地球排气与森林火灾和地震活动

地球不仅是固体 ,而且充满了流体。当地球受力时 ,地壳变形和破裂 ,气体 (H2 ,CH4 ,CO等 )从内向外溢出 ,这样可引起森林火灾和地震。自 1990— 2 0 0 0年 12月利用卫星热红外图像资料做地震短临震兆的观察取得了突破性进展。正式预测、预报 149次 ,10 0次有结果 ,虚报 49次。 10 0次有结果的预测、预报中较准确的有 6 5次 ,含 7级地震 10次、6级地震 19次、5级地震 36次。较好预报有 2 5次 ,含 7级地震 4次。较差预报有 10次。由于云层干扰有 49次虚报和 2 0次漏报。 1998年 5月 13日— 5月 2 2日内蒙古大兴安岭阿尔山森林火灾前 10d ,即 1998年 5月 4日在卫星热红外云图上见到内蒙古大兴安岭阿尔山森林区出现圆形排气增强区。 1999年 4月 3日山西汾阳森林火灾前 4d ,即 1999年 3月 31日卫星热红外云图上汾阳森林区出现一孤立圆形排气增温区。 2 0 0 0年 3月 2 8日福州郊外森林区起火 ,就在当日卫星热红外云图上可见到福建沿海大陆升温。 1996年 9月 6日台湾兰屿发生 7 1级地震 ,地震前 11d增温震兆呈现一个奇特构造应力热体系———山字型。     

森林大火对冻土环境影响的研究进展

森林大火是森林生态系统最主要的干扰因素之一,不仅影响着森林生态系统内部的营养物质循环、水分和能量流动、土壤理化性质的变化,而且对冻土环境和冷生土壤和土壤碳库、碳氮循环等生物地球化学过程有着重要影响。随着气候变暖和人为活动不断增强,北方林区火灾日益频繁,对冻土的水热影响显著：活动层加深、薄层冻土退化、浅层有机碳大量快速释放、森林和湿地的逆向演替,导致热融沉陷、滑塌、泥石流等现象发生。通过综述国内外森林大火对冻土环境影响的研究进展,分析指出目前森林大火对冻土环境影响的研究主要集中在火烧之后短时间、小范围的定性描述与推断,缺乏长时间、大范围的定量分析。尤其是在大兴安岭地区,除了20世纪90年代初期的少量研究外,此后这方面研究虽有零星报道,但缺乏长期和系统的观测与模型研究,所以森林大火对冻土环境的研究,可以利用空间代替时间的方法,通过长、短期的野外观测和数值模拟相结合,定量研究森林大火之后,多年冻土的水热状态、过程和变化机制,可以为寒区林区、湿地保护、生态环境修复提供科学依据。     

有机质在中国东北部森林沼泽区化探异常追踪和查证中的应用

在东北森林沼泽区的几个矿区(点)上,通过以泥炭、腐殖层土壤为采样介质的区域化探异常追踪查证方法技术试验研究,发现Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn等主要成矿元素的测量结果与水系碎屑沉积物、残坡积物的基本一致,对矿体均有良好的反映.研究结果表明在这类景观区化探找矿工作中有机质是可以利用的.     

地下水中CO2成因分析

通过对前人成果的总结认为,不同地区由于水文地质条件不同,其地下水中CO2 成因也大不相同。地下水的CO2 的成因主要有来源于大气溶解;土壤及水中有机物分解和生物呼吸;深部热源造成碳酸盐岩或矿物变质;直接由岩浆分泌;除碳酸外其它酸对碳酸盐矿物的溶解; 热水中暂时硬度去除等类型。至于具体到某一地区其地下水中CO2 主要成因为何种,以及各种成因CO2 在地下水中所占比例是多少,应结合具体情况并综合各种相关因素来分析确定。      

油气藏埋存二氧化碳生物转化甲烷的机理和应用研究进展

埋存CO<,2>生物转化CH<,4>技术是利用油、气藏中内源微生物,以埋存的CO<,2>为底物,通过CO<,2>生物还原途径合成CH<,4>的生物技术.此技术因兼备CO<,2>减排的环保意义、生物合成CH<,4>的再生能源意义、延长油气藏寿命和潜在经济收益等优势有着广泛应用前景.CO<,2>的捕集、埋存和油气藏生物多样...     

森林沼泽景观区水系沉积物中腐殖作用的地球化学特征

水系沉积物是森林沼泽区的主要表生介质之一,对其中的有机碳、胡敏酸、富里酸和胡敏素分布状况以及富里酸相和胡敏酸相Cu、Pb、Zn、Ag、Sb 、Mn、Mo、Ni、As、Hg的分布特征进行了研究.发现有机质主要由胡敏素组成,其含量可占有机质的2/3左右,地球化学活性很强的富里酸和胡敏酸占腐殖质总量1/3左右.影响半数多元素在水系沉积物中地球化学活动性的主要腐殖酸是富里酸,而影响Hg、Ag、Pb、Sb的是胡敏酸.     

石漠化治理对土壤中CO2、CH4变化特征及碳汇效应的影响

为探究石漠化治理对土壤中CO2、CH4变化特征及碳汇效应的影响,采用气相色谱法对重庆市南川石漠化治理示范区土壤中CO2、CH4浓度进行观测,结合土壤温度、土壤含水率、土壤容重和土壤有机碳对石漠化治理区（试验区）和对比区（未经过石漠化治理的荒草地）进行研究,并用溶蚀量数据估算岩溶区碳汇量。结果显示:土壤中CO2浓度随土壤深度的增加先增加后减小,变化范围为393～7 400 mg·L-1;而土壤中CH4浓度随土壤深度的增加先减小后增大,变化范围为1.13～3.42 mg· L-1。试验区土壤中CO2浓度均值为2 131 mg· L-1,CH4浓度均值为1.94 mg· L-1 ;而对比区土壤中CO2浓度均值为2 338 mg· L-1,CH4浓度均值为2.10 mg·L-1。土壤温度、土壤有机碳与土壤中CO2浓度变化趋势呈显著正相关关系,而与土壤中CH4变化趋势呈显著负相关关系,说明土壤温度和土壤有机碳是影响土壤中CO2、CH4浓度的主要因素;土壤温度与土壤中CO2浓度呈正相关关系且相关性随石漠化治理而变弱,说明经过石漠化治理土壤温度对土壤中CO2浓度的影响减弱。试验区岩溶试片溶蚀速率大于对比区,且经过石漠化治理,由岩溶作用产生的碳汇可提高0.66～9.42 t·km-2·a-1 ;说明石漠化治理对于岩溶区碳汇起到了促进作用。      

四川盆地H2S的硫同位素组成及其成因探讨

四川盆地天然气绝大部分含有硫化氢,部分含量高达15%以上。其中高含硫化氢天然气主要分布在三叠系飞仙关组、雷口坡组和嘉陵江组;震旦系、石炭系、二叠系属于低含硫化氢,上三叠统须家河组和侏罗系属于微含硫化氢或不含硫化氢天然气藏。研究表明,三叠系飞仙关组、雷口坡组和嘉陵江组、震旦系、石炭系储层中发育的膏质岩类为TSR形成硫化氢提供了物质基础;富含有机硫源岩的高温裂解是二叠系低含硫化氢天然气的主要成因。硫同位素组成表明,高含硫化氢天然气的硫同位素比储层硫酸盐硫同位素δ34S亏损7‰～11‰;而低含硫化氢天然气硫同位素分布区间较宽,在0‰～20‰之间,大部分比同期硫酸盐的硫同位素轻15‰左右。四川盆地三叠系膏岩的硫同位素值分布较宽,并呈现阶梯状变化,而硫化氢的硫同位素则呈现出相似的分布规律,表明各气层硫化氢中的硫来自于本层系的硫酸盐,即TSR发生在各自的储集层中;另外四川盆地三叠系TSR发生时各气藏的温度条件相近,即各气藏的硫化氢在大致相同的温度条件下发生;同时也说明TSR过程中硫同位素的分馏过程与硫酸盐本身硫同位素数值的高低无关,而与TSR反应的温度条件和反应程度有关。还建立了运用硫化氢的硫同位素和含量判识硫化氢成因类型的模式。     

安徽铜陵冬瓜山铜矿床成矿流体特征及演化

对安徽铜陵冬瓜山矿床内矽卡岩矿物、石英、方解石中的流体包裹体进行了岩相学和显微测温分析、群体包裹体气液相成分分析、单个包裹体气液相成分激光拉曼探针分析,探讨了成矿流体的特征及演化。研究表明,该矿床与燕山期岩浆热液有关的成矿流体,从早期矽卡岩阶段,经中期石英硫化物阶段,至晚期石英方解石阶段,是从高温、高盐度、富钾流体演化至中高温、中高盐度、富CO2(CH4)流体再至中低温、低盐度流体。成矿流体中的主要挥发分为H2O、CO2、CH4,并含少量C2H6、H2S、N2等,液相成分中的阳离子以Na 、K 为主,有少量Ca2 、Mg2 等,阴离子除Cl-外,SO42-的含量也较高。     

低温常压条件下NaCl_H_2O体系对铜活化迁移的影响因素Ⅰ:温度、CO_2及H_2S气体

文章采用室内模拟实验,研究了不同浓度的Na Cl_H2O体系与CO2、H2S气体交互作用对砂岩中铜的活化萃取作用。结果表明,高盐度卤水在0~90℃范围内,随着温度的升高,对铜的活化能力逐渐增强,尤其是在50℃以上,铜的活化效果十分显著,而高温和高盐度的交互作用可极大增强铜的活化能力;在常温常压条件下,随Na Cl_H2O体系盐度升高,溶解CO2的能力也增强,p H值相应下降,溶液呈弱酸性,铜的活化能力增强;在CO2作用下,卤水体系的盐度与p H值、Eh值及Cu的释出量均表现出明显的线性关系,相关系数R2分别为0.9699、0.9704和0.9782;而H2S气体的通入,不利于Cu的活化迁移,主要以沉淀作用为主。     

Impact of forest fires on regional air quality in Southeast Asia

Biomass burning, the burning of living and dead vegetation for land-clearing and land-use change, has been in practice in many tropical countries such as Brazil, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Mexico. Intense forest fires can also ignite subsurface organic soil components （e.g. peat）, which can continue to smolder long after the original surface fires are put out. Combustion of vegetation and peat has only recently been recognized as a major source of atmospheric pollution. The immediate effect of burning is the production and release of gases and particles into the atmosphere, in quantities that in some cases can be significant not only locally and regionally but also on a global scale. Vegetation fire emissions account for roughly half of the atmospheric constituents of hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and precursors of tropospheric ozone and may be the second largest source of anthropogenic aerosols after the production of sulfates from SO2. As a result, there has been considerable interest in studying the contribution of forest fires to the production of air pollutants. In recent years, Southeast Asian countries have been affected repeatedly by episodes of smoke haze from forest fires in Indonesia. During 1997-1998, the region was again shrouded in a haze worsened by prolonged drought linked to the E1 Nino weather phenomenon. Satellite pictures confirmed that air pollutants, originating from fires covering an estimated 800000 hectares of southern Kalimantan, Sumatra, and Java, have been transported by southwesterly monsoon winds across neighbouring Malaysia and Singapore to as far as Thailand and the Philippines. The impact of these extensive fires on the health of the residents and ecology in the affected areas was substantial, costly, and possibly long lasting. Most of the research on the environmental aspects of biomass burning has been directed towards the tropics in Africa and America, specifically to the tropical rain forests of Brazil and to the savannas of Africa and South America.     

国产高分系列卫星在森林火灾应急处置中的全流程应用——以四川九龙县三岩龙乡“4·08”森林火灾为例

四川西部高山峡谷地貌发育,山高林密且地质环境恶劣,区内林草资源丰富,森林火灾多发、易发、频发,灾害应急处置难度大,防控任务重。国产高分系列卫星影像具有时空分辨率高、载荷类型多、机动性强、幅宽范围大、成像迅速等优点,对川西地区森林防灭火、灾害应急处置及防灾减灾等有明显优势。以2021年四川九龙县三岩龙乡“4·08”森林火灾为例,利用国产高分系列卫星数据分别对森林火灾初期、中期及晚期开展应急处置,包括快速解译林火火灾救援要素(初期)、感知亮温异常态势(中期)、跟踪监测过火区动态(中期)、结合火场需求提供应急扑救部署建议(中期)、开展灾损解译评估(晚期)及火后泥石流易发性评价(火后)等,结果表明国产高分系列卫星对森林火灾应急处置的全流程应用具有实践指导意义。     

Calculation of the CO2 Degassing during Contact Metamorphism and Its Geological Significance: The Model and Example from the Shuanshan Area of the South Tan-Lu Fault Belt

The paper studies CO2 degassing and controlling factors under the condition of contact metamorphism in the Shuangshan area, southern Tan-Lu fault belt and the method of calculating the amount of CO2 degassing. The results show that the amount of CO2 degassing is controlled by the characteristics of the country rocks, including the thermal conductivity, penetrability, porosity and connectivity. Compositions, size and depth of intrusive rock also have an important influence on CO2 degassing, i.e., they generated numerous cracks in the country rocks, and thus allowed the easy flow and accumulation of fluids. The amount of CO2 flux in contact metamorphism is calculated quantitatively based on the metamorphic reaction and time--integrated fluid flux. The value (0.729- 2.446×104 mol/cm2) of CO2 flux suggests that CO2 was provided mainly by the contact metamorphic reaction. The generation and releasing of CO2 are positively correlated with the degree of metamorphism, and XCO2 in fluids gradually increases from dolomite zone to calcite zone, but in the zone of grossular, fluid flux is the largest and XCO2 sharply decreases due to involvement of magmatic water. This study presents evidence that a large amount of industrial-scale CO2 can be produced during contact metamorphism. On the basis of theoretical and practical studies, a cone model has been proposed to response CO2 degassing for the contact metamorphism, and it can be used to explore CO2 accumulations beyond the oil-gas basins. This model can also be applied to the study of inorganic genesis of CO2 accumulations.     

火山岩吸附CO_2气的成藏潜力及实例分析

火山岩的脱气实验和对昌德东CO2气藏气源的分析结果表明:加热火山岩到250℃时,脱出挥发分总量为0.0299～0.0790mL/g,其中CO2脱出量为0.0218～0.0706mL/g(0.429～1.387wt%);挥发组分以CO2为主,还含有H2、CO、CH4等还原性气体,以及少量低碳烷烃,CO2含量和总烃呈现反比关系;基性岩的CO2脱出量、脱出率高于中、酸性岩;CO2脱出量与岩石碱质含量正相关。松辽盆地北部昌德东CO2气藏成藏模式为“自生自储”,成藏CO2气主要来自深部被火山岩吸附的气。随岩浆上升,在岩浆冷凝成火山岩的过程中被吸附于火山岩的节理、劈理和晶体位错之中的CO2气,连同火山岩包体中的残留气,成为高纯CO2气藏的主要补给源,并非地幔气体沿大断裂上来直接充注成藏。     

地球排气作用的重大意义及研究进展

地球排气作用已成为当代地球科学最重要的前沿问题之一。它牵涉到地球演化、大地构造、岩浆作用、热液作用、金属矿产和油气形成、地球化学找矿方法、众多自然灾害成因等地球科学基本理论和国计民生实践问题。本文是近期这～研究领域国际动态的一个综述。我们应对地球深部气体给予注意，特别是其巾的氢流。固体地球动力学研究应向流体地球动力学进行概念转变。     

The role of climate variability and fire in early and mid Holocene forest dynamics of southern Sweden

The objective of this study was to investigate the possible links between regional climate, fire and vegetation at the small spatial scale during the early and mid Holocene in southern Sweden using pollen, plant macrofossil and charcoal records from a small bog. The fire history was compared with climate reconstructions inferred from various proxy records in the study region. High fire activity is related to dry and warm climate around 8550, 7600, 5500–5100 and 4500 cal. a BC. Low fire activity ca. 6500–6000 and 4750 BC may correspond to the widespread ‘8.2 k event’ (ca. 6200 BC) recorded across the North Atlantic region, and a later, brief period of increased precipitation, respectively. The decrease in broadleaved trees culminating ca. 6500–6000 BC correlates with the ‘8.2 k event’. A long mid Holocene period with low fire activity (ca. 4350–1000 BC) agrees with the pattern emerging for Europe from the global charcoal database, and may correspond to generally wetter and cooler conditions. High fire activity ca. 8550 BC probably triggered the local establishment of Corylus. Warmer and drier conditions (and high fire activity) ca. 7600 BC might have favoured the establishment of Alnus, Quercus and Tilia. The fire‐adapted Pinus maintained important populations throughout the early and mid Holocene. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

松辽盆地南部无机CO2成藏机理与分布

松辽盆地南部的幔源CO₂气主要存在3种脱气方式：热底辟体脱气、岩浆房脱气和地幔热底垫体脱气。古近纪末-新近纪时期的岩浆活动和岩石圈断裂是无机CO₂气藏形成的主控因素;属于岩石圈断裂的郯庐断裂北部断裂系,当处于活动期时,诱导幔源岩浆上涌,促使无机CO₂气从幔源岩浆脱出,先期富集在下地壳底部,并沿着下地壳的网状剪切带迂回向上运移到达拆离带;当断至拆离带的低角度基底断裂处于活动期时,无机CO₂气体沿着壳源断裂上移进入地壳浅层圈闭富集成藏。气源断裂体系的展布与幔源火成岩活动脱气是无机CO₂气运聚成藏的两大主控因素。幔源CO₂气藏主要分布在长岭断陷和德惠断陷:前者主要沿着孙吴-双辽断裂带分布,后者受控于哈尔滨-四平断裂带。长岭断陷的幔源CO₂气藏埋藏较深,由于向北西的红岗阶地和东部的德惠断陷层位在变新,导致CO₂气藏埋藏深度逐渐变浅。     

Millennial‐scale fire and vegetation history from a mesic hardwood forest of southeastern Wisconsin,USA

High‐resolution charcoal analysis of lake sediment cores was used to reconstruct the fire history from two sites in a mesic hardwood forest of south‐eastern Wisconsin located in the Kettle Moraine State Forest. Pollen data from the region indicate that the sites, which lie within 5 km of each other, have had a consistent presence of mesic hardwood forest for the last 6500 years. A pollen record from one of the sites confirmed the regional vegetation history and the charcoal analysis indicated that fire frequency at each site was temporally linked to regional drought. Periods of high fire occurrence occurred in connection with a region‐wide drought 4200 years ago and, over the last 2000 years, shorter‐scale regional droughts were centred at 1800, 1650, 1100, 1000, 800, 700 and 600 cal a BP. The fire histories indicate that the last 1000 years have had lower fire frequencies than the previous 6500 years and suggest that the mesic hardwood forests may be resilient to increases in fire that may result from future climate change. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.