Observation of a red tide event in the Western Harbour, Xiamen

Measurements of red tide organism cell counting, chlorophyll a, water temperat-ure, salinity, pH, DO, COD, NH_4~ , NO_3, NO_2, active phosphate, dissolvable siliconwere made in a follow-up observation of a red tide event which occurred in the western harbourof Xiamen from 18th June to 3rd July in 1986.     

象山港赤潮监控区红色裸甲藻赤潮及其成因分析

对2004年5月27日—6月3日象山港水域发生的大范围赤潮进行调查研究。结果表明,本次赤潮面积为240km2,赤潮原因种为红色裸甲藻(GymnodiniumsanguineumHirasaka1922),密度最高达到4.03×107个/dm3,厚度4m。赤潮的发生导致水体中pH、DO、COD、活性磷酸盐的含量较同期常规监测时偏高,硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氨氮、硅酸盐含量明显降低。水体的富营养化和持续的高温天气是本次赤潮发生的主要原因。     

Chemical environment for red tides due toChattonella antiqua in the seto inland sea,Japan

Severe red tides due toChattonella antiqua occur sporadically during summer in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, and cause significant damage to the fishing industry. In order to assess the chemical environment with respect to the outbreak ofC. antiqua, environmental factors that affect the growth ofC. antiqua were monitored around the Ie-shima Islands, the Seto Inland Sea, in the summer of 1986. In addition, a growth bioassay of the seawater usingC. antiqua was conducted under a semicontinuous culture system. Although temperature, salinity and light intensity were optimum for the growth ofC. antiqua, red tides by this species did not occur. Concentrations of NH ₄ ⁺ , NO ₃ ^? and PO ₄ ^3? were low (<0.4, <0.2, <0.06 µM, respectively) above the thermocline (8–12 m) and high below it (0.6–2, 4–8, 0.4–0.8 µM, respectively). Vitamin B₁₂ concentrations did not change significantly between the surface (0 m) and below the thermocline (25 m) in the level of 2–4 ng·l^?1. The growth bioassay revealed that in the surface waters, concentrations of N- as well as P- nutrients were too low to support a rapid growth ofC. antiqua. At the depth of 25 m, neither N, P nor B₁₂ limited the growth rate. In order to obtain more quantitative information on the growth rate as a function of the concentrations of N- and P- nutrients,C. antiqua was grown in a semicontinuous culture system by changing nutrient concentrations systematically. The observed growth rate (μ) can be approximated as follows: $$\mu = \mu _{\max } .\frac{{S_N }}{{K_g ^N + S_N }}.\frac{{S_{PO4} }}{{K_g ^P + S_{PO4} }},$$ whereS _N is the concentration of NO ₃ ^? plus NH ₄ ⁺ (0–6 µM),S _PO, the concentration of PO ₄ ^3? (0–0.6 µM), μ_max (0.97 d^?1) the maximal growth rate,K ₀ ^N (1.0 µM) andK ₀ ^P (0.11 µM) the half saturation constants for NO ₃ ^? and PO ₄ ^3? , respectively. Using the above equation with nutrient concentrations measured, the rate at which seawater supports the growth ofC. antiqua can be estimated and this can be used for the assessment of chemical environments with respect to the outbreak ofC. antiqua.     

蛋白质组学研究在赤潮藻研究中的应用

1蛋白质组学的发展随着DNA序列测定技术的飞速发展,人类基因组(Human genome)的测序工作提前完成,人们可以在很短的时间内获得某种生物基因组的全序列。到2004年7月,已经有173种病毒和原核生物基因组的工作已经完成,其中古细菌19种、真细菌154种(蓝藻8种),与此同时一些更高等生     

Satellite detection of red tide in Ariake Sound, 1998–2001

High resolution SeaWiFS data was used to detect red tide events that occurred in the Ariake Sound, Japan, a small embayment known as one of the most productive areas in Japan. SeaWiFS chlorophyll data clearly showed that a large red tide event, which damaged seaweed (Nori) cultures, started early in December 2000 in Isahaya Bay, expanded to the whole sound and persisted to the end of February 2001. The monthly average of SeaWiFS data from May 1998 to December 2001 indicated that the chlorophyll peaks appeared twice a year, in early summer and in fall, after the peaks of rain and river discharge. The SeaWiFS data showed that the red tide event during 2000–2001 winter was part of the fall bloom; however, it started later and continued significantly longer than other years. Satellite ocean color data is useful to detect the red tide; however the algorithms require improvement to accurately estimate chlorophyll in highly turbid water and in red tide areas.     

四烷铵络合碘对球形棕囊藻去除作用的研究

研究了四烷铵络合碘对赤潮生物球形棕囊藻Phaeochystis globosa的灭杀和控制作用。结果表明,四烷铵络合碘对球形棕囊藻具有明显的抑制和杀灭作用。当藻细胞起始密度为1.5×106cells.ml-1时,低于15 mg.L-1的四烷铵络合碘溶液对球形棕囊藻生长有一定的抑制作用,高于25 mg.L-1的四烷铵络合碘溶液对球形棕囊藻有显著的杀灭作用。四烷铵络合碘具有高效、低毒、药效期长等优点,可能是一种较理想的除藻剂。     

Automated identification of red tide phytoplanktonProrocentrum triestinum in coastal areas by image analysis

An image analyzing system was developed for automated identification and cell counting of a red tide phytoplankton,Prorocentrum triestinum, in coastal areas. Using an interference filter, a photograph of phytoplankton was taken through a fluorescence microscope. The photograph was then fed into an image analyzing system consisting of an image sensor, a front mini-computer, and a host computer. The system identifiedP. triestinum as effectively as the conventional method in one twentieth of the time required by the latter. The system was used to examine preserved samples collected fromP. triestinum-dominated red tides in Tokyo Bay. It was found that there were two phytoplankton populations in the red tide:P. triestinum and a smaller phytoplankton.     

Mechanisms for outbreak ofHeterosigma akashiwo red tide in Osaka Bay,Japan

Growth-limiting nutrients of the red tide flagellateHeterosigma akashiwo in Osaka Bay, the Seto Inland Sea, were examined using the method of algal growth potential. The growth yield ofH. akashiwo was enhanced by addition of chelated iron to filtered seawater, but not by the addition of nitrogen, phosphorus or vitamins. An areal survey conducted in June 1981 demonstrated that the concentration of soluble iron in the surface seawater was highest in the southeastern part of Osaka Bay where salinity was less than 30‰ and iron was correlated with the concentration ofH. akashiwo. Increased supply of chelated iron caused by the increase in river runoff during the rainy season is a crucial factor involved in outbreaks ofH. akashiwo red tides in Osaka Bay.     

Vertical variations of the chlorophyll maximum during a red tide in a shallow lagoon

The results of eight sets of repeated observations on the vertical variations of the chlorophyll maximum layer in a shallow lagoon during a red tide show that these were more frequently hydrologically induced, rather than due to active vertical migrations of the red tide-forming organism. These results are discussed and compared to those existing in the literature, with special regard to the role of light and nitrogen in conditioning vertical migrations in red tide-forming dinoflagellates.     

应用免疫荧光技术对三种赤潮藻的研究

为探索和建立免疫学结合荧光技术对赤潮生物的定性、定量检测,制备了3种粒径不同的赤潮藻——赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)、共生甲藻(Symbiodinium sp)、链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenella)的多克隆抗体,并采用封闭吸附处理以提高抗体的特异性;采用间接酶联免疫法检测了抗体的效价;结果表明未经吸附处理的赤潮异弯藻、共生甲藻的效价分别为1:41 000,1:18 000以上,显示是高亲合力的抗体;链状亚历山大藻抗体的效价达到1:3 500,相比另两种藻的效价较低;吸附处理后的3种多克隆抗体的特异性明显提高,而效价有所下降。3种多克隆抗体与各自藻细胞均有很强的结合力,赤潮异弯藻和共生甲藻的荧光信号均匀分布于细胞表面,链状亚历山大藻细胞的荧光信号在细胞表面分布不均匀,主要集中在腹部横沟内。制备的多克隆抗体只与自身藻细胞结合,与另外2种藻细胞无交叉反应。链状亚历山大藻抗体只与自身藻细胞结合,与塔马亚历山大藻无交叉反应,可作为同属内不同种的鉴别。结合了免疫学和荧光技术,具有特异、灵敏、直观和简便的优点,并且费用低,对于开拓赤潮准确定性、定量检测方法和技术具有重要价值。     

海洋在线监测浮标在赤潮监测中的应用研究

利用布设在广西区钦州湾的GX11、GX13两套实时在线监测浮标, 研究钦州湾2016年5月发生的红色赤潮藻(Akashiwo sanguinea)赤潮前后实时监测数据的变化情况。结果表明赤潮的暴发与消退受水文气象因素影响, 当寒流过后, 出现风速降低、气温迅速回升, 尤其是气温呈现昼夜温差小的天气状况时, 应重点监控实时在线浮标监测数据的变化。赤潮过程中pH、溶解氧浓度、叶绿素浓度存在明显的昼夜变化规律并高于正常范围, 三种环境要素具有显著的正相关; 当实时在线浮标监测中发现pH、溶解氧浓度、叶绿素浓度呈现较明显联动的强烈波动, 并且数值相对正常范围迅速升高时, 可进行赤潮预警及布置现场调查; pH、溶解氧浓度、叶绿素浓度的实时在线监测可作为预警环境要素, 为赤潮预警提供科学参考。     

Phytoplankton absorption and pigment adaptation of a red tide in the Benguela ecosystem

Phytoplankton absorption and pigment characteristics of a red tide were investigated in coastal waters of the southern Benguela. Diagnostic indices indicated that dinoflagellates were the dominant phytoplankton group, with diatoms and small flagellates being of secondary importance. Very high biomass was observed close to the coast where chlorophyll a concentrations of up to 117 mg m^–3 were measured. Both measured (a _ph) and reconstructed pigment absorption (a _pig) displayed an increasing trend with chlorophyll a, while the package effect index (Q^* _a) decreased, indicating increased packaging with an increase in biomass. Proportioning of the total pigment absorption between 400 and 700 nm revealed that chlorophyll a accounted for 39–65% of the absorption, while photosynthetic carotenoids (15–30%) and chlorophyll cs (15–30%) were also prominent in absorbing light for photosynthesis.     

Optical properties of the red tide in Isahaya Bay,southwestern Japan: Influence of chlorophyll a concentration

Remote sensing reflectance [R _rs(λ)] and absorption coefficients of red tides were measured in Isahaya Bay, southwestern Japan, to investigate differences in the optical properties of red tide and non-red tide waters. We defined colored areas of the sea surface, visualized from shipboard, as “red tides”. Peaks of the R _rs(λ) spectra of non-red tide waters were at 565 nm, while those of red tides shifted to longer wavelengths (589 nm). The spectral shape of R _rs(λ) was close to that of the reciprocal of the total absorption coefficient [1/a(λ)], implying that the R _rs(λ) peak is determined by absorption. Absorption coefficients of phytoplankton [a _ph(λ)], non-pigment particles and colored dissolved organic matter increased with increasing chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a), and those coefficients were correlated with Chl a for both red tide and non-red tide waters. Using these relationships between absorption coefficients and Chl a, variation in the spectrum of 1/a(λ) as a function of Chl a was calculated. The peak of 1/a(λ) shifted to longer wavelengths with increasing Chl a. Furthermore, the relative contribution of a _ph(λ) to the total absorption in red tide water was significantly higher than in non-red tide water in the wavelength range 550–600 nm, including the peak. Our results show that the variation of a _ph(λ) with Chl a dominates the behavior of the R _rs(λ) peak, and utilization of R _rs(λ) peaks at 589 and 565 nm may be useful to discriminate between red tide and non-red tide waters by remote sensing.     

福建省三都湾赤潮监控区福宁湾浮游植物的生态

本文于2002～2003年对福宁湾海域浮游植物进行分析,共鉴定浮游植物5个门54属共156种,其中硅藻门为主要门类.季度平均生物量为8.92×103μg/dm3,其年高峰出现于夏季为2.55×104μg/dm3.主要优势种于夏秋和春冬之间演替明显.没赤潮时主要优势种为中肋骨条藻(Skeletonemacostatum)、尖刺菱形藻(Nitzschiapungens)、旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceroscurvisetus),赤潮时主要优势种为具齿原甲藻(Prorocentrumdentatum)、夜光藻(Noctilucascientillans)、米金裸甲藻(Gymnodini ummikimotoi).在常规监测中,活性磷酸盐、硝酸氮、总氮为福宁湾浮游植物生物量的营养盐限制因子.赤潮时,活性磷酸盐是福宁湾及其邻近海域赤潮生物的生物量主要营养盐限制因子之一.     

有利于赤潮消亡的水文气象条件

本文收集整理了1980～2004年期间南海历次赤潮事件,以及这些赤潮事件结束前后对应的水文气象观测要素;结合学术界关于赤潮消退前后水文气象变化的研究成果,统计分析了南海赤潮消亡前后在气温、海温、气压、降雨、风向风速等方面的变化特征.研究显示:与有利于赤潮发生发展的水文气象变化相反的趋势是有利于赤潮消亡的环境条件;大部分赤潮事件在赤潮消亡前后有一种或多种水文气象要素出现明显的变化;赤潮持续时段天气系统的改变是赤潮消亡的有利环境条件,但不是唯一的影响因素:水温、气温过高或气压过低,同样可以抑制赤潮的维持或发展.     

改性黏土除藻的絮凝形态学特征初步研究

在理论上改性黏土絮凝体的形态变化对其除藻过程有指示作用,可作为改性黏土用量和用法调控的依据,本文探讨了现有絮凝颗粒形态学观测与分析方法在改性黏土除藻效率评价上的适用性。借助激光颗粒表征技术和电子显微成像技术,本文观测了改性黏土除藻时的颗粒表面电性、粒径分布、絮凝体结构等絮凝形态学特征,分析了其与除藻效率的相关性。结果表明,现有观测方法可以表征改性导致的黏土颗粒Zeta电位反转、改性前后黏土在不同介质中的颗粒粒级分布差异、以及改性黏土与微藻形成絮凝体的多种显微结构;但由于较大粒径絮体对现有方法观测结果的影响更大,各种黏土的粒径特征与其除藻效率之间没有显著的相关性。现有观测方法获得的改性黏土颗粒形态特征仍不能反映其消除藻细胞的精细过程,特别是由于缺乏有效的絮凝体形态分析方法而导致现有形态参数还不能指示除藻效率的变化,亟需发展适用于改性黏土法除藻过程的颗粒形态分析新方法。     

羟基对赤潮生物的光合色素作用实验

羟基药剂具有氧化力极强、杀灭微生物的生化反应速度极快的特性。在容积1.8m3的水槽里进行了羟基对微藻的光合色素影响的中宇宙规模实验。羟基质量浓度达到0.55mg/L时,微生物的叶绿素a、b含量均低于检测方法的最低限值,其衰减率为100%,类胡萝卜素衰减率为92.3%,脱镁叶绿素增加了15.05倍。实验数据表明,羟基药剂将是治理赤潮的绿色有效方法。     

Paralytic shellfish poisoning with a Gymnodinium catenatum red tide on the Pacific Coast of Mexico

A dense red tide of the dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium catenatum, affected at least 200 km of the mainland coast of Mexico at the entrance of the Gulf of California in April, 1979, during an upwelling event. Although this organism had not previously been reported as toxic, a paralytic shellfish poisoning outbreak occurred, with three human deaths and an extensive fish kill. The organism was shown to be responsible for the toxicity and a level of about 10⁻¹² g of saxitoxin equivalents per cell was detected. The fish kill may have been due to severe oxygen depletion of the water column.     

海上围隔进行羟基杀灭赤潮生物的研究

采用强电场电离H2O、O2方法,在分子层次上加工成高浓度羟基自由基(OH.)溶液,喷洒在有赤潮生物的海面上,当海水的羟基质量浓度达到0.68 mg/L时,致死洛氏角刺藻(Chaetoceros lorenzianus)等31种赤潮生物效率达到99.89%,致死细菌、弧菌效率达到100%,致死膝沟藻孢囊、多甲藻孢囊效率达到100%;赤潮生物叶绿素a含量低于检测方法低限值;剩余OH.分解成H2O和O2;尸体将分解成CO2、H2O和微量无机盐。从试验数据表明,OH.是治理赤潮有效可行的绿色新方法。实现了治理赤潮以及加工羟基过程的零污染、零废物排放、零残留物。