Dynamic subduction process of local plate revealed by Ibaraki earthquake sequence of 1982 in Japan

IntroductionIt has been brought forward in the plate tectonic theory that the global lithosphere consists of a number of active blocks floating above the asthenosphere since 1960s. And from then on, the kinematics and dynamics of lithosphere have been the frontal subjects in the contemporary geoscientific study. The Pacific Plate is the biggest one covering one fourth of the earth surface. Situated in the Eurasia Plate, our country is affected directly by the compression from the Pacific Pl…     

The rupture process and tectonic implications of the great 1964 Prince William Sound earthquake

We have determined the rupture history of the March 28, 1964, Prince Williams Sound earthquake (M _w=9.2) from long-period WWSSNP-wave seismograms. Source time functions determined from the long-periodP waves indicate two major pulses of moment release. The first and largest moment pulse has a duration of approximately 100 seconds with a relatively smooth onset which reaches a peak moment release rate at about 75 seconds into the rupture. The second smaller pulse of moment release starts at approximately 160 seconds after the origin time and has a duration of roughly 40 seconds. Because of the large size of this event and thus a deficiency of on-scale, digitizableP-wave seismograms, it is impossible to uniquely invert for the location of moment release. However, if we assume a rupture direction based on the aftershock distribution and the results of surface wave directivity studies we are able to locate the spatial distribution of moment along the length of the fault. The first moment pulse most likely initiated near the epicenter at the northeastern down-dip edge of the aftershock area and then spread over the fault surface in a semi-circular fashion until the full width of the fault was activated. The rupture then extended toward the southwest approximately 300 km (Ruff andKanamori, 1983). The second moment pulse was located in the vicinity of Kodiak Island, starting at 500 km southwest of the epicenter and extending to about 600 km. Although the aftershock area extends southwest past the second moment pulse by at least 100 km, the moment release remained low. We interpret the 1964 Prince William Sound earthquake as a multiple asperity rupture with a very large dominant asperity in the epicentral region and a second major, but smaller, asperity in the Kodiak Island region.The zone that ruptured in the 1964 earthquake is segmented into two regions corresponding to the two regions of concentrated moment release. Historical earthquake data suggest that these segments behaved independently during previous events. The Kodiak Island region appears to rupture more frequently with previous events occurring in 1900, 1854, 1844, and 1792. In contrast, the Prince William Sound region has much longer recurrence intervals on the order of 400–1000 years.     

Fast and robust inversion of earthquake source rupture process and its application to earthquake emergency response

Fast inversion of source rupture process for significant earthquake is introduced and applied to earthquake emergency response.We retrieve and use the apparent source time functions (ASTFs) to stabilize the rupture process inversion,aiming to get the rupture process results correctly and quickly.The applications to 22 significant earthquakes occurred between January 2009 and July 2011 show an average inversion time consumed of about four hours,suggesting a high efficiency of this method,which much improves the inversion speed of the rupture process and is helpful in earthquake disaster mitigation and relief.     

Spatio-temporal rupture process of the 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake

Focal mechanism and dynamic rupture process of the Wenchaun M _s8.0 earthquake in Sichuan province on 12 May 2008 were obtained by inverting long period seismic data from the Global Seismic Network (GSN), and characteristics of the co-seismic displacement field near the fault were quantitatively analyzed based on the inverted results to investigate the mechanism causing disaster. A finite fault model with given focal mechanism and vertical components of the long period P-waves from 21 stations with evenly azimuthal coverage were adopted in the inversion. From the inverted results as well as aftershock distribution, the causative fault of the great Wenchuan earthquake was confirmed to be a fault of strike 225°/dip 39°/rake 120°, indicating that the earthquake was mainly a thrust event with right-lateral strike-slip component. The released scalar seismic moment was estimated to be about 9.4×10²⁰-2.0×10²¹ Nm, yielding moment magnitude of M _w7.9–8.1. The great Wenchuan earthquake occurred on a fault more than 300 km long, and had a complicated rupture process of about 90 s duration time. The slip distribution was highly inhomogeneous with the average slip of about 2.4 m. Four slip-patches broke the ground surface. Two of them were underneath the regions of Wenchuan-Yingxiu and Beichuan, respectively, with the first being around the hypocenter (rupture initiation point), where the largest slip was about 7.3 m, and the second being underneath Beichuan and extending to Pingwu, where the largest slip was about 5.6 m. The other two slip-patches had smaller sizes, one having the maximum slip of 1.8 m and lying underneath the north of Kangding, and the other having the maximum slip of 0.7 m and lying underneath the northeast of Qingchuan. Average and maximum stress drops over the whole fault plane were estimated to be 18 MPa and 53 MPa, respectively. In addition, the co-seismic displacement field near the fault was analyzed. The results indicate that the features of the co-seismic displacement field were coincident with those of the intensity distribution in the meizoseismal area, implying that the large-scale, large-amplitude and surface-broken thrust dislocation should be responsible for the serious disaster in the near fault area. Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2004CB418404-4) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40574025 and 40874026)     

板块地震迁移链与汶川地震

从1956年开始沿印度洋—亚洲和太平洋板块边界的地震迁移触发了2008年5月12日M8.0中国汶川地震。迁移链为东西两条,彼此相向迁移,在缅甸弧附近的中国大陆汇合,并触发地震。迁移持续约50年。与此相类似的迁移发生在1902—1957年,迁移触发了1950年西藏东部M8.5地震和1957年蒙古M8.3地震。预计1956—2008地震迁移可能尚未结束,可能会继续触发大地震。     

基于板块构造理论黑龙江亚板块地震活动动力学模型的研究

基于板块构造理论,根据黑龙江亚板块所处的地震动力学环境和构造物理条件,结合区域地震活动图像,分析研究总结出的地震活动特征,着手建立了动力学分析模型,通过历史和新近地震活动的检验,证明该模型可以较为圆满的解释区域内绝大多数显著地震活动现象,对未来地震趋势研究工作有较大参考价值.     

2010年2月27日智利地震破裂过程快速反演

运用地震破裂过程快速反演方法,在2010年2月27日智利地震发生后,采用全球地震台网(GSN)的宽频带地震资料,反演了这次地震的破裂过程,在震后约3.5小时得到了这次地震破裂过程的反演结果.结果表明,这次智利地震的破裂过程具有如下基本特征:①矩震级为MW8.6;②地震破裂持续时间约为150s;③包括4个滑动量集中分布区域,最大滑动量约为8m,最大滑动速率约为0.8m/s;④这次地震总体上是一次不对称的双侧破裂事件,破裂从破裂起始点(震源)开始,同时向南北两个方向扩展,但以向北扩展的破裂为主.     

浅谈芦山地震

地震序列是对地震现象的回顾性描述,只有在地震序列结束后它才有可能被确切无疑地判定.鉴于龙门山断裂带或地震带的整体性、统一性和系统性,不可否认在其西南段发生的芦山地震是与汶川地震一样的同属于龙门山断裂带的事件.鉴于芦山地震的震源位置、震源机制、震级大小和破裂区覆盖的范围,目前可认为它是汶川地震迄今最大的余震.鉴于地震序列的判定是对地震现象的唯象的描述,有相当的任意性,对芦山地震究竟是"新的主震"还是"汶川余震"的"讨论"实质上是在根据经验判定地震的类型,即使目前看"主震说"提出的4条"论据"明显缺乏说服力,"余震说"比较有说服力,但最后都需要等到地震序列结束之后才有可能"定论".作者认为,相对于需要等到地震序列结束之后才能"定论"、甚而在地震序列结束之后未必能"定论"的芦山地震究竟是"新的主震"还是"汶川余震"问题,应当更为关注芦山地震的发生引出的一些重要的亟待研究的科学问题与防震减灾问题.     

2004年苏门答腊大地震激发的T-波

T-波是由海底地震或者海陆边界俯冲带附近地震激发,并在海洋低速层中传播的声波.2004年12月26日,在印度洋东部印尼苏门答腊岛附近发生MW=9.3级大地震,其产生的能量在印度洋中激发了巨大的海啸,造成了严重的人员伤亡和财产损失,受到了世界科学家们极大的关注.本文从台站(PALK)及台站(DGAR)记录到的地震的信号中,提取出了清晰的高频T-波,并在频率域内分析,最终得到了T-波的频谱已及频率随时间变化图像.另外,通过对大地震时间域和频率域内T-波信号的分析,了解到此次大地震断层破裂过程持续的时间大致为500 s,其间伴随有两次明显的能量释放过程.分析数据表明两次能量释放过程的间隔大致为80~100 s.T-波分析将为推断海洋地震以及海陆边界俯冲带附近地震的特征,提供一种独立的研究手段和方法.     

Rejuvenated extension of the Philippine Sea plate and its effect on subduction dynamics in the Nankai Trough

The Nankai Trough, Japan, is a subduction zone characterized by the recurrence of disastrous earthquakes and tsunamis. Slow earthquakes and associated tremor also occur intermittently and locally in the Nankai Trough and the causal relationship between slow earthquakes and large earthquakes is important to understanding subduction zone dynamics. The Nankai Trough off Muroto, Shikoku Island, near the southeast margin of the rupture segment of the 1946 Nankai earthquake, is one of three regions where slow earthquakes and tremor cluster in the Nankai Trough. On the Philippine Sea plate, the rifting of the central domain of the Shikoku Basin was aborted at ~15 Ma and underthrust the Nankai forearc off Muroto. Here, the Tosa-Bae seamount and other high-relief features, which are northern extension of the Kinan Seamount chain, have collided with and indented the forearc wedge. In this study, we analyzed seismic reflection profiles around the deformation front of accretionary wedge and stratigraphically correlated them to drilling sites off Muroto. Our results show that the previously aborted horst-and-graben structures, which were formed around the spreading center of the Shikoku Basin at ~15 Ma, were rejuvenated locally at ~6 Ma and more regionally at ~3.3 Ma and have remained active since. The reactivated normal faulting has enhanced seafloor roughness and appears to affect the locations of slow earthquakes and tremors. Rejuvenated normal faulting is not limited to areas near the Nankai Trough, and extends more than 200 km into the Shikoku Basin to the south. This extension might be due to extensional forces applied to the Philippine Sea plate, which appear to be driven by slab-pull in the Ryukyu and Philippine trenches along the western margin of the Philippine Sea plate.     

2008年汶川MS8.0地震和2013 年芦山MS7.0地震震源特征比较分析

2013年4月20日四川芦山发生了MS7.0地震,芦山地震震中距离2008年5月12日汶川MS8.0地震震中约85km,距离其余震密集分布区约60km。汶川地震和芦山地震均发生在龙门山断裂带上,震源机制均以逆冲为主,针对二者震源特征的比较分析,对解释龙门山地区强震特征意义显著。本文基于地震波辐射能及视应力与应力降的关系,对比讨论汶川地震和芦山地震的动态破裂过程,初步研究结果显示,汶川地震属于应力上调模式,而芦山地震则属于应力下调模式,通常应力上调模式的震后能量释放较为充分,应力下调模式则对应震后能量释放相对不够充分,余震空间分布相对集中。     

2009年3月19日汤加地震破裂过程快速反演

2009年3月19日汤加MS7.9地震发生后,我们迅速利用地震破裂过程快速反演技术反演了全球地震台网(GSN)的宽频带波形资料,获得了这次地震的破裂过程．随后,收集了更多的资料重新进行了反演,反演结果的主要特征与快速反演结果基本一致．这次地震的震级为MW7.8,破裂持续时间约为70s,断层面上主要有3个滑动量较大的区域．      

2000年姚安M_S6.5地震震源破裂过程研究

利用从IRIS上获取的11个台站震相清晰的P波波形记录资料对2000年姚安MS6.5地震的震源破裂过程进行了反演,结果表明:(1)地震破裂持续时间为5.6s,破裂主要集中在破裂开始0.2s后的时间段内,由两次2s多的破裂组成,而且后一次破裂的强度超过了前一次;(2)静态滑动位移和应力降分布图均显示存在震中区和震中以东区两个变化比较明显的区域,破裂沿北西向断裂进行。     

Rupture segmentation and assessment of probabilities of seismic potential on the Xiaojiang fault zone

Spatial distribution of sources of strong and large earthquakes on the Xiaojiang fault zone in eastern Yunnan is studied according to historical earthquake data. 7 segments of relatively independent sources or basic units of rupture along the fault zone have been identified preliminarily. On every segment, time intervals between main historical earthquakes are generally characterized by “time-predictable” recurrence behavior with indetermination. A statistic model for the time intervals between earthquakes of the fault zone has been preliminarily established. And a mathematical method has been introduced into this paper to reckon average recurrence interval between earthquakes under the condition of having known the size of the last event at a specific segment. Based on these, ranges of the average recurrence intervals given confidence have been estimated for events of various sizes on the fault zone. Further, the author puts forward a real-time probabilistic model that is suitable to analyze seismic potential for individual segments along a fault zone on which earthquake recurrence intervals have been characterized by quasi-time-predictable behavior, and applies this model to calculate conditional probabilities and probability gains of earthquake recurring on the individual segments of the Xiaojiang fault zone during the period from 1991 to 2005. As a consequence, it has shown that two parts of this fault zone, from south of Dongchuan to Songming and from Chengjiang to Huaning, have relatively high likelihoods for strong or large earthquake recurring in the future. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 322–330, 1993.     

2009年10月7日瓦努阿图地震破裂过程快速反演

运用地震破裂过程快速反演方法,在2009年10月7日瓦努阿图地震发生后,采用全球地震台网(GSN)的宽频带地震资料,快速反演了这次地震的破裂过程,在震后3小时内得出了这次地震破裂过程的反演结果.结果表明,这次瓦努阿图地震的破裂过程具有如下基本特征:①矩震级约为MW7.8;②地震主要破裂持续时间约为80s;③滑动量在断层面上的分布比较简单,整个地震破裂只包含一个滑动量较大的区域;④这次地震的破裂模式接近圆盘破裂,其中心位于震源处.     

Earthquake recurrence on whole active fault zones and its relation to that on individual fault-segments

IntroductionEarthquake recurrence models established on activity behaviors of strong earthquakes are the bases of long-term earthquake prediction, seismic risk zonation, and seismic hazard assessment. A lot of studies have been carried out on earthquake recurrence behaviors for specific seismogenic sources or fault-segments, and a series of empirical recurrence models have been proposed, such as the time-predictable model and the slip-predictable model for earthquakes repeated at the previous …     

芦山4.20地震破裂过程及其致灾特征初步分析

采用全球地震台网的远震地震波数据快速反演了2013年4月20日雅安芦山地震(芦山4.20地震)的破裂过程,在震后3小时得到并发布了相关测定结果.结果显示这次地震的震级约MW6.8,包括两次破裂子事件,但都发生在断层面上震源(破裂起始点)附近,整个地震没有表现出明显的破裂方向性.雅安芦山地震的破裂没有大规模出露地表,主要地震灾害集中在断层上盘,位于芦山县和宝兴县一带.     

2010年1月12日海地地震破裂过程快速反演

运用地震破裂过程快速反演方法,在2010年1月12日海地地震发生后,采用全球地震台网(GSN)的宽频带地震资料,反演了这次地震的破裂过程,得到了这次地震破裂过程的反演结果.结果表明,这次海地地震的破裂过程具有如下基本特征:①矩震级约为MW7.1;②地震主要破裂持续时间约为22s;③包括3个滑动量集中分布区域,最大滑动量约为4.9m,最大滑动速率约为3.3m/s;④这次地震基本上是一次双侧破裂事件,破裂从震中同时向东西两个方向延伸.     

2009年9月29日萨摩亚群岛地区地震破裂过程快速反演

运用地震破裂过程快速反演方法,在2009年9月29日萨摩亚群岛地区地震发生后,采用全球地震台网(GSN)的宽频带地震资料,快速反演了这次地震的破裂过程,并于震后3.5小时内得出了这次地震破裂过程的反演结果.结果表明,这次萨摩亚群岛地区地震的破裂过程具有如下基本特征:①矩震级约为MW8.0;②地震主要破裂持续时间约为138s;③滑动量在断层面上的分布比较复杂,整个地震破裂包含至少2个滑动量较大的区域;④这次地震基本上是一次单侧破裂事件,破裂主要朝向西北方向.