陕西省气象科学共享数据集的制作及处理

陕西省气象科学数据共享系统是中国气象科学数据共享服务网的区域级和省级物理节点之一,按照中国气象局“气象资料共享管理办法”要求和数据共享策略,通过网络在线和离线方式对社会开展数据共享服务。     

一个城市空气污染野外试验计划的设计——常州市空气污染研究计划的气象观测概述

本文概述了常州市空气污染研究计划的气象观测状况,论述了城市空气污染研究计划中气象观测的设计思想和质量保证措施。     

1980——1983年世界气候计划(WCP)第二部分——世界气候计划的基本内容

1.气候资料计划 1.1 引言气候知识应用计划、气候影响研究计划和气候变化和变迁、研究计划的成功,取决于增加充分可靠的基本资料。为了描述、了解和预报气候(包括人类影响气候的特性,以及气候与其他自然环境和人类社会的关系),都需要一些与气候有关的资料。因此,气候资料计划必须与气候应用计划、气候影响的研究计划及气候变化和变迁研究计划一起完整地制订。基本资料应包括常规的气候资料以及与气候事件有关的资料,所以基本资料应由常规的气候资料和与气候有关的地球物理学、生态学和社会经济学资料组成。     

基于消息通知机制的国省数据共享系统的设计与实现

为解决卫星广播传输缺陷及省级用户获取临省实时观测资料和实况分析产品等迫切的业务需求,设计并实现了基于消息通知机制的国省数据共享系统。系统基于RabbitMQ的消息机制进行业务和数据资源的整合及集成,采用多层体系架构,满足基于地面宽带的数据快速有序下载和卫星广播数据补调等国省数据共享需求,支持大容量多种数据的高速传输,支持HTTP、FTP、SFTP等多种数据传输协议。系统已经上线提供服务,实现智能网格、多源融合实况分析等25种气象资料的国省数据共享,月平均共享数据量达6.3 TB,且建立全流程监视,有效保障数据共享的时效性。     

我国气象科学数据发布策略初步研究

气象科学数据发布策略的研究是气象科学数据共享工作有效展开的重要保障.该文在国内外气象科学数据发布政策分析和制订气象科学数据共享发布策略原则的基础上,就气象科学数据发布方式和影响因子从气象科学数据发布方式、气象科学数据发布方式的影响因子、气象科学数据发布模式和发布策略概念模型、气象科学数据共享分类分级、共享用户分级、气象科学数据共享发布技术方式和途径等诸方面简明地介绍了我国气象科学数据发布策略研究的主要观点和意见,使读者对我国气象科学数据发布策略有一个比较全面的了解.     

风云气象卫星数据存档与服务系统

国家卫星气象中心依托风云卫星工程,对多批次工程建设采取统一设计、滚动开发、分批扩展的方法,建成气象卫星数据存档与服务系统。系统架构于多个高性能计算机集群,应用可配置的动态加载容器和多机作业负载均衡并发处理技术将集群构建为高扩展性、高可用、高效率的业务系统。对Internet的全集数据共享技术、分布式时空一体化数据库存储技术、基于WebGIS的全球卫星影像发布技术、可视化处理与显示技术、三维地球影像发布技术、多源数据融合处理技术等多项关键技术进行研究与应用,为用户提供多种数据共享服务方式,提高了数据下载效率。目前,国家卫星气象中心已存档国内外21颗气象卫星801类共1150 TB数据,为24258个注册用户提供各类数据共享服务,该系统亦可通过配置扩展,适应未来国家卫星气象中心数据存档与服务的需求。     

基于OAuth2.0协议的气象数据共享接口的设计

针对气象数据共享服务中存在的安全问题,提出基于oauth2.0协议的数据共享方法,给出了接口的设计和实现过程,并分析总结了oauth2.0协议在气象数据共享中的优势,为进一步开展气象数据服务提供更加安全高效的技术支撑。     

中国近代气象观测记录特点浅析

综合有关中国近代气象观测的史料文献和档案资料,对中国近代气象观测记录的存档现状及主要特点进行初步的论述和分析,对保护和开发利用近代历史气象资料、提供数据共享有一定的参考作用。     

XML技术在气象数据共享中的应用

根据山东省气象数据共享工程实际,结合XML技术的应用,分析了目前气象数据共享中需要解决的关键问题,并举出一些XML技术应用实例。利用XML保存和传递数据的优势,可以实现信息的真正共享,从而更好地扩大数据共享的应用范围。     

WMO长期预报研究计划

一、长期预报研究计划世界气象组织(WMO)第9次大会(1983年)通过决议建立长期预报研究计划(PLRF),並于1984年4月召开第一次工作组会,1988年5月召开第二次工作组会.本文根据工作组会议报告、PLRF长期计划及有关会议文集写成.     

美国气候变化科学计划综述

简要回顾美国气候变化研究沿革,分析美国制定和实施气候变化科学计划(USCCSP)的背景,综述USCCSP的研究目标、研究领域和组织管理方式。首先重点阐述USCCSP的关键科学发现以及全球和美国气候变化的主要科学结论,介绍USCCSP综合评估产品。然后论述美国国家科学院研究理事会(NRC)对USCCSP进展的评估,评述未来美国气候变化研究的战略框架和领域。最后在归纳美国气候变化研究特色的基础上,阐述对我国制定长期战略规划、深化基础研究、强化模式创新、推进观测系统和资料系统建设、加强科学评估和应用服务、加快立法进程等方面的启示。     

陶诗言先生在中国暴雨发生条件和机制研究中的贡献

作者在1998年庆贺陶诗言先生八十华诞的文集中曾专题阐述和评价了陶先生对中国暴雨研究的贡献。 至今十五年过去了,陶诗言先生虽已于2012年仙逝,但其深邃的科学思想依然闪烁着智慧的火花。他在中国暴雨研究中留下的宝贵遗产不但深刻影响过去和现代两代人的暴雨研究和业务发展,而且也将继续影响将来的中国暴雨研究。本文是对陶诗言先生在中国暴雨的研究中所作的贡献并结合现代研究的成果作进一步介绍和评价。主要集中在暴雨发生的动力和热力条件与机理方面。全文内容包括六个方面:（1）季节突变对中国梅雨爆发的影响;（2）暴雨发生的多尺度相互作用;（3）暖湿季风输送带对北方大暴雨的影响;（4）高空急流对暴雨的作用;（5）暴雨和强对流发生的物理条件;（6）地形对暴雨的作用     

A review of research on human activity induced climate change I. Greenhouse gases and aerosols

Extensive research on the sources and sinks of greenhouse gases, carbon cycle modeling, and the characterization of atmospheric aerosols has been carried out in China during the last 10 years or so. This paper presents the major achievements in the fields of emissions of greenhouse gases from agricultural lands,carbon cycle modeling, the characterization of Asian mineral dust, source identification of the precursors of the tropospheric ozone, and observations of the concentrations of atmospheric organic compounds.Special, more detailed information on the emissions of methane from rice fields and the physical and chemical characteristics of mineral aerosols are Dresented.     

The U.S. government response to global change: Analysis and appraisal

There is evidence that the processes of greenhouse warming, depletion of stratospheric ozone, and acid precipitation are likely to have increasingly harmful effects in the next few decades. Though there are uncertainties, we do not have the luxury of deferring all action until the predicted changes are more fully ascertained. Major policy and budgetary decisions must be reached. The situation calls for coherent, stable, but flexible policies to provide the base for coordinated interagency programs of observation, research, analysis, and regulation, as well as for international negotiations concerning global change.     

The ozone trend in the layer of 2 to 3 km a.s.l. since 1978 and the typical time variations of the ozone profile between ground and 3 km a.s.l.

Summary Longterm recordings of the O₃ concentration at the Zugspitze in 2964 m a.s.l. and at the Wank peak in 1780 m a.s.l. together with continuous daily measurements of cosmogenic radio-nuclides have been analyzed in order to ascertain whether or not a significant trend of O₃ exists. Recordings from 1981 to 1988 show definitely that there was no trend of the O₃ concentration in the free atmosphere between 1.8 and 3 km a.s.l. However, an increase of 10 ppb occurred 1978 to 1981.A cable car operating between Zugspitze and the valley (in 1000 m a.s.l.) over a two km height difference at the northern border of the Bavarian Alps has been used for atmospheric research. The run of this cable car is rather steep and is mostly suspended far away from the ground. Consequently it is ideal for simulataneously investigating the profiles of meteorlogical and atmospheric electrical parameters, and the ozone concentration. From 1980 to 1982 a total of 1990 ozone profiles have been recorded on fair weather days. The data collected offer a profound basis in order to study the time variations in the lower tropospheric ozone profile depending on the hour of the day during all seasons. The influence of the following atmospheric processes and conditions on the O₃ profile pattern has been investigated:Vertical mixing intensity in and above the boundary layer, temperature inversions, photochemical production of ozone or its depletion in the lowermost layers, and stratospheric intrusions based on the measurements of cosmogenic radionuclides on Zugspitze, the upper end of the trail. The penetration depth of stratospheric O₃ in the lower troposphere has been investigated and the shape and time behavior of temporarily O₃ maxima within the boundary layer has been studied.With 12 FiguresExtended version of a paper presented at the International Conference on the Generation of Oxidants on Regional and Global Scales, held at the Univ. of East Anglia, Norwich, England, 3–7 July 1989.     

Unexploited opportunities in understanding liveable and biodiverse cities. A review on urban biodiversity perception and valuation

Many researchers and policymakers from various disciplines highlight the role of urban biodiversity in delivering ecosystem services to enhance human wellbeing in a rapidly urbanising world. This suggests powerful synergies between approaches that are often disciplinarily separated, aiming either at human wellbeing or biodiversity conservation. Strategies towards liveable and biodiverse cities would gain support from insights into the people-biodiversity interface in cities. Yet, the question of which scale of biodiversity (from ecosystems to genes) benefits urban people in general and different socio-cultural groups in particular, remains largely open. To assess the current scientific knowledge as well as potential for further research, we systematically reviewed literature on people’s perception and valuation of urban biodiversity (200 studies). We also quantified the outcomes of studies in terms of the effects of biodiversity on valuation for studies that addressed biodiversity valuation below the ecosystem scale. We found that the current literature is critically biased in four ways. (1) Most studies cover temperate climates, while regions with the most pronounced urban growth are underrepresented. (2) Studies focus on urban forests and parks while important informal greenspaces are largely neglected. (3) Biodiversity is mostly addressed at the ecosystem scale (habitat or land-use types) while diversity at the species community or gene scale—key issues in biodiversity conservation—is covered to a much lesser extent. Most studies below the ecosystem scale show positive biodiversity effects, but universal patterns are not apparent due to the scarcity and low comparability of research. (4) Almost no studies consider the cultural diversity of urban residents by systematically targeting people from different socio-economic and cultural backgrounds or specific age groups. Our review reveals critical knowledge gaps about the people-biodiversity interface in cities, both in approaching cultural and biological diversity (‘biocultural diversity’). This shows unexploited opportunities and future directions in linking usually separated strategies on enhancing human wellbeing and biodiversity conservation in sustainable cities.     

Cluster analysis of Southeastern U.S. climate stations

Summary A two-step cluster analysis of 449 Southeastern climate stations is used to objectively determine general climate clusters (groups of climate stations) for eight southeastern states. The purpose is objectively to define regions of climatic homogeneity that should perform more robustly in subsequent climatic impact models. This type of analysis has been successfully used in many related climate research problems including the determination of corn/climate districts in Iowa (Ortiz-Valdez, 1985) and the classification of synoptic climate types (Davis, 1988).These general climate clusters may be more appropriate for climate research than the standard climate divisions (CD) groupings of climate stations, which are modifications of the agro-economic United States Department of Agriculture crop reporting districts. Unlike the CD's, these objectively determined climate clusters are not restricted by state borders and thus have reduced multicollinearity which makes them more appropriate for the study of the impact of climate and climatic change.With 5 Figures     

Climate change impacts on the water resources of American Indians and Alaska Natives in the U.S.

This paper provides an overview of climate change impacts on tribal water resources and the subsequent cascading effects on the livelihoods and cultures of American Indians and Alaska Natives living on tribal lands in the U.S. A hazards and vulnerability framework for understanding these impacts is first presented followed by context on the framework components, including climate, hydrologic, and ecosystem changes (i.e. hazards) and tribe-specific vulnerability factors (socioeconomic, political, infrastructural, environmental, spiritual and cultural), which when combined with hazards lead to impacts. Next regional summaries of impacts around the U.S. are discussed. Although each tribal community experiences unique sets of impacts because of their individual history, culture, and geographic setting, many of the observed impacts are common among different groups and can be categorized as impacts on—1) water supply and management (including water sources and infrastructure), 2) aquatic species important for culture and subsistence, 3) ranching and agriculture particularly from climate extremes (e.g., droughts, floods), 4) tribal sovereignty and rights associated with water resources, fishing, hunting, and gathering, and 5) soil quality (e.g., from coastal and riverine erosion prompting tribal relocation or from drought-related land degradation). The paper finishes by highlighting potentially relevant research questions based on the five impact categories.     

GRAPES集合卡尔曼滤波资料同化系统Ⅰ:系统设计及初步试验

集合卡尔曼滤波资料同化方法,可以用集合样本统计出随天气形势变化的误差协方差,是当前资料同化领域的研究热点。主要介绍了GRAPES集合卡尔曼滤波资料同化系统的设计以及初步的试验结果。针对集合卡尔曼滤波同化实际观测资料难以实施的问题,采用成批观测同化的顺序同化方法进行多变量的集合卡尔曼滤波同化;为了滤除有限集合数造成的误差相关噪音和缓解求逆矩阵不满秩的问题,在水平和垂直方向都采用了Schur滤波;建立了与GRAPES预报模式的垂直坐标和预报变量一致的模式面集合卡尔曼滤波系统;集合样本的生成考虑了模式变量的空间相关和模式变量之间的相关,通过利用三维变分分析中的控制变量变换得到模式变量扰动场。通过比较GRAPES集合卡尔曼滤波资料同化系统和GRAPES区域三维变分资料同化系统的单点观测资料同化分析结果,对比背景误差相关系数的分布,验证了GRAPES集合卡尔曼滤波系统的正确性。此外,同化区域探空观测资料试验结果表明,GRAPES集合卡尔曼滤波资料同化系统能够得到合理的分析,并且具有实际运行能力。对分析结果进行12h预报表明,GRAPES集合卡尔曼滤波资料同化系统的分析协调性不如三维变分资料同化系统。     

Impact of Air Pollution on Genetic Material of Shallot (Allium cepa L. var. ascalonicum) Exposed at Differently Polluted Sites in Slovenia

Test shallot plants Allium cepa L. var. ascalonicum were exposed to field conditions at six research plots in the most polluted areas in Slovenia in the vegetation seasons in 1999 and 2000. The intention of this research was to evaluate the influence of air pollution on mitotic activity and frequency of chromosomal aberrations in meristematic tissues of root tips of bioindication plants. Significant differences in the mitotic index and in frequency of chromosomal aberrations at different sampling plots in pot experiments were found and the correlation between the ozone concentration and the mitotic index was determined. The results showed the presence of cytotoxic substances at chosen sampling sites, which caused the decrease of mitotic cell division and the presence of genotoxic substances, which resulted in the increase of frequency of chromosomal aberrations.