用后形成凹坑塌陷,此结果对认识黄河三角洲上凹坑塌陷的形成过程有借鉴意义.     

虾池生态系的氮平衡及氨水平的生物调控虾池中三氮的动态趋势(Ⅰ)

根据对胶州湾两个半封闭海水对虾养殖池塘现场调查和实验测试,寻找一种适合该虾池的用于分析氮营养盐的方法,讨论和分析该水环境中氮营养盐的存在特征与行为,得到在不同理化指标下各价态氮营养盐的含量和变化趋势,通过分析其含量和变化特征,对于合理施肥和投饵,有效调节放养量具有一定的指导意义。     

海底地磁日变观测站的设计与应用

采用布设海底地磁日变观测锚系的技术方法,可解决远海区磁测日变改正观测资料问题。重点介绍设立海底地磁日变观测锚系中观测设备的技术特性、锚系设计及这一技术方法在国内的首次应用情况。     

近130年胶州湾自然形态和冲淤演变探讨

以胶州湾不同时代的海图为依据 ,采用人机交互方式 ,利用数字化板和地学软件 ,对胶州湾海底冲淤态势进行了半定量 (精确到量级 )分析 ,划分了湾内淤积区、侵蚀区 ,并给出了历史变迁趋势。结果表明 ,2 0世纪 80年代以前 ,胶州湾基本处于淤积缩小状态 ,沧口水道和环流中心的海湾中部及沿岸各小湾为淤积区 ,湾口部分和外湾侵蚀 ;2 0世纪 80年代末 90年代初 ,胶州湾反向发展 ,转为侵蚀 ,侵蚀区从湾口向内湾经各水道辐射分布 ,仅侵蚀区之间分布着小片淤积区     

信号隔离技术在海洋仪器中的应用

信号隔离可保证多参数仪器在海洋现场测试中不会受到外界干扰及各参数之间干扰,对整个系统的正常工作非常重要。ISO124是美国Burr-Brown公司生产的隔离放大器,论文介绍其工作原理及其在海水负二价硫传感器中的应用。