煤矸石中潜在有害微量元素淋溶析出研究

在煤矸石淋溶实验的基础上，研究了有害微量元素从煤矸石中淋溶析出的浓度与其在煤矸石中的含量和赋存状态的关系。结果表明，溶出浓度受淋溶时间，淋溶液温度，酸碱度的影响。淋溶液温度越高，淋溶时间越长，则有害微量元素从煤矸石中析出的浓度越高；不同的有害微量元素受淋溶液pH值大小影响程度也不相同。     

河南新密—荥巩矿区煤矸石中有害微量元素的溶出

淋溶是有害微量元素从煤或煤矸石中析出后污染环境的重要途径。本文在对河南新密—荥巩矿区煤矸石淋溶实验的基础上,研究了有害微量元素从煤矸石中淋溶析出的浓度及淋溶过程中pH值的变化规律,探讨了不同淋溶实验方法对有害微量元素溶出的影响,并对有害微量元素溶出的环境意义进行了讨论。     

煤矸石中微量元素的地球化学行为

以兖州矿煤矸石中微量元素的淋滤作用及析出含量为例,分析了微量元素在洗选过程和淋滤作用下的分布、迁移规律等地球化学行为。在用不同的pH值酸性溶液作淋滤实验时发现,pH值对微量元素的析出影响很大。研究还发现土壤中微量元素的富集量随着距矸石堆距离的增加呈明显的下降趋势。     

河南新密一荥巩矿区煤矸石中有害微量元素的溶出

淋溶是有害微量元素从煤或煤矸石中析出后污染环境的重要途径。本文在对河南新密－荥巩矿区煤矸石淋溶实验的基础上，研究了有害微量元素从煤矸石中淋溶析出的浓度及淋溶过程中pH值的变化规律，探讨了不同淋溶实验方法对有害微量元素溶出的影响，并对有害微量元素溶出的环境意义进行了讨论。     

贵州水城地区煤矸石中微量元素综合利用评价

煤矸石中富含各种微量元素,其中很多元素都具有综合利用潜力,如在高镓矸石中,微量元素Ga含量可达到工业利用品位。矸石中也富含一些对植物生长有益的微量元素,这有利于利用煤矸石制作肥料和矸石山的复垦,但矸石中有些微量重金属元素含量过高时也会对环境造成一定的影响。为了更深入的查明煤矸石中微量元素的利用潜力和对环境的影响程度,选择重要产煤区水城为研究区域,对多个煤矿的煤矸石开展综合利用研究工作,采用ICP—MS对煤矸石中微量元素进行分析,并对煤矸石微量元素利用进行了综合评价。通过分析,认为Ag、co、Ga、zr、Nb和sc等6种微量元素有较大综合利用潜力,矸石中富含cu、zn、c0和M04种对植物生长有益的微量元素,但矸石中的cu、Ni、zn和Cr含量是对照背景值的2—3倍,可能会对环境造成一定的影响。     

不同类型煤矸石中微量元素含量的探讨

通过采集山东省兖济滕煤炭基地不同类别煤矸石（砂质矸、泥质矸、新鲜矸、风化矸、自燃矸）样品,对其矿物组成及微量元素含量进行分析测试。结果显示：矸石样品矿物组成主体均为高岭石、石英、伊利石／蒙脱石混层、蒙脱石、长石、方解石、白云石及黄铁矿等矿物,所测样品中未发现绿泥石。各种类型煤矸石样品中微量元素含量差别较大,砂、泥质含量不同的矸石样品中微量元素含量不同。砂质矸中微量元素含量低,泥质矸含量相对高。自燃矸大部分微量元素含量高于新鲜矸和未自燃风化矸,Co、Ni、Cu、Mo、Cd元素在自燃矸、风化矸中均显示富集的性质,但自燃矸比风化矸对元素的富集作用更为明显,因此泥质矸、风化矸、自燃矸可以释放出更多的有害微量元素,综合利用中应予以注意。     

淮南煤田煤矸石中环境意义微量元素的丰度

淮南煤田矿区开采历史长,煤矸石累计堆存量大,从环境意义角度研究该矿区煤矸石具有其典型性和现实性.根据煤矸石来源、矿区主采煤层和岩性特征,在井下煤系地层系统采集原始煤矸石样品44件,运用现代环境微量元素分析技术(INAA和ICP-MS)测定了煤矸石中46种微量元素,并用冷原子吸收法分析Hg、选择性电极法分析F.进而筛选出11种具有环境意义的有害元素:10种金属元素(Cd、Cu、Ni、Sn、Hg、Mn、As、Cr、Pb、Zn)和1种非金属元素F.并以总量法初步预测和评估这些元素的含量水平和潜在的环境影响.与淮南煤及其土壤、世界煤、华北泥岩的对比可知,煤矸石中Cd、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Sn等超出土壤背景值,有必要对这些元素在矿区环境污染迁移性和累积件的环境效应进行深入调查研究.     

山西煤矸石中的微量元素及其对环境的影响

研究了山西煤矸石中微量元素的含量、分布、来源及赋存状态，通过矸石淋溶模拟试验及自燃模拟试验，评价了微量元素给环境造成的影响。结论认为矸石对土壤质量没有明显影响；矸石淋溶液进入地表水或地下水源会对人体造成一定污染；矸石自燃对释放出的部分微量元素会对大气质量造成一定影响。     

太原西山煤矿矸石山中有害微量元素环境释放研究

煤矸石大量堆积,不仅占用大量土地,影响自然景观,而且矸石山自燃,对环境的污染日趋严重.     

煤中有害微量元素的赋存状态

基于前人资料的分析总结，系统探讨了煤中Ag等26种有害微量元素的赋存状态。研究结果表明：煤中有害元素或多或少都与无机质、有机质有联系，只是联系程度不同。有些在地壳中被认为彼此关系不大的元素，在煤中却密切相关。煤中B、Be、Br等主要以有机相赋存，其它有害元素主要与矿物质有关。     

Concentration and association of minor and trace elements in Mukah coal from Sarawak, Malaysia, with emphasis on the potentially hazardous trace elements

The ash yield and concentrations of twenty-four minor and trace elements, including twelve potentially hazardous trace elements were determined in Mukah coal from Sarawak, Malaysia. Comparisons made to the Clarke values show that Mukah coal is depleted in Ag, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Mn, Ni, Se, U, and V. On the other hand, it is enriched in As, Cr, Cu, Pb, Sb, Th, and Zn. Among the trace elements studied, V and Ba are associated predominantly with the clay minerals. Manganese, Cr, Cu, Th, and Ni are mostly bound within the aluminosilicate, sulphide and/or carbonate minerals in varying proportions, though a portion of these elements are also organically bound. Arsenic, Pb and Sb are mostly organically bound, though some of these elements are also associated with the sulphide minerals. Zinc is associated with both the organic and inorganic contents of the coal. Among the potentially hazardous trace elements, Be, Cd, Co, Mn, Ni, Se, and U may be of little or no health and environmental concerns, whereas As, Cr, Pb, Sb and Th require further examination for their potential health and environmental concerns. Of particular concern are the elements As, Pb and Sb, which are mostly organically bound and hence cannot be removed by physical cleaning technologies. They escape during coal combustion, either released as vapours to the atmosphere or are adsorbed onto the fine fly ash particles.     

陈家山矿煤中微量元素和稀土元素地球化学特征

通过对陈家山煤矿中下侏罗统延安组4^#主采煤层中微量元素和稀土元素的测试分析,发现煤中富集亲花岗岩的钨钼族元素W、Mo、Bi、Sn、Ba、Sr和Li,说明该区煤系形成期间的陆源碎屑主要来自花岗岩和花岗片麻岩等中、酸性岩石。4^#煤中ΣREE平均值为98.2×10^-6,稀土元素分布模式十分相似,呈左高右低的宽缓“V”型曲线,Eu负异常明显,反映出稀土元素与陆源碎屑岩关系密切,成煤期间稀土元素来源一致,陆源物质的供应相对稳定。     

Geochemistry of sulfur and hazardous trace elements in coals and its bearing on human health

Hazardous air pollutants, including compounds of sulfur and toxic trace elements, are emitted during coal combustion. Geochemical studies of these constituents in coals provide information about their species, regional distribution and origins. The data are useful in understanding the cause and scope of human health problems related to these hazardous elements and in designing preventive or remedial measures. Sulfur in coal is a problem because sulfur dioxide emitted during coal combustion is a main source of acid rain. The sulfur isotopic evidence shows that sulfur in low-sulfur coal is derived primarily from parent plant materials. Sulfur enrichment in medium- and high-sulfur coals is caused by the sulfate in seawater that flooded the peat swamp during coal formation. The sulfur content of a coal is controlled primarily by the depositional environment of coal seams. Only pyritic sulfur can be removed by physical coal cleaning processes （coal preparation）. Sulfur dioxide emission can be reduced using clean coal technologies, such as flue-gas desulfurization, fluidized-bed combustion, and integrated gasification and combined cycle.     

兖州矿区煤中某些微量元素的赋存状态研究

微量元素的赋存状态决定其在煤的加工利用过程中释放的难易程度和毒性，弄清其在煤中的赋存状态，对准确评价元素的工艺性能、环境影响、作为副产品的可能性以及在地质意义上都是十分重要的。分析了微量元素在煤中的有机亲合性，采用数理统计方法，求得了微量元素与煤中有机显微组分、三态硫、灰分之间的相关性，并在浮沉实验的基础上，分析了微量元素的存在状态，通过研究向知，Ge、Ga、U、V、Cu、Th、Pb和Zn主要以无机态存在于煤中，F和Cl可能以有机态存在为主，As无机态和有机态存在的机率相似。     

Removal of trace elements from landfill leachate by calcite precipitation

Spontaneous precipitation of secondary calcite (CaCO₃) has been observed in 25 samples of landfill leachate-polluted stream waters. During the 6-month precipitation experiment, the formation of calcite acts as a principal trace-element scavenging process. The concentrations of Fe, Sr, Ba and Mn and other trace elements in solution significantly decreased as calcite formed during the experiments. The PHREEQC-2 geochemical code indicated high supersaturation of the initial leachate-polluted waters with respect to calcite. The chemical/mineralogical study (SEM/EDS, XRD, ICP MS) revealed that this newly formed calcite contains considerable amounts of metals and metalloids removed from solution. Such a geochemical process can be considered to be important for spontaneous decontamination in landfill-affected environments (stream sediments, soils) or landfill technical facilities (settling basins). This removal takes place especially during dry periods with low rain precipitation, when the landfill waters exhibit both higher alkalinity and higher trace element concentrations.     

Occurrence and migration of hazardous trace elements in coals from Guizhou Province, China

Coals from Guizhou Province, Southwest China, attract many researchers＇ attention for their high concentrations of hazardous trace elements, sulphur and mineral components. Trace elements in coals have diverse modes of occurrence that will greatly influence their migration in the process of coal preparation. Mode of occurrence is also important in determining the partitioning during coal combustion. The coal floatation test by progressive release was used to study the migration of trace elements and mineral components in the process of froth floatation. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS） was used to determine the absolute concentrations of trace elements including As, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Th, U, V and Zn in the parent coals and the floatation fractions. Precise determination of the mineral matter percentage in coals was obtained by low-temperature ashing. The mineral compositions in coals were quantified using Rietveld-based X-ray diffraction analysis package on low-temperature ash. Scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray detector was used to provide information on the forms of occurrence of mineral components in coal. Five floatation fractions were obtained from the pulverized coal samples. The contents of trace elements and mineral components decrease from the first tailings to the last cleaned coal. The concentrations of trace elements and mineral components in parent coals and different floatation samples show that trace elements and mineral components are mainly concentrated in the first tailings samples. Nearly 60% of mineral components are enriched in the first tailings, whereas less than 1.3% remains in the cleaned coal. The ratio of sixteen trace elements concentrations in the first tailings to the corresponding concentrations in the cleaned coal ranges from 1.6 to 22.7. Quantitative mineralogical analysis results using the full-profile general structure analysis system （GSAS） showed that the main compositions of LTA include quartz, calcite, kaolinite, pyrite, chlorite, montmorillonite, illite, anatase and pyrite.     

The occurrence of potentially hazardous trace elements in five Highveld coals, South Africa

Permian coals of the southern hemisphere are generally considered to contain lower concentrations of sulfides, halogens, and trace elements when compared to northern hemisphere Carboniferous coals. Few studies have considered the trace element content in South African coals, and little or no work has been published for Highveld coals. Of the nineteen coal fields in South Africa, the Highveld coal field is one of the nine currently producing, and is second largest in terms of production. Five run of mine samples and a high ash middlings product from the Number 4 Lower seam were analyzed, totaling six sample sets. Fourteen trace elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, V, and Zn) were selected for this study based on the global perception that these elements may be hazardous to human health and/or the environment when they are released during coal utilization. Several sample preparation techniques were tested using certified reference materials (SARMs 18, 19 and 20) to determine the most repeatable technique for these coals. The samples were analyzed by ICP-AES and CVAA (Hg only). Microwave digestion proved to be generally unreliable despite the utilization of several different methods. A slurry direct injection method into the ICP-AES provided good correlations with the reference material, but requires further development to enhance the confidence level in this relatively unexplored technique. Samples prepared based on three ASTM standards for the determination of trace elements in coal provided repeatable results in most instances, and were the preparation methods utilized for the Highveld coals.The trace element values determined for the Highveld coals are generally in good agreement with values available in literature for South African coals, with the exception of Hg, Mn and Cr. Hg values reported here are lower, Cr and Mn higher. Results generally agree well with analyses on the same samples conducted by the United States Geological Survey. When considering the global ranges for trace elements, the Highveld range values are within Swaine's range boundaries with the exception of Cr. Compared to the cited global average values for the fourteen trace elements determined, the values obtained for the Highveld coals generally fall below or well below these average values, with the exception of Cr and Mn. Concentrations of Cd and Cu are lower compared to global average values, and As, Mo, Pb, Se, Sb, and Zn can be considered low to very low. Arsenic is ten times lower compared to typical USA values. Concentrations of Co and Ni are similar to global averages, with V and Hg being very slightly higher. The middlings samples reported higher concentrations of most elements, related to the higher ash content of these samples. Of interest, the chalcophile elements determined are all depleted in the Highveld coals compared to global averages, and the siderophile elements are enriched or comparable to global averages.Risk-based health studies in the USA on coals with similar or higher Hg and significantly higher As contents have not reported negative health effects, and therefore it could be assumed that the mobilization of these trace elements from the five Highveld coals are unlikely to cause human health problems. Work is ongoing to determine the modes of occurrence of these HAPs and to address the partitioning behaviors and speciation states of these elements during coal utilization.