土工合成材料在软土地基处理中的应用

本文主要介绍软土地基的加固处理，利用土工合成材料加筋土垫层联合碎石垫层综合解决软土地基的承载力不足及冻胀问题。对于软土地基二维固结变形，瞬时沉降在地基总沉降量中占有很大的比例，而充分利用表面硬壳层及均匀慢速加载均对减少地基沉降有着显著的效果。     

浙江台州高速公路一期工程软土地基综合处理效果的分析――以浙江台州黄岩软土地基试验路段为例

浙江台州高速公路为主要由淤泥、淤泥质粘土、淤泥质亚粘土组成的软土地基,经过预压法、轻质路堤法、土工合成材料加筋垫层等方法的综合处理,效果明显。在填筑过程中,使路堤保持稳定;在预压阶段,加速了地基的沉降,缩短了预压期;在路堤与桥头衔接部位,减少了两者之间的差异沉降;在高速公路建设的全过程中,增强了路堤的整体性能,提高了软土地基的力学强度,保证了全路段投入运营后的稳定和安全。      

土工格栅加筋垫层用于处理特殊地基

某地两幢拟建于软土地基上的建筑物,原设计均采用PHC管桩基础。在桩基施工过程中分别发现软基中有大量孤石和条石(古码头遗址),桩基无法施工。经多方论证,最后采用水泥搅拌桩复合地基配合土工格栅加筋垫层的处理方案。其中一幢建筑已竣工,经现场荷载试验和沉降观测检验,地基承载力和沉降完全满足工程要求,且降低了造价。     

桩-网复合地基承载及变形特性的有限元分析

采用ABAQUS有限元软件,通过有限元数值模拟的方法分析了路堤荷载作用下桩-网复合地基中土工合成材料刚度、垫层厚度、桩体模量以及桩间距对复合地基的荷载传递特性、桩-土应力比、路基的表面沉降及侧向位移的影响。总结、分析计算结果,获得了桩-网复合地基承载及变形的一些基本特性,如：增加土工合成材料刚度,可显著地减小桩-土差异沉降和路基侧向位移,并增加桩-土应力比;增加垫层厚度,可明地改善桩-土荷载分担比和桩-土应力比等力学性状。这些结果对桩-网复合地基的设计与施工具有一定的指导意义。     

基于Winkler模型的双向增强体复合地基沉降计算

将加筋体和复合地基垫层作为一个整体薄板加以考虑,在考虑薄板非线性变形及加筋体水平抗力作用的基础上,基于虚功理论及Winkler弹性地基模型,建立了双向增强体复合地基加固区沉降计算方法。该方法能综合反映上部荷载、面积置换率、垫层及桩间土刚度、桩土应力比等主要因素的影响。以其为基础,设计完成了2组双向增强体复合地基室内模型试验,得到了其相应的荷载-沉降曲线及桩土应力比数据。模型试验与工程实例计算分析表明,加筋垫层的水平抗力对于降低复合地基沉降量是有利的,其影响不容忽视,同时验证了该方法的合理性和可行性。     

加筋及灌浆联合处理软土地基在路基加宽中的应用和分析

提出了采用“土工合成材料加筋+路基注浆+桩支撑”系统的复合地基,并运用于软土地基上路基加宽。采用弹塑性有限元程序分析比较了路堤在加桩和不加桩情况下的沉降大小、不均匀沉降以及土体中的应力水平;特别是桩-土相互作用的计算分析与实测资料的分析比较。得出了一些相关结论,从而为工程实践提供了一定的理论依据。     

软土地基上加筋路堤稳定性分析——改进瑞典条分法

在软土地基加筋路堤稳定性分析方法中，传统的瑞典条分法由于对土工合成材料的加筋作用存在认识上的误区，导致最终的计算结果过于保守。对软土地基加筋路堤的加固机理和破坏模式进行深入分析发现，传统分析方法对加筋俸的加筋作用估计不足，据此，在充分考虑加筋体的加筋作用下，基于瑞典条分法提出了新的稳定性分析计算公式，通过实例验证该法比较符合工程实际。     

软基路堤桩-网复合地基试验研究

桩-网复合地基是近些年发展起来的一种有效的软土地基加固方法,它集复合地基中水平向增强体与竖向增强体两种"单一型"复合地基之长,桩-加筋垫层-桩间土三者协同作用,共同承担上部荷载,其相互作用机理复杂。通过京沪高速铁路试验段中桩-网复合地基处理段进行的路基现场试验,对桩-网复合地基中基底土压力、土工格栅应力应变、桩和土的沉降及地基侧向位移等进行观测测试,分析了桩土应力分担比的变化过程、土工格栅的受力特点、沉降及侧向位移规律,有助于桩-网复合地基各组成部分的承载机理和应力传递机理的深入研究及网垫层对沉降控制的研究,并为提出桩-网复合地基的设计新方法提供一定的依据。     

软粘土层上的油罐差异沉降

根据某一大型油罐软基加固处理工程方案设计和优选需要,按照离心模型相似律,开展了三组模型试验,分别模拟了天然地基、土工合成材料袋装碎石垫层和既在填土层中设置袋装碎石垫层又在淤泥质粘土层设置土工合成材料排水板三种情况,以研究这一加固布置形式对减小高压缩性软土层地基上油罐罐底的差异沉降效果反应。模型油罐地基采用原型土重塑制备,现场土工合成材料袋装碎石采用柔性机织玻璃纤维细管塞装粗砂条模拟,并在不停机运转条件下模拟了多次充放水预压加载。试验结果表明,油罐软弱地基经土工合成材料袋装碎石加固后,罐底总沉降值和差异沉降值均明显小于天然地基情形下对应的沉降值,罐底畸变得到显著减小,就本文所述的土质条件、土层厚度和预压荷载强度,地基经加固处理后,油罐罐底畸变减小了近50 %。最后就土工合成材料在加固油罐地基布置形式的合理性进行了初步探讨。     

桩承式加筋地基室内试验及数值分析

为研究桩承式加筋地基作用机制及影响加筋效果的因素,设计天然软土地基、土工格栅加筋地基、桩承式地基、桩承式加筋地基4组模型试验,通过对试验结果的对比,分析阐述桩承式加筋地基的作用机制。同时,将三维数值模拟的结果与试验结果进行对比验证,在此基础上采用三维流固耦合的数值模型研究影响桩承式加筋地基处理效果的因素。研究结果表明,4组试验中,桩承式加筋地基加载板的沉降量最小,承载力最大;桩承式加筋地基的桩土应力比大于同样荷载条件下的桩承式地基;随着桩间距的增大,桩承式加筋地基表面沉降逐渐增大,桩土应力比逐渐减小;随着格栅模量的增加,桩承式加筋地基表面沉降逐渐减小,桩土应力比逐渐增大。     

桩承式加筋路堤的现场试验及数值分析

对一桩体面积置换率为8.7 %的低置换率桩承式加筋路堤进行了现场试验及三维有限元分析。现场主要进行了桩、土荷载分担,孔压、沉降及侧向水平变形等内容的观测。将观测数据与常规设计方法及三维有限元分析结果进行了对比研究,在此基础上对设计方法的适用性进行了分析。研究结果表明,路堤填土的土拱效应造成荷载向桩体转移,这种荷载转移大幅度减小了在软土层中产生的超孔隙水压力。当填土高度大于2.5 m时,土拱效应的应力折减系数可用Russell和Pierpoint或Hewlett和Randolph提出的土拱效应分析方法进行计算,其结果与三维有限元分析也较相符,但在路堤高度较小时,只有Russell和Pierpoint方法与实测结果相接近。路堤施工过程中,实测的水平变形与沉降之比仅为0.2左右,这表明采用桩承式加筋路堤不仅可减小沉降,而且可减小水平向的变形,提高路堤的稳定性。     

DEM analysis of “soil”-arching within geogrid-reinforced and unreinforced pile-supported embankments

Geogrid-reinforced and pile-supported (GRPS) embankments have been widely used in road engineering due to their economy and effectiveness. The soil arching effect is a key factor in the load transfer mechanism of GRPS technique. In this study, a series of numerical simulations are conducted with the particle flow code PFC2D to study the evolution of soil arching with increasing surcharge. First, an Improved Multi-layer Compaction Method (IMCM) is proposed and applied to establish the Discrete Element Method (DEM) models with more reasonable initial stress states. Validation is then conducted by comparing the DEM results with experimental data. Second, detailed macro-behaviour (e.g., efficacy) and micro-behaviour (e.g., contact forces and fabric anisotropy) analyses are performed. Finally, parametric study is performed to identify the effects of two key factors, i.e., the stiffness of subsoil and the grain composition of embankment fill. Simulation results indicate that the strong force network (SN) serves as a load-carrying force chain, which is the main component of soil arching; while the weak force network (WN) acts as a support system. When a pile-supported embankment is high enough, the soil arching will experience three stages as the surcharge increases. In the first stage, the soil arching develops and its effect is strengthened gradually. In the second stage, the soil arching is fully mobilized and experiences a “forming-failure-reforming” process as the surcharge increases. While in the third stage, the embankment is unable to form a new stable soil arching and the efficacy decreases gradually. However, for the GRPS embankment, due to the reinforcement of geogrid, the third stage will not occur throughout the entire surcharge range of interest in this study. On the basis of the macro- and micro-results, the conclusion can be drawn that the presence of geogrid does not alter the failure mode of soil arching under the surcharge, though it is able to evidently improve the efficacy of load transfer and enhance the stability of soil arching.     

轻量土及其在工程中的应用

轻量土可以分为发泡聚苯乙烯(EPS)块、发泡颗粒混合轻量土、气泡混合轻量土(FCB)和次生材料混合轻量土4种类型.根据其湿密度的不同,又可以将轻量土分为超轻量土、轻量土和准轻量土3个大类.由于轻量土具有轻量性、自立性、流动性、隔热性、耐水性、耐久性等特性,可以大幅度减小上部荷载和土压力.因此,在软土地基、山区陡峻斜坡的路基、桥涵等工程中得到了广泛的应用.在目前的实际设计和施工中,轻量土的设计可以参照国外的有关规程或手册.     

Analytical modeling on consolidation of stiffened deep mixed column-reinforced soft soil under embankment

Stiffened deep mixed (SDM) column is a new ground improvement technique to improve soft soil, which can be used to increase bearing capacity, reduce deformation, and enhance stability of soft soil. This technique has been successfully adopted to support the highway and railway embankments over soft soils in China and other countries. However, there have been limited investigations on its consolidation under embankment loading. This paper developed an analytical solution for the consolidation of embankment over soft soil with SDM column in which core pile is equal to or shorter than outer DM column. The consolidation problem was simplified as a consolidation of composite soil considering the load shear effect of core pile. The developed solution was verified by a comparison with the results computed by three-dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis. A parametric study based on the derived solution was conducted to investigate influence factors—length of core pile, diameter of core pile, diameter of SDM column, modulus of DM column, and permeability coefficient of DM column—on the consolidation behavior of SDM column-supported embankment over soft soil. The developed solution was applied to a case history of SDM column-supported embankment, and a good agreement was found between the predictions and the field measurements.     

软土地基水闸的基础防渗问题及处理

软基上的水闸基础多采用端承桩,由于地基为相对弱透水的软土层,容易忽略闸基的防渗处理,水闸建成后两侧填土发生沉降,带动地基土层沉降造成基础脱空,形成渗水通道,危及水闸以及大堤安全。本文针对该问题提出前截式防渗墙的加固方案,取得了较好的防渗效果。     

新型桩板结构对高速铁路软基沉降控制作用离心试验

在CFG、PHC等刚性桩桩顶加设50 cm厚筏型钢筋混凝土形成板桩板结构控制深厚软土路基沉降,是高速铁路建设中提出的新型地基处理形式,以满足高标准铁路路基变形要求。通过对群桩处理的深厚软土路基在有无钢筋混凝土板时路基沉降的离心模拟,重点研究了钢筋混凝土板对路基沉降的控制作用以及桩、板与土体之间的相对变形。试验结果表明,在群桩处理地基上部铺设一定厚度的钢筋混凝土板,可以使路基整体沉降减小12 %,并使路基整体沉降更加均匀;桩端平面上部1/3桩长范围内土体由软塑状态转变为硬塑状态,密度和含水率变化显著;加载作用对路基变形影响深度大于40 m。     

Centrifuge study on behavior of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment in soft soil

The rigid pile composite foundation is widely used in highway projects in soft soil area as it can effectively increase the bearing capacity and stability of the foundation. While the research on the behavior and failure mode of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment is not enough, instability failure of rigid pile composite foundation often occurs in practical projects. This paper presents a centrifuge model test to investigate the load transfer mechanism, settlement characteristic and failure mode of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment. The test results show that: the soil displacement of different region in rigid pile composite foundation was different, obvious vertical displacement occurred in the soil under the center of embankment and the horizontal displacement was very small in this region; both vertical and horizontal displacement occurred in the soil under the shoulder of embankment; and obvious horizontal displacement occurred in the soil under the slope toe of embankment; moreover, ground heave also occurred near the slope toe of embankment. The soil displacement in rigid pile composite foundation had a large influence on the stress characteristic and failure mode of rigid piles, the compressive failure and bending failure would probably occur for the piles under the center and shoulder of the embankment, respectively, and the tension-bending failure would probably occur for the piles under the slope toe of embankment. The different failure modes of piles at different regions should be considered in the design of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment. The test results can be used to improve the design method for rigid pile composite foundation under embankment in practical projects.

     

高速移动载荷作用下板式轨道-软岩路基系统的动力特性分析

运用D’Alembert原理和能量弱变分,建立了板式轨道-软岩路基系统半空间垂向耦合的动力计算模型,研究了高速铁路板式轨道-软岩路基系统的动态响应特征,获得了基床面上和软岩路堤面上各种动态响应值,将其作为确定基床厚度和基床表层厚度的前提依据,以指导无碴轨道路基结构的设计与施工。通过室内试验,对软岩及软岩填料的一般路用性能进行了研究,用其来判断软岩能否作为高速铁路无碴轨道基床以下部分填料的必要条件。     

天然软土地基路堤临界高度一种计算方法研究

考虑地表硬壳层应力扩散作用、硬壳层的抗剪强度、中间主应力 对地基承载力的影响,从实际情况下土的静止侧压力系数出发,依据极坐标表示的弗拉曼公式和统一强度理论,推导出天然软土地基临塑与临界荷载公式,提出天然软土地基上路堤临界高度的一种计算方法。结合算例,探讨了软土层和硬壳层静止侧压力系数 、中间主剪应力系数 取不同值对路堤临界高度 的影响。结果表明： 与 的改变对路堤临界高度 影响很大,新的理论公式更能反应软土地基承载力的实质,对覆有硬壳层的软土地基上路堤的修筑具有一定的指导意义。     

Stability analysis of an embankment resting upon a column‐reinforced soil

The design against failure of an embankment resting upon a soft soil improved by a group of columns is investigated with the help of the yield design homogenization approach. Assuming that both constituents of the reinforced ground are purely cohesive materials (‘lime column’ technique), an upper bound estimate for the macroscopic strength condition of the reinforced soil as a homogenized medium is first obtained, providing definite evidence of a shear strength anisotropy associated with the reinforcement preferential orientation. The kinematic method of yield design is then performed on the basis of such a criterion, making use of rotational failure mechanisms involving slip circles in the reinforced ground. Upper bound estimates are finally obtained for the embankment stability factor, as functions of the degree of reinforcement and relative thickness of the soil layer. These results are compared with those derived from a simplified analysis, where the reinforced soil is assumed to exhibit an averaged isotropic cohesion. This comparison clearly indicates that the latter simplified analysis may produce quite unsafe estimates for the embankment stability, which can be attributed to the fact that it fails to capture the inherent strength anisotropy of the reinforced soil. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.