中国南方石笋氧同位素记录的重要意义

中国南部石笋氧同位素记录记载了重要的气候变化信息。应用石笋氧同位素记录时首先需要考虑检验石笋的平衡结晶生长,特别是重复性检验,以排除可能的偶然性或地方因素。中国南部重复性很好的南京葫芦洞和贵州董歌洞石笋氧同位素记录主要代表了当时的降水氧同位素信息。两洞的记录都显示,在冰期或冰段时期降水的氧同位素比间冰期或间冰段时期明显偏重。受夏季风强弱变化的控制,与目前亚洲季风降水氧同位素的季节变化相对应,在间冰期或间冰段时,ITCZ偏北,降水以夏季风的大规模大气环流下的对流降水为主,其氧同位素较轻;相反地,在冰期或冰段时,ITCZ偏南,降水以夏季风爆发前的锋面降水为主,其氧同位素较重。虽然尚有其他许多影响因素,亚洲季风的变化应是影响中国南部石笋氧同位素在冰期/间冰期或冰段/间冰段的尺度上变化的主导因素。但在更小的尺度上(例如小冰期),石笋氧同位素记录的解释则需要谨慎。虽然下最终结论为时尚早,但作为亚洲季风的两个组成部分的东亚季风和印度季风很可能是同步的,至少在冰期/间冰期或冰段/间冰段的尺度上是如此。基于上述研究,进一步提出亚洲夏季风强段/弱段的概念(AsianSummerMonsoonInterstadial/stadial,或ASMI/ASMS),其在上个冰期中与格陵兰冰芯间冰段/冰段一一对应     

小冰期气候的湖北石笋碳同位素记录

研究季风区小冰期的结构特征和区域响应有助于深入了解季风系统与地球内外驱动力的耦合关系。利用湖北神农架永兴洞YX275石笋的7个230Th年龄和120个碳同位素数据,建立了1 360~1 955 AD期间5年分辨率的石笋碳同位素序列。石笋δ13C与δ18O记录在长期趋势上有很好的对应关系,对小冰期气候响应明显,δ13C记录在大尺度季风环流影响下主要反映了局域湿度变化特征。δ13C序列在1 453~1 890 AD显著正偏,表明小冰期时湿度明显降低。此外,石笋δ13C与亚洲夏季温度、南方涛动指数和热带辐合带记录有较好的一致性,表明亚洲大陆夏季温度和太平洋水汽可能通过影响夏季风的强弱来调控湖北地区的湿度变化。在小冰期内部,δ13C记录在1 450~1 550 AD和1 790~1 830 AD出现进一步正偏,这些振荡分别对应于太阳活动的Sp?rer和Dalton极小期,暗示太阳活动减弱期对中国中部小冰期水文振荡的进一步调控作用。     

中原末次冰期间冰阶以来的古季风气候变迁

中原邙山黄土地层以巨厚的马兰黄土为特色。本文研究了末次冰期间冰阶以来邙山黄土－古土壤序列的粗颗粒含量和磁化率值曲线反映的冬夏季风变迁及其相互关系,发现在万年尺度上夏季风增强对应于冬季风减弱,冬季风增强对应于夏季风减弱,但在千年尺度上冬季风变化比夏季风强烈得多,而且末次间冰段开始时冬季风减弱明显早于夏季风增强。通过中原黄土记录与深海及冰芯Ｏ同位素记录的对比,发现短时间尺度气候变化阶段明显具有很大的区域性特征,它们不能简单地进行等时性全球对比,而应该通过各自独立的时间标尺来建立古气候变化的远距离联系。     

Stable isotopes in a stalagmite from NW Sweden document environmental changes over the past 4000 years

Sundqvist, H. S., Holmgren, K., Moberg, A., Spötl, C. & Mangini, A. 2009: Stable isotopes in a stalagmite from NW Sweden document environmental changes over the past 4000 years. Boreas, 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2009.00099.x. ISSN 0300‐9483. This study of a 4000‐year‐old stalagmite from Korallgrottan in northwestern Sweden highlights the potentials and challenges when using stable isotopes in stalagmites as climate proxies, as well as the fact that the relationship between climate and proxy may change through time. Both the oxygen and the carbon isotopes display an overall trend of enrichment together with decreasing growth rates over the time period covered by the stalagmite, which is considered a generally cooling period according to current palaeoclimate understanding. The stable isotope records show enriched isotopic values during the, for Scandinavia, comparatively cold period AD 1300–1700 and depleted values during the warmer period AD 800–1000. The indication of a negative relationship between measured δ¹⁸O and surface temperature concurs with earlier reported stalagmite records from regions with a seasonal snow cover and is further supported by the fact that the stalagmite δ¹⁸O record shows general similarities with both regional and hemispheric temperature reconstructions available for the past 500 and 2000 years, respectively. Compared with a stable isotope record of lacustrine carbonates from northern Sweden, however, shifting correlations over time between the two records indicate that a local hydrological change may have taken place at Korallgrottan, or at the lake, compared with around 1000 years ago. The earlier part of the stalagmite δ¹⁸O might thus be influenced, to some extent, by another process than the later part, which means that a negative relationship between δ¹⁸O and surface temperature might not hold for the entire 4000‐year‐old record.     

Comparison of stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in Picea glauca tree rings and Sphagnum fuscum moss remains from subarctic Canada

Stable isotope ratios from tree rings and peatland mosses have become important proxies of past climate variations. We here compare recent stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in cellulose of tree rings from white spruce (Picea glauca), growing near the arctic tree line; and cellulose of Sphagnum fuscum stems, growing in a hummock of a subarctic peatland, in west-central Canada. Results show that carbon isotopes in S. fuscum correlate significantly with July temperatures over the past ~20 yr. The oxygen isotopes correlate with both summer temperature and precipitation. Analyses of the tree-ring isotopes revealed summer temperatures to be the main controlling factor for carbon isotope variations, whereas tree-ring oxygen isotope ratios are controlled by a combination of spring temperatures and precipitation totals. We also explore the potential of combining high-frequency (annual) climate signals derived from long tree-ring series with low-frequency (decadal to centennial) climate signals derived from the moss remains in peat deposits. This cross-archive comparison revealed no association between the oxygen isotopes, which likely results from the varying sensitivity of the archives to different seasons. For the carbon isotopes, common variance could be achieved through adjustments of the Sphagnum age model within dating error.     

海南岛沙老岸礁区滨珊瑚氧、碳同位素对气候的记录

通过对海南岛沙老岸礁中正在连续生长的澄黄滨珊瑚骨骼进行氧，碳同位素的测定，对9年生长的珊瑚骨骼依次分析了352个样品，平均每旬有1－2个控制样品，以此来分析珊瑚生长期间的气候变化。首先分析出每年雨季和旱季的差别，得到雨季和旱季曲线的特征，并得出雨季在每年夏季，旱季在每年的秋冬季，表明海南岛礁区是典型的季风气候区。同时将珊瑚骨骼的氧同位素分析数值与相关记录的气温资料做比较，它们的相关系数为0．97和0．79，并得出以氧同位素分析数值求气温的公式。     

兰州市降水同位素变化特征及影响因素

利用2018年4月至2021年4月在兰州市4个站点收集到的349个降水事件样品,对兰州市降水同位素的变化特征和影响因素进行了研究。结果表明：兰州市降水同位素表现出夏季高冬季低的季节变化特征,并且夏半年降水同位素的空间变异性比冬半年显著。兰州市的大气降水线为δ²H=7.34δ¹⁸O+7.28（R²=0.96,P<0.01）,反映了兰州较为干旱的气候特点。在影响因素方面,兰州市降水同位素表现出温度效应。后向轨迹表明,兰州市夏半年降水受到季风水汽和西风带水汽的影响,冬半年降水主要来自于西风带水汽的输送;利用潜在源贡献因子（PSCF）分析法和浓度权重轨迹（CWT）分析法发现,潜在蒸发源区在夏半年主要分布在兰州东部区域,而冬半年几乎不存在潜在蒸发源区。此外,在夏半年,降水事件前几天的对流活动会对降水同位素产生综合影响,累积时间与对流活动的强度及频率有关,在季风初期和末期累积时间较长,季风强盛期较短;在冬半年,降水事件前几天的温度会对降水同位素产生综合影响,累积时间受到冷空气南下频率的影响。以上认识将为季风边缘区水循环过程的研究提供新的视角。     

Decoupling of the East Asian summer monsoon and Indian summer monsoon between 20 and 17 ka

Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 2, with its profound environmental and climatic changes from before the last glacial maximum (LGM) to the last deglaciation, is an ideal period for understanding the evolution of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and Indian summer monsoon (ISM), two Asian monsoon sub-systems. With 875 stable oxygen isotope ratios and 43 ²³⁰Th dates from stalagmites in Sanxing Cave, southwestern China, we construct and interpret a new, replicated, Asian summer monsoon (ASM) record covering 30.9–9.7 ka with decadal resolution. δ¹⁸O records from this site and other reported Chinese caves display similar long-term orbitally dominated trends and synchronous millennial-scale strong and weak monsoonal events associated with climate changes in high northern latitudes. Interestingly, Sanxing δ¹⁸O and Arabian Sea records show a weakening ISM from 22 to 17 ka, while the Hulu and Qingtian records from East and Central China express a 3-ka intensifying EASM from 20 to 17 ka. This decoupling between EASM and ISM may be due to different sensitivities of the two ASM sub-systems in response to internal feedback mechanisms associated with the complex geographical or land-ocean configurations.     

贵州荔波地区2000年来石笋高分辨率的气候记录

通过对荔波董哥洞石笋进行高精度的ICP MS或TIMS U系测年和碳、氧同位素分析,建立了荔波地区2 300a B.P.来高分辨率的古气候变化的时间序列。研究结果表明,贵州荔波地区2 300a B.P.以来石笋记录的季风气候变化,大致可分为8个气候(亚)期:① 2 300～1 800a B.P.为降温期,显示东亚夏季风减弱,东亚冬季风增强,气候干旱寒冷;② 1 800～1 080a B.P.气温有所回升,显示东亚冬季风缓慢减弱,东亚夏季风有所回升,表现为半湿润的温凉气候期;③ 1 080～680a B.P. 为降温期,气温再次下降,显示东亚冬季风再次增强,但降水相对增大,表现为寒冷湿润的气候期,是气候变化的关键转折时期;④ 680～550a B.P.温暖期,显示东亚夏季风再次增强,气温升高,降水增大,表现为温暖湿润的气候期。⑤ 550～400a B.P.寒冷期,显示东亚冬季风快速增强,气温下降,表现为寒冷湿润的气候环境,是近1 000年以来最冷的时期;⑥ 400～364a B.P.温凉期,显示东亚夏季风有所增强,气温有所回升,表现为温凉湿润气候环境;⑦ 364～324a B.P.冷凉期,显示东亚夏季风有所减弱,气温有所下降,表现为冷凉湿润气候环境;⑧ 324a B.P.至今,气候相对波动期,同位素记录曲线呈锯齿状波动,在其内包括若干个冷凉半湿润、冷湿的气候变化亚阶段。根据荔波董哥洞石笋的高分辨率的古气候变化的连续记录,揭示了荔波地区2 300a B.P.以来的一些百年尺度的重大气候事件——干旱寒冷期、隋唐温暖期(或小温暖期)、小寒冷期以及一些十年尺度的降水、温度变化。石笋记录的这种百年、十年尺度的突发性气候变化事件,与冰芯记录极为相似,反映低纬度地区石笋记录的季风气候与高纬度及北极地区的气候具有极好的相关性,这对于认识现代气候系统变化以及对未来十年—百年尺度的气候预测和演化的驱动机制,具有重要的科学意义。     

桂林地区大气降水（大雨、暴雨）的δ18O特征与水汽来源的关系

现代大气降水中的稳定同位素组成是全球或地区性水循环研究的重要载体,同时也是冰芯、湖泊沉积物、石笋等研究领域中,运用稳定同位素来重建古气候的重要依据。本文研究了桂林地区2012年大气降水氢氧同位素组成的逐日变化,根据得到的132组氢氧稳定同位素组成建立了桂林局地大气降水线方程为δD = 8.8δ18O +17.96,大气降水的δ18O波动范围在-13.56‰～+1.07‰,平均为-5.78‰;δD在-101.52‰～+16.02‰,δD平均为-41.03‰。利用降水稳定同位素资料,结合后向轨迹法( Backwards Trajectory) 对桂林水汽来源进行追踪,发现夏季(5-10月)大气降水的水汽来源主要受来自孟加拉湾、南海海洋气团的水汽源的控制,降水的δ18O值偏负,平均为-8.02‰(共64组);冬季(11月至次年4月)大气降水的水汽来源主要受来自西太平洋暖湿气团、冬季风冷气团或西风环流所携带的大陆性气团的影响,不同程度地叠加了局地环流气团、蒸发水汽的补给的影响,降水的δ18O值偏正,平均为-2.86‰(共68组)。研究结果表明,桂林大气降水的稳定同位素组成与降水的水汽来源、季风类型、降水云团来源和性质有关,来自远距离输送夏季风海洋性水汽团形成的降水δ18O值较低(或偏负), 而大陆性气团或局地蒸发水汽循环形成的降水δ18O值较高（或偏正）。不同的水汽来源是决定降水中δ18O值变化的主要因素,因此,通过降水中的δ18O值,特别是其季节变化的特征分析,可以反过来揭示当地降水的水汽来源。      

Decou pled Summer and Winter Monsoon in Northeast Tibet and Northwest Loess Plateau During the Last Interglaciation

DECOUPLED SUMMER AND WINTER MONSOON IN NORTHEAST TIBET AND NORTHWEST LOESS PLATEAU DURING THE LAST INTERGLACIATIONtheNationalKeyProjectforBasicResearchonTibetPlateau (G19980 4 80 0 )andtheNationalNaturalSci encesFoundationofChina (No.4 990     

黔南七星洞石笋古气候变化记录及末次间冰期终止点的确定

当前在全球气候变化预测研究中,洞穴石笋的高分辨定年和碳、氧同位素组成的变化规律研究,为这个领域的突破和填补空白做出了巨大贡献。通过对贵州都匀七星洞 1号石笋进行 11件TIMS U系测年和 79件碳、氧同位素分析,获得了距今 10 9.0 0kaB.P.至 6 5.90kaB.P.的高分辨率古气候记录。石笋在大于 10 9.0 0kaB.P.前开始生长,于 6 5.90kaB.P.后停止生长,平均沉积速率为 4.5 8mm/ 10 0a,属晚更新世的沉积产物。七星洞 1号石笋剖面的研究揭示,其年龄和δ18O同位素的变化,可以与深海岩芯氧同位素记录所揭示的第五阶段中的 5a、5b、5c和第四阶段的早期进行对比。它的碳、氧同位素记录揭示,在 10 9.0～ 10 2.5kaB.P.和 86.6～ 78.92kaB.P.时段,显示受东亚夏季风影响较强,气温升高,降水增多,δ18O偏负,表现为温暖湿润的气候环境。在 10 2.5～ 86.6kaB.P.时段,显示受东亚夏季风影响强度减弱,受东亚冬季风影响强度增加,气温降低,大气降水减少,δ18O稍趋向偏正,表现为冷凉半湿润-温凉湿润的气候环境;而在 78.92～ 6 5.6kaB.P.时段,显示东亚冬季风强盛和受西北风影响较强,海表温度下降,大气温度降低,降水量较少,δ13O偏重,δ13 C偏正 (C4植物占 95 % ),表现为严寒     

东亚冬、夏古季风变化的相位差及热带太平洋在季风变化中的驱动作用

斋堂黄土剖面古气候记录表明：１)冬、夏季风在千年尺度上的变化存在相位差；２)冬、夏季风记录在变化趋势上具有互为消长的关系，而在变化幅度和频率方面则有明显的差异。这表明，冬、夏季风在千年尺度上的变化是分别由不同的因素和过程所控制。我们提出热带太平洋海气相互作用系统在东亚季风变化过程中起着直接的驱动作用。     

Variability of East Asian Winter Monsoon in Quaternary Climatic Extremes in North China

In order to examine high-frequency variations of East Asian winter monsoon in Quaternary climatic extremes, two typical loess–paleosol sequences in the Chinese Loess Plateau were investigated. Sandy layers in the loess deposits, the “Upper sand” and “Lower sand” (layers L9 and L15, respectively), which represent a high-resolution record of paleomonsoon changes, have been sampled at intervals of 5–6 cm from sections at Luochuan and Xifeng. The grain size and magnetic susceptibility was measured for all samples. The grain-size results (a proxy of winter monsoon strength) indicate that the winter monsoon strength fluctuated on a millennial timescale during cold climatic extremes, with climatic events of a few hundred to a few thousand years. However, the winter monsoon was relatively stable during warm periods. The magnetic susceptibility signal (a proxy of summer monsoon intensity) is practically constant over the same period. This is tentatively explained by the assumption that the summer monsoon intensity was too low to be recorded in the magnetic susceptibility signal. The intensified winter monsoon events show periodicities in a range of 1000 to 2770 yr, with a dominant cycle of approximately 1450 yr. The detection of this oscillation in older glacial stages strongly suggests that it may be a pervasive cycle of the cold climatic phases of the Quaternary. Millennial-scale variations of the winter monsoon may be caused by instability of the westerly jet, which is determined by temperature differences between the polar and the equatorial regions.     

黄土高原和南海陆架古季风演变的生物记录与Heinrich事件

宝鸡黄土中０．１５Ｍａ以来植物硅酸体研究表明,年均温度、１月份和年均降水量的变化与深海氧同位素变化有很好的一致性,而７月份降水量的变化与印度洋反映季风强弱的粒度变化相类似。南海陆架孢粉研究发现,１４７００—１３９００ａＢ．Ｐ．和２２９００一２０６００ａＢ．Ｐ．气候变冷期与北大西洋沉积物中Ｈ１、Ｈ２变冷事件存在成因上的联系。全球冰量通过冬季风等因素在“轨道尺度”上可能影响了夏季风对特定地区的控制时间,从而控制了黄土区气候的年均状况,但没有影响夏季风固有的变化周期和振幅。由低纬夏季太阳辐射控制的夏季风以其准２００００ａ周期叠加在冬季风所具有的准０．１Ｍａ周期上。冬、夏季风的演化行为具有较强的相对独立性,冬、夏季风同时减弱或增强的情况是存在的。Ｈｅｉｎｒｉｃｈ事件在东亚地区不仅影响了冬季风而且影响了夏季风。     

辽宁朝阳凤凰山古土壤序列粒度特征与古气候变化

通过对朝阳凤凰山剖面风成古土壤序列进行2 cm间距的高密度连续采样,测量样品的粒度百分含量,分析不同粒度组分的古气候意义,选择了粗粒组分、超细粒组分和细粒组分的百分含量分别作为研究区冬、夏季风和西风强度变化的替代性指标,分析了71~453 ka BP 间该剖面记载的冬、夏季风和西风的演化和古气候变迁。结果表明：71~453 ka BP 辽宁地区冬、夏季风和西风变化较同步,其中夏季风和西风的变化趋势较一致,明显存在着4 个增强阶段和4 个减弱阶段,与深海氧同位素曲线的MIS5~MIS12 这8 个阶段相对应。冬季风的变化趋势与夏季风和西风的变化趋势相反。该时期辽宁地区的古气候变化可以划分为8 个阶段：其中71~148 ka BP, 176~208 ka BP, 225~243 ka BP和311~403 ka BP 阶段为温暖湿润气候; 148~176ka BP, 208~225 ka BP, 243~311 ka BP 和403~423 ka BP 阶段为较寒冷干燥气候。     

中国现代陆生蜗牛壳体碳氧同位素组成的分布特征及其气候响应

陆生蜗牛壳体碳氧同位素组成记录了环境气候信息,是地质历史时期古环境和古气候重建的一个良好指标。文章在前人对现生蜗牛壳体碳氧同位素的环境意义研究基础上,通过增加对不同气候条件下的新疆地区（受西风带控制）、川西地区（受印度季风控制）以及东北地区（东亚季风北端）的现生蜗牛碳氧同位素组成进行测试分析,结合中国其他地区已有数据,总结探讨所有研究区已有蜗牛壳体碳氧同位素组成的分布规律及影响因子,回归分析蜗牛壳体碳氧同位素组成与降水量、温度、湿度、蒸发量及干燥度等5个气候因子之间的关系。得出以下研究结果：全国范围内的蜗牛壳体碳同位素组成与年均降水量、年均相对湿度具有明显负相关关系,与年均蒸发量及干燥度具明显正相关关系,年均温度大于9.5℃采样点的蜗牛壳体碳同位素与温度呈负相关关系;蜗牛壳体氧同位素组成与各种气候因子之间的关系比较复杂而显示无明显的相关性,可能由于不同区域蜗牛壳体氧同位素对不同气候因子的响应程度不同,也可能是由于蜗牛壳体氧同位素与温度的关系在不同区域存在差异导致。总之,蜗牛壳体碳同位素较为忠实地记录了有效降水引起C3植被同位素变化的信息,而对蜗牛壳体氧同位素记录的信息的解读还不明晰,仍需更多研究。     

汉江上游I级河流阶的形成及对东亚季风 变化的响应

对郧县—白河段汉江Ⅰ级河流阶地上风成黄土的沉积学、理化性质、地球化学和年代学进行了系统研究。结果表明,汉江Ⅰ河流阶的形成不晚于25 ka BP;黄土具有马兰黄土(L1)→过渡黄土(Lt)→古土壤(S0)→全新世黄土(L0)→表土(TS)的地层序列,与渭河谷地的黄土地层序列完全可比;25~11.5 ka BP,冬季风强盛,气候冷干,从11.5 ka BP开始,冬季风逐渐减弱,气候开始向暖湿方向逐步转化,从8.5 ka BP开始,夏季风达到了末次冰期结束后的鼎盛时期,3.1 ka BP前后,东亚季风格局发生变化,夏季风减弱,重新进入一个相对干冷的时期,而人类活动对地表的影响形成了表土;汉江上游谷地黄土记录的末次冰期后季风逐渐加强、中全新世季风强盛、随后季风衰退和气候变干的夏季风演变模式与渭河谷地黄土的记录高度一致,与邻区石笋和泥炭记录的季风变化趋势也有良好的可比性,但与石笋/泥炭记录的夏季风强盛期的起始时间(9.3~4.2 ka BP)并不完全一致。     

Seasonal variability of oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes in precipitation and cave drip water at Guilin,southwest China

The interpretation of climatic information from stalagmites has traditionally been a complex research problem, with oxygen isotopes playing a particularly important role in global climate change studies. This study investigates the relationship between oxygen isotope composition of the atmospheric in precipitation and cave drip water at Panlong cave in southwest China on seasonal timescales of variability. Time series seasonal variability was derived from Panlong cave in Guilin by collecting daily precipitation samples for stable isotope analysis during 2012. Results indicate that δ¹⁸O of precipitation contains a clear seasonal variation whereby higher values are mainly distributed during winter and lower values during summer. Seasonal variations in water sources affect the precipitation δ¹⁸O values. Drip water δ¹⁸O also displayed a seasonal cycle which is attenuated relative to δ¹⁸O of precipitation. Drip water time series display seasonal cycle ranges from 1.5 to 3.5 ‰ relative to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water, which mainly follow the precipitation δ¹⁸O seasonal cycle. Seasonal variation in drip water δ¹⁸O supports interpretations of the stalagmite δ¹⁸O record as a paleoclimate proxy sensitive to the local environment. This monitoring experiment revealed that drip water must be transported through the epikarst in approximately 1.5 months during cold periods, and <0.5 months during warm periods. Different residence time percolation is mainly affected by the atmospheric precipitation amount, depending on whether soil moisture reaches saturation.     

太白山最近1000年的孢粉记录与古气候重建尝试

秦岭太白山佛爷池最近1000年的孢粉记录及据此所重建古气候参数的时间序列,揭示了历史时期小冰期和中世纪温暖期的气候特征。小冰期的起止时间为1420-1920aAD。其1月与7月平均温度反映本区夏季风与冬季风的变化有很大的不一致性。小冰期开始时,冬季风突然增强,夏季风显示不稳定波动,并相对变弱,而降水一度增多。小冰期的结束是以冬季风逐渐减弱为先导,而夏季风呈突然增强势态,降水偏少。在中世纪温暖期中,1200-1340aAD发生快速气候波动,出现暖夏、冷冬等特征气候,成为历史上少见的灾害性气候时段。