Epifaunal worm tubes on Lower Jurassic (Lower Lias) ammonites from Dorset

Over 40 ammonites, mostly Promicroceras, with epifaunal worm tubes are described from the Lower Jurassic, Charmouth Mudstone Formation (Lias Group) of Dorset. Serpulids that were overgrown by the ammonites or responded to the ammonites’ growth attached to juvenile, living ammonites. Some epifaunal serpulids attached post-mortem, indicating oxygenated bottom water, which was rare in the lower Charmouth Mudstone Formation. Other serpulids do not conform to either pre- or post-mortem growth predictions and require individual assessment. The commonest pattern of growth for serpulids on live juvenile ammonites was attachment in the umbilical seam, with later growth onto, and finally around, the venter. Reconstructing this pattern shows that serpulids kept their aperture at 6 o’clock with respect to the orientation of the living ammonite (105-115° behind the ammonite aperture) throughout life. Reorientation of growth lines in serpulid worms just before the aperture suggests some worm tubes were fully grown. The 6 o’clock position of the aperture enabled feeding currents generated by the worms to parallel currents generated by swimming ammonites, thus maximizing food gathering and confirming that ammonites swam backwards. The mid-ventral position enabled the worm to deploy its branchia on both sides of the ammonite. Growth on ammonites was beneficial to the worms, but parasitic to the ammonites. Promicroceras with epifaunal worm tubes died at smaller sizes than unencumbered examples and size at death correlates inversely to extra weight of worm tubes. Uniformitarian comparisons suggest fossil serpulid worms grew in one season and that Promicroceras reached full size in two or three years.     

下扬子地区下三叠统蠕虫状灰岩及其成因

华南下三叠统中上部普遍发育蠕虫状灰岩,宏观上可以分为深色“蠕体” 和浅色“基质”。对于 其成因的认识一直存在很大的争议,主要的观点有化学凝聚说、生物扰动说和机械成因说等。笔者通过对下扬 子地区5条典型剖面进行野外详细分层描述、采样、薄片观察以及实验分析,并与中上扬子地区进行对比研究, 对蠕虫状灰岩进行了详细的定义,并将蠕虫状灰岩分为4类：连续成层蠕虫状灰岩、生物爬迹／钻孔蠕虫状灰 岩、呈似层状／杂乱条带状排列的蠕虫状灰岩和混染状蠕虫状灰岩,其在剖面上具有典型的变化规律。蠕虫状灰 岩发育的层段少见宏体化石,遗迹化石、微生物的分布与蠕虫状灰岩之间具有一定的联系。早三叠世缺氧、H_２S和CO_２ 含量增加、海水呈碱性、喜氧生物匮乏等为蠕虫状灰岩的形成创造了前提条件,灰泥在早三叠世特殊的 海洋化学条件下开始沉积分异,后经历了同沉积成岩作用和不同程度的宏体生物、微生物作用,因此形成了不 同类型的蠕虫状灰岩。蠕虫状灰岩发育时为海洋缺氧、有毒气体释放的后期,海水X（Mg）／X（Ca） 值开始降低, 碳同位素值回升,随后生物逐渐活跃起来,环境也逐渐改善。因此蠕虫状灰岩可以被认为是生物复苏、环境改 善的标志。     

Lower boundary of the Cambrian

A comprehensive evaluation of the Precambrian — Lower Cambrian stratigraphy of the Siberian Platform. Because of the lack Of trilobites in the basal Lower Cambrian, all available fossil groups were studied (archaeocyathids, stromatolites, problematica, sponges, brachiopods, al, gae, and trilobites). The boundary was placed at the lowest occurrence of skeleton bearing fauna (archaeocyathids, sponges, brachiopods). Below this level the fauna consists principally of stromatolites, problematica, and algae. Comparison of the stratigraphy and fauna of the Siberian Platform is made with the Altay-Sayan folded zone, Western Europe, North Africa, and Australia.—D.W. Trexler     

塔里木盆地东部下志留统下砂岩段储层特征

塔里木盆地东部的志留系为一套海相碎屑岩沉积,现今仅保存有下志留统,分布在铁南2井、维马1井以南、阿南1井以北的东西向狭长地带内。下志留统的下砂岩段是油气勘探的主要目的层之一,发育扇三角洲沉积体系。下砂岩段储层岩性为岩屑砂岩,储集空间类型主要为剩余原生粒间孔,压实作用是影响储层物性的主要因素。在下砂岩段储层中,中砂岩的储集性能相对较好,其孔隙度多数在10%以上,是下砂岩段的主要含油气储层。后期的成岩作用改善了局部层段的储层物性。经历了漫长的地质演化后,下砂岩段依然保存有物性条件较好的储层段,可能蕴涵了商业油气储量。     

Lower carboniferous Bryozoa from Scotland

Eight species of Bryozoa, two of them new, have been noted from limestones and calcareous shales of the Lower Limestone Group from Hessilhead Quarry, Beith.     

下扬子区下三叠统遗迹化石及其环境意义

<正> 遗迹化石是地质时期各类生物在生活期间进行居住、运动、寻食、代谢和生殖等行为习性活动,在沉积物表面或其内部留下的各种痕迹。作为重要的生物标志,遗迹化石可用来判别和恢复古代沉积环境。近年来,笔者在下扬子区的宿松、贵池、泾县、宁国、宜兴等地(图1)的下三叠统,发现大量遗迹化石。本文从遗迹化石组合特征出发,讨论遗迹化石与沉积环境之间的关系。承杨式溥教授鉴定遗迹化石标本,在此深表谢忱。     

冀西北新太古代下部陆壳及其性质初探

按其地壳组成比例、强烈的紫苏花岗岩化和高压麻粒岩相变质作用，冀西北怀安一带存在一个发育基本完整的下部陆壳（下地壳）剖面，由于地体碰撞向南掀斜而出露地表。本文讨论了其地球化学与构造环境。稀土分配平坦型的拉斑玄武岩（ＴＨ１）类似于洋壳，但与ＭＯＲＢ显著不同，更象不成熟的大陆性火山弧。轻稀土富集型的拉斑玄武岩（ＴＨ２）成分分散，有的跨入钙碱性玄武岩区，又有大量中酸性火山岩－沉积岩伴生，分离结晶作用显著，接近于板内热点产物。两种反映截然不同构造环境的玄武岩又密切地伴生在一起，使本区表现了许多不同于一般陆壳的特殊性。与冀东相比，本区并以古地热梯度变陡（２０℃／ｋｍ）为特征，这也许正是距今２８亿年之后地球上才开始出现了类似于现代样式板块的原因     

Leptolepid otoliths from the Hauterivian (Lower Cretaceous) Lower Weald Clay (southern England)

Teleostean saccular otoliths from the upper part of the late Hauterivian Lower Weald Clay Formation of the Wealden Supergroup exposed at Langhurstwood Quarry, West Sussex, UK, and Clockhouse Brickworks, Surrey, UK are described for the first time. Two new species of the genus Leptolepis, Leptolepis wealdensis and Leptolepis toyei are described. Many of the specimens are densely packed on individual bedding planes and they are interpreted as coprocoenotic accumulations. Additional mechanisms of deposition and concentration are discussed, in particular wave action. Ontogenetic series show isometric growth of the otoliths, and some specimens show growth rings on two orders of magnitude.     

下扬子区早三叠世风暴沉积及其特征

<正> 早三叠世,下扬子区为位于华北古陆与华夏古陆之间的陆表海,其中发育一套以碳酸盐岩为主的海相沉积物。近年来,笔者在该区(图1)工作期间,发现在早三叠世时,沿皖南到苏南的广大区域内,风暴沉积作用产生的特征十分显著,风暴岩广为发育。     

Morphotectonics of the Lower Amur region

The morphotectonics of the Lower Amur region is controlled by the marginal-continental areal rifting and its interaction with the general uplifting and moderate tectonic stacking on the margin of the “stable” continent. The marginal-continental rifts represent an element of the general evolutionary system of forms in the continent-toocean transition zone and morphotectonically reflect the initial stage of the thinning and transformation of the continental lithosphere. The rim of the stable continent in the southern Far East is characterized by a complex configuration bordered by large continuous or composite scarps, which coincide spatially with high-gradient gravity zones.     

Lower Jurassic palynostratigraphy of Eastern Siberia

This paper presents the results of a palynological study of the natural outcrops of the Lower and Middle Jurassic on the Kelimyar River (Outcrops 5, 6, 7, 14, and 16) and two boreholes, Middle-Nakynskaya and Ygyata-Tyungskaya 1, in Eastern Siberia. The Ukugut, Tyung, Motorchuna, Suntar, Kyrin, and Kelimyar formations were studied. Six biostrata with dinocysts were established for the Upper Sinemurian–Toarcian. The analysis of the stratigraphic ranges of dinocysts in the sections allowed the identification of the stratigraphic ranges for important genera of dinocysts, which enabled the updating of the geochronology of some biostrata. Three main stages of the evolution of dinocysts in the Early Jurassic in the Siberian Paleobasin were characterized by the appearance, diversification, and disappearance of some orders of dinocysts at certain times. Seven biostrata (beds with characteristic palynoassemblages) were established for the upper Sinemurian–Toarcian on the basis of the study of the taxonomic composition of spores and pollen of land plants and successive changes in the composition of the palynospectra.     

下扬子巢湖地区下三叠统瘤状灰岩成因再探讨

巢湖地区下三叠统整体沉积于较深水环境,广泛发育瘤状灰岩。针对目前该瘤状灰岩成因机制认识争议较大的现 状,文中依据野外实地观测及室内宏观、微观的系统观察,结合沉积环境和成岩作用与瘤状灰岩形成的关系分析,对瘤状 灰岩的成因机制进行综合的探讨。研究表明瘤状灰岩的形成是沉积和成岩作用综合作用的产物,沉积时期不平整CCD界面 的周期性浮动是造成瘤状灰岩细颈化的基础,而CCD界面的周期性浮动可能与早三叠世气侯冷暖周期性变化以及海底底流 作用有关。后期基质泥岩中酸性孔隙水的溶蚀是造成瘤状灰岩细颈处折断的重要原因,压溶作用产生的局部应力场变动造 成瘤状灰岩瘤体杂乱状分布。而前人总结的3种瘤状灰岩,即顺层串珠型、断续型和杂乱型瘤状灰岩,是在沉积与成岩改 造作用逐渐加强条件下依次形成。     

江西德安夏家铺S_1/O_1~1呈假整合剖面的发现

<正> 江西北部的奥陶系研究程度较高,但存在扬子地层区(介壳相)与江南地层区(笔石相)之过渡带的地层划分对比及与志留系的接触关系。我们在德安夏家铺于过渡带内采     

Loess stratigraphy of the Lower Mississippi Valley

Loesses of the Lower Mississippi Valley (LMV) are world-famous. Sir Charles Lyell (1847), Hilgard (1860), Stafford (1869), Call (1891) and Mabry (1898), thought the LMV loess was a single water deposit although “double submergence” was noted by Call (1891) and Salisbury (1891). Shimek (1902) and Emerson (1918) recognized LMV loess as a wind deposit which came from the valley. Although wind-deposited loess gained wide acceptance, Russell (1944a) published his controversial theory of “loessification” which entailed weathering of backswamp deposits, downslope movement and recharge by carbonates to form loess. Wascher et al. (1947) identified three LMV loesses, mapped distributions and strongly supported eolian deposition. Leighton and Willman (1950), identified four loesses and supported eolian deposition as did Krinitzsky and Turnbull (1967) and Snowden and Priddy (1968), but Krinitzky and Turnbull questioned the deepest loess. Daniels and Young (1968) and Touchet and Daniels (1970) studied the distribution of loesses in south-central Louisiana. West et al. (1980) and Rutledge et al. (1985) studied the source areas and wind directions which deposited the loesses on and adjoining Crowley's Ridge. B.J. Miller and co-workers (Miller et al., 1985, 1986, Miller and Alford, 1985) proposed that the Loveland Silt was Early Wisconsin rather than Illinoian age and advanced the name Sicily Island loess. They proposed the underlying loess was Illinoian and advanced the name Crowley's Ridge. We termed the loesses, from the surface downward, Peoria Loess, Roxana Silt, Loveland/Sicily Island loess, Crowley's Ridge Loess and Marianna loess. Researchers agree that the surfical Peoria Loess is Late Wisconsin and the Roxana Silt is Late to Middle Wisconsin, but little agreement exists on the age of the older loesses. Pye and Johnson (1988) proposed Early Wisconsin for the Loveland/Sicily Island. McKay and Follmer (1985) suggested this loess correlated with a loess under Illinoian till. Clark et al. (1989) agreed on Crowley's Ridge, but suggested the Loveland/Sicily Island loess on Sicily Island was older. Mirecki and Miller (1994) and Millard and Maat (1994) suggested an Illinoian age for the Loveland/Sicily Island loess. Miller and co-workers suggested, as did Pye and Johnson (1988), an Illinoian age for the Crowley's Ridge loess. McKay and Follmer (1985) suggested it correlated with a loess under “Kansan” till. Stratigraphy indicates the Marianna is the older of the five loesses.

Researchers identified loess on both the east and west side of the LMV as well as on higher terraces within the valley. Many researchers assumed unaltered loesses were commonly yellowish brown, and silts or silt loams (West et al., 1980; Miller et al., 1986). The nonclay fraction of unweathered LMV loesses was dominated by quartz followed * Corresponding author. by carbonates, mainly dolomites, followed by feldspars, and micas. Clays were dominated by montmorillonite followed by micaceous minerals, kaolinite and vermiculite (Miller et al., 1986). Soils in the Crowley's Ridge loess are most developed, followed by the soils in the Loveland/Sicily Island which are more developed than the modern soils in the Peoria Loess. Soils in the Roxana and Marianna loesses are least developed and the Farmdale Soil of the Roxana is the weaker of the two (Miller et al., 1986). There is certainly overlapping range in the degree of soil development in the various loesses.