厦门港船蛆Teredo navalis数量的时空变化

本文根据1984年3月至1985年2月在厦门港中挂放杉木、松木和柯木试板,研究该港船蛆Teredo navalis数量的时空变化,并讨论了不同污损生物、水温、盐度等对船蛆密度的影响。     

Influence of submersion season on the development of test panel biofouling communities in a tropical coast

The effect of test panel submersion season on the colonization of biofouling communities in a tropical coast revealed that the effects of panel submersion time should be taken into consideration for modelling fouling community recruitment dynamics in coastal systems or during the field trials of antifouling coatings. Wooden test panels fitted onto a raft were submerged during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons for the development of the biofouling community. Results showed considerable variation in the colonization of fouling communities on test panels submerged during different seasons. Barnacles, tubeworms, ascidians and seaweeds were the major fouling communities that colonized the test panels. The total biomass of the fouling communities that settled on the post-monsoon season panels varied from the initial value of 2.72 g dm⁻² to a maximum of 44.5 g dm⁻². On the panels submerged during monsoon season, the total biomass of fouling communities varied between 0.78 g dm⁻² and 69.9 g dm⁻². The total fouling biomass on the pre-monsoon season panels varied between 2.95 and 33.5 g dm⁻². Barnacles were the initial colonizers on the panels submerged during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Soft-bodied organisms such as ascidians dominated the monsoon season-initiated panel series during the initial period.     

东山湾污损生物生态研究

2008年9月-2009年8月在东山湾海域进行了污损生物周年挂板试验,共记录污损生物102种,以近岸暖水种为主,其中网纹藤壶(Amphibalanus reticulates)是该海域最具代表性的优势种,其他优势种还有裂片石莼(Ulva fasciata)、双列笔螅(Pennaria disticha)、纵条肌海葵(Haliplanella luciae)、僧帽牡蛎(Saccostrea cucullata)、变化短齿蛤(Brachidontes variabilis)、巴西地钩虾(Podocerus brasiliensis)、梳肢片钩虾(Elasmopus pecteniclus)、强壮板钩虾(Stenothoe valida)、长鳃麦秆虫(Caprella equilibra)和厦门华藻苔虫(Sinoflustra amoyensis)等。该海区污损生物全年均可附着,附着盛期在4-10月,月板的平均附着量(湿重)为979.43 g/m2,夏季可高达11 799.00 g/m2。污损生物群落多样性以夏季最高,冬季最低;随着试板浸海时间的延长,其上污损生物群落的多样性明显增加,且结构也趋于稳定。     

浙江北关港污损生物的群落结构及其主要影响因子

于2016年3月至2017年2月在浙江北关港附近海域进行污损生物周年挂板试验,全年共记录大型污损生物9门44科53属59种,种类组成以近岸暖水种为主,属于典型的亚热带内湾型污损生物群落。固着生活类型的悬浮物食者是该海域污损生物群落的优势群体,群落最主要的优势种是网纹藤壶（Amphibalanus reticulates）,其次为长鳃麦秆虫（Caprella equilibra）、中胚花筒螅（Ectopleura crocea）、太平洋侧花海葵（Anthopleura nigrescens）、廉形叶钩虾（Jassa falcata）和强壮藻钩虾（Stenothoe valida）等种类。该海域污损生物全年各月均有附着,6-10月板的覆盖面积均达100%,附着盛期为6-8月,月板、季板、半年板和年板的平均附着密度和生物量分别为（21 371±8 722） ind/m2和（1 667.5±506.0） g/m2,（31 605±17 671） ind/m2和（5 879.1±2 576.5） g/m2,（31 188±10 834） ind/m2和（13 989.6±4 755.4） g/m2,（18 425±5 757） ind/m2和（6 581.9±2 175.9） g/m2,其中夏季附着强度最高。污损生物群落个体间因栖息空间和食物竞争而存在着相互依存或互相制约的关系,又依照对环境的适应性而存在着一定的时空分布规律。分析表明,温度是决定污损生物地理分布的最主要环境因素;另外,盐度、水体透明度以及光照等自然环境也是影响污损生物附着的重要影响因素。     

浙江南部沿岸附着生物与钻孔生物——Ⅲ.南几岛的附着生物与钻孔生物生态

附着生物与钻孔生物的分布是随着外界环境因素的不同而异,一般都受到了温、盐、流等外界因素的影响.因此,合理布局试验点,是全面了解我国沿岸附着生物生态,系统地掌握生物学资料的关键.十几年来,为了满足国防和国民经济建设上的需要,我所及其他单位已对中国沿岸的附着生物和钻孔生物做了大量的试验和调查研究,仅东海沿岸,从长江口、舟山海区、石浦到福建沿岸就做了近20处的试验.     

浙江南部沿岸附着生物与钻孔生物 Ⅱ.洞头附着生物与钻孔生物生态研究

附着生物对航运、港工建筑、发电厂、水产养殖等危害性极大,因而很早便引起人们的普遍重视.我们在调查研究我国沿岸的附着生物中,把洞头岛列为调查点.并于1978年6月-1979年5月进行周年挂板试验.洞头岛位于浙江东南部瓯江口外.试点设在岛西北面新码头外特设的浮筏,水流畅通,低潮水深5米左右,透明度低,水温年变化在7.8-28℃,最低二月份,最高8月份,年平均水温18℃,终年盐度均在27‰以上,最高达到34‰.试验方法基本上按海洋调查规范进行,挂板分表、底两层,表层只挂木板,用尼龙丝系在水面以搜集藻类,底层试板固定在铁框架里,铁框用铁链垂直悬挂在水下2-3米深处.     

广西白龙半岛邻近海域污损生物群落结构分析

2011年12月-2012年11月,在广西白龙半岛邻近海域进行周年污损生物挂板试验,共记录到污损生物60种,以亚热带暖水种为主,其中优势种类有河蜾蠃蜚Corophium acherusicum、钩虾Gammarus sp.、网纹藤壶Amphibalanus reticulatus、翡翠贻贝Perna viridis、华美盘管虫Hydroides elegans、太平洋侧花海葵Anthopleura nigrescens、冠瘤海鞘Styela canopus、凸壳肌蛤Musculus senhousia和多齿围沙蚕Perinereis nuntia。全年均有生物附着,四季平均附着密度和附着湿质量分别为45 136个/m2和4 246.03g/m2,其中以秋季附着密度最高,达到153 514个/m2,春季附着湿质量最大,为9 418.42g/m2。污损生物群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)、Pielou均匀度指数(J)和Margalef物种丰富度指数(d)均以夏季最高,冬季最低。丰度/生物量比较法结果表明,冬季、秋季、下半年和周年板上的污损生物群落结构不够稳定。     

Seasonal variability in the recruitment of macrofouling community in Kudankulam waters, east coast of India

The seasonal variability in fouling community recruitment on submerged artificial substratum was studied in Kudankulam coastal water, Gulf of Mannar, East coast of India for a period of two years, from May 2003 to April 2005. The results indicated that the fouling community recruitment occurred throughout the year with varying intensities. Barnacles, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves and seaweeds were the major fouling groups observed from the test panels. Maximum fouling biomass of 9.17 g dm⁻² was observed during August 2004 and a minimum value of 0.233 g dm⁻² in February 2004. The biomass build-up on test panels was relatively high during the premonsoon season and low during the postmonsoon months. The number of barnacles settled on the panels varied from 1 to 4460 no. dm⁻². The maximum percentage of the ascidian coverage (72%) on test panels was observed during March 2005. In general, July–December was the period of intense recruitment for barnacles and March–May was the period for ascidians.     

洋山港海域大型污损生物生态特点

洋山港是上海国际航运中心的枢纽港。为了解该海域污损生物的群落结构及演变趋势,2009年3月至2010年3月在洋山港海域进行了周年污损生物挂板调查研究。洋山港海域污损生物种类较少,共记录污损生物19种,隶属于5个类群,优势种为僧帽牡蛎(Ostrea cucullata)、网纹纹藤壶(Balanus reliculatus) 、大室膜孔苔虫(Membranipora grandicella)、厦门华藻苔虫(Sinoflustra amoyensis)、双钩楯琥珀苔虫(Aspidelectra bihamata)、中胚花筒螅(Tubularia mesembryanthemum)、曲膝薮枝螅(Obelia geniculata)和亚洲帚毛虫(Sabellaria ishikawai),种类组成以广布种为主,同时部分具有河口低盐种的特征;污损生物的附着高峰期是6—10月份,除冬季月份外,其余月份均有生物附着;受盐度、水流及泥沙含量的影响,洋山港污损生物的生物量变化较大,月板、季板及年板的平均附着生物量分别为9.20,127.20和774.04 g/m2。另外,通过对洋山港海域污损生物周年的物种组成和群落结构变化分析,发现该海域污损生物群落受季节变化和盐度的升高影响较大,群落结构不稳定,物种演替明显。     

渤海湾附着生物生态

渤海湾是我国北方最主要的经济活动海区之一,船只、平台及各种海洋开发设施都会受到附着生物的影响。自1974年8月至1977年8月,对塘沽新港及其邻近船只、码头、闸门的附着生物进行调查,并于1975年9月至1977年8月,分别在渤海湾的4号平台及塘沽新港等(图1)进行二周年系统挂板。根据以上资料,初步研究了渤海湾附着生物的种类、数量及附着季节,对渤海湾近岸与远岸附着生物的异同进行比较。     

泉州湾污损生物生态研究

2001年12月—2002年11月在泉州湾海域进行了污损生物周年挂板试验,共记录污损生物112种,以近岸暖水种为主,其中长鳃麦秆虫(Caprella equilibra)和网纹藤壶(Amphibalanus reticulates)是该海域最具代表性的优势种,其次为裂片石莼(Ulva fasciata)、中胚花筒螅(Tubularia mesembryanthemum)、薮枝螅(Obeliasp.)、纵条矶海葵(Haliplanella luciae)、外伪角涡虫(Pseudoceros exoplatus)、柄涡虫(Stylochus sp.)、僧帽囊牡蛎(Saccostrea cucullata)、翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)、巴西地钩虾(Podocerus brasiliensis)、强壮板钩虾(Stenothoe valida)、镰形叶钩虾(Jassa falcata)和角突麦秆虫(Caprella scaura)等种类。该海区污损生物全年均可附着,种类丰富且附着强度大,附着盛期在4—11月,月板、季板、半年板和周年板的平均附着生物量分别为2 624g/m2、5 309g/m2、6 210g/m2和8 247g/m2,夏季可达11 295g/m2。随着试板浸海时间的延长,试板上污损生物群落的多样性明显增加,且结构也趋于稳定。     

AN ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF FOULING ORGANISMS IN XISHA ISLANDS

Monthly and seasonal panel experiments were carried out in the Yongxing Island from September 1979 to August 1981. Altogether 119 species of fouling organisms are collected, of which, Hydroides elegans, Serpula vermicular is, Scrupocellaria longispinosa, Amathia distant, Enteromorpha spp. and Ostrea spp. are dominant species. Fouling of organisms may occur all the year round with evident seasonal variations, Species succession in the process of community formation is very evident and the climax has arrived after two years. Great variation exists between fouling organisms in different years and at different stations.     

福建围头海域深水网箱养殖区污损生物

2004年3月到2005年2月,在福建围头湾深水网箱养殖区开展污损生物周年挂网调查.共记录污损生物154种,隶属于12个生物门;全年网衣都有污损生物附着,冬季和春季优势种为细枝仙藻、中胚花筒螅和长颈麦杆虫,主要影响网箱内外水体交换,夏季和秋季优势种为网纹藤壶,容易导致网衣磨损,影响网箱安全;各月份附着生物量差异极大,平均附着生物量表层网片449.42 g/m2,最高峰出现在4月份,底层网片580.25 g/m2,最高峰出现在3月份.季度平均生物量表层网片3142.30 g/m2,底层网片6030.97 g/m2;春季表层网衣藻类特别多,中胚花筒螅、网纹藤壶和麦杆虫等数量远大于港湾内网衣或试板的污损生物量,呈现海区透明度大及抗动荡环境的特点,与港湾内网衣或试板有较大差别.     

Vertical distribution of New Zealand shipworms (Bivalvia: Teredinidae)

In Tauranga Harbour, Lyrodus medilobatus was found in greatest numbers on test‐blocks placed near the bottom, while Bankia australis, B. neztalia, and Nototeredo edax had a more uniform vertical distribution. Shipworms occurred in the intertidal zone up to about mean sea level. In Wellington Harbour, B. neztalia was found in test‐blocks up to mean sea level, but was most abundant in blocks near the bottom. In the Bay of Islands, shipworms settled in the intertidal on test‐blocks as high as 30 cm below mean sea level. B. australis was the most abundant species in mangrove wood in northern New Zealand, and L. medilobatus occurred occasionally. No evidence was found for shipworms settling on living mangrove wood, although they frequently tunnelled from dead wood into living wood.     

吕四洋附着生物与钻孔生物生态研究

吕四洋位于黄海南端,是我国的主要渔场之一,调查和研究本海区附着生物的附着季节、群落组成和数量变化,不仅在海洋附着生物生态学研究上有重要意义,而且也是防除必需掌握的生物学资料.我们在调查研究中国沿海主要港湾的附着生物中,把吕四洋列为调查点,并于1977年9月-1978年8月在吕四水文平台进行挂板试验.同时还对吕四水文平台水泥桩上的附着生物的垂直分布,和两个灯浮上的附着生物进行定性、定量的调查.试验的材料和方法基本上是按照海洋调查规范进行的,只挂底层试验板,分月板、季板和年板.本试验承国家海洋局吕四海洋站的大力协助.     

海洋污损细菌分离纯化及金属离子抑菌研究

为了研究海洋生物污损对船体和海洋工程的影响,作者将热喷涂镀钴基、镍基及含铜氧化钛基膜的船用厚钢板试样片放置在海水中,利用振荡培养箱模拟海洋环境,进行晃片培养。分离纯化镀膜钢片表面上的细菌,研究早期污损细菌的生长规律,通过革兰氏染色、生理生化实验对细菌进行鉴定,伯杰氏系统细菌学手册查证。采用纸片法测定抑菌圈,研究铜、钴、镍3种金属离子对污损细菌的影响,观察不同离子浓度的抑菌圈。研究结果表明:早期海洋污损细菌有G⁺芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、G⁺芽孢乳杆菌属(Sporolactobacillus)、G⁺无芽孢杆菌(Bacilli)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、G⁺无芽孢丝状菌、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)6类;其中G⁺细菌首先吸附; Cu²⁺的最佳抑制质量浓度为30 g/L, Co²⁺的最佳抑制质量浓度为80 g/L, Ni²⁺的最佳抑制质量浓度为110 g/L。     

Study of fouling organisms at Tuoji Island in the Bohai Channel

From June 1984 to May 1985, monthly and seasonal panel tests of fouling organisms were carried out on rafts at Tuoji Island. Seventy - three species were obtained. The occurring frequencies of the following species are all at least 30%: Ectocarpus confervoides, Polysiphonia urceolata, Tubularia mesembryanthmum, Cfytia edwardsi, Tubulipora pulchra, Celleporella hyalina, Mytilus edulis, Hiatella arctica, Caprella acanthogaster, Corophium crassicome, Jassa cf.falcata and Podocerus cf . inconspicuus. Large or calcareous species are not dominant ones. The wet weight is comparatively light, the yearly wet weight being 9.12 kg m-2. Attaching seasons of major species are from June to October and no bio - attachment occurs between January and April. Fouling organisms at Tuoji Island differ rather greatly from those in the harbours along the continental coast, showing the charcteristics of fouling organisms in the northern island harbours of China.     

舟山海区附着生物与钻孔生物生态研究

海洋附着生物也称污损生物.附着生物的生态研究,欧美50年代前就做了许多工作[10][20],目前仍在继续进行;50年代后,苏联、日本、南美、印度和大洋洲等都先后开展了这方面的研究[12,17,18].我国自50年代以来,已经开展了许多工作,也发表了一些研究报告.国内钻孔生物的研究主要是船蛆的分类[1,4],生态方面的工作开展不多.     

An iterative method for boundary element solution of large offshore structures using the GMRES solver

The GMRES approach is used to solve complex matrix solution arising from boundary element analysis of large offshore structures. This makes it possible to solve problems with large numbers of panels on a workstation with a much smaller memory than typical high performance computers. The speed of the solver is compatible with direct solvers when the enough RAM is available. Otherwise, an iteration procedure can be used. By using an out-of-core treatment, typical RAM requirement is reduced to a size approximately linearly proportional to the panel number n instead of being proportional to n². The code is first verified with direct solver for cases with small number of panels. The applicability to large offshore structure of the model is demonstrated for a TLP case.     

东海西南近岸海域污损生物群落特征

于2013年12月~2014年11月在东海西南近岸海域进行污损生物周年挂板试验,全年共记录污损生物10门49科69属84种,群落组成以近岸暖水种为主,为典型的亚热带内湾型群落,附着盛期为4–9月,夏季污损生物的附着强度最高。固定生活类型的悬浮物食者是该近岸海域污损生物群落的附着主体,网纹藤壶（Amphibalanus reticulatus）是最主要的优势种和代表种,其它优势种还有长鳃麦杆虫（Caprella equilibra）、中胚花筒螅（Ectopleura crocea）、太平洋侧花海葵（Anthopleura nigrescens）、今岛柄涡虫（Stylochus ijimai）、克氏无襟毛虫（Spirobranchus kraussii）、近江牡蛎（Crassostrea rivularis）、翡翠贻贝（Perna viridis）、廉形叶钩虾（Jassa falcata）、强壮板钩虾（Stenothoe valida）、光辉圆扇蟹（Sphaerozius nitidus）和大室别藻苔虫（Biflustra grandicella）等。污损生物群落个体间因附着空间和食物竞争而存在着相互依存或互相制约的关系,又依照对环境因子的适应性而存在着一定的时空分布规律。温度是决定污损生物地理分布的最主要环境因素,物种的温度属性是不同气候带污损生物群落组成差异的本质体现,污损生物的种类数、附着期和附着量与水温有着密切的关系;另外,盐度、水流、光、水产养殖等自然环境或人为因素也是影响污损生物附着的重要影响因子。