水库诱发地震机制与抗震设防

本文探讨了水库诱发震的机制、水库诱发地震动的特征以及设计地震动的选择，提出了诱发地震设计烈度确定方法和地震反应分析方法的选定原则。     

Ⅵ度区多层砖房的抗震设防问题探讨

针对处于地震基本烈度为Ⅵ度区的有些设计人员对多层砖房的抗震设防重视不够,超越规范的使用范围等问题,结合设计实践,对Ⅵ度区多层砖房的有关抗震设防问题作了探讨,并对如何加强Ⅵ度区的抗震设防问题提出了几点认识.     

Ⅳ度区多层砖房的抗震设防问题探讨

针对处于地震基本烈度为 度区的有些设计人员对多层砖房的抗震设防重视不够 ,超越规范的使用范围等问题 ,结合设计实践 ,对 度区多层砖房的有关抗震设防问题作了探讨 ,并对如何加强 度区的抗震设防问题提出了几点认识     

城市抗震设防探讨

本文通过对城市化发展特点的分析,阐述了地震灾害给城市带来的破坏,并结合典型城市震灾暴露出的问题,从规划、选址、设计、施工、加固5个方面提出了现代城市抗震设防的重点对策。     

抗震设防水准商榷

抗震设防水准是决定抗震设计效果的主要因素，文章就此进行商榷，并提出修正建议，认为应提高抗震设防水准。     

新形势下抗震设防监管模式探讨

随着"放改服"改革的不断深入,投资项目前置审批条件进一步精简,按照改革要求,抗震设防要求不再作为项目批复的前置内容,以抗震设防要求确定审批作为抗震设防的监管方式已不适用。文章通过分析当前抗震设防管理过程中存在的问题,对如何开展事中、事后监管进行研究探讨,提出取消抗震设防要求,确定行政审批纳入政府内部协作事项,构建科学高效的抗震设防管理体系的思路。     

对建设工程依法进行抗震设防和地震安全性评价工作有关问题的探讨

我国是一个地震多发、震灾严重的国家.防御与切实减轻地震灾害是我国一项长期而艰巨的任务.江泽民同志多次指出,要切实做好防震减灾工作,坚持经济建设同减灾一起抓.     

建设工程抗震设防工作中的问题及对策

重大建设工程和可能引起严重次生灾害的建设工程,必须依法进行地震安全性评价,并依据评价结果进行设计、施工,这对于提高抗震设防能力,确保经济、社会健康可持续发展和保证人民群众生命财产的安全将发挥重要作用。但是,目前该工作存在许多问题,若不及时加以解决,将直接影响防震减灾工作的整体发展。结合工作实践和体会,提出对策。     

临汾市古县房屋抽样详查及抗震设防存在问题分析

建筑物抽样详查是地震灾害风险评估中的基础工作之一,其结果可为建立科学、可靠的建筑物易损性模型提供基础数据。按照相关的技术规范,对临汾市古县房屋建筑开展抽样详查工作,结合搜集到的城乡住房建筑资料,对古县的砖混结构、多层钢筋混凝土结构、高层结构、砖木结构、土木结构不同类型的房屋从建筑结构特点、存在的抗震设防问题等进行分析,并提出相应的提高房屋抗震性能的建议。     

南华县建设工程抗震设防管理探析

地震是群灾之首,地震灾害不可抗拒,只能防御,建设工程进行合理的抗震设防是震灾预防的关键环节,规范各类建设工程抗震设防管理是社会抵御地震灾害最为有效的途径.对南华县抗震设防管理现状和存在的问题进行深入分析后,提出了进一步规范抗震设防管理的对策意见.     

加强高土石坝抗震研究的现实意义及工作展望

围绕西部大开发和南水北调战略的需要,对高土石坝抗震研究的现实意义和若干关键问题及研究现状进行了论述。并针对高土石坝震害资料获取与整理、坝料动力特性研究、多耦合非线性动力分析理论和方法、动力破损特征与地震灾害机理、地震安全评价与震害预测的基本理论、抗震设计及抗震措施、震灾机理和抗震理论的动力模型试验等研究提出了工作设想和展望,并提出了建立土石坝地震安全评价及防灾对策专家系统的基本思路。     

结构抗震设防标准及其决策分析

本文首先在文献[5]给出的一组代表性多层住宅砖房的地震易损性曲线的基础上，对多层住宅 砖房的抗震可靠度进行研究，然后通过基于造价－期望地震损失的决策分析，求得所选8度地区的最优设防烈度，并给出了与最优设防烈度相应的多层住宅砖房的抗震可靠度指标。     

A plastic-damage concrete model for earthquake analysis of dams

A new plastic-damage constitutive model for cyclic loading of concrete has been developed for the earthquake analysis of concrete dams. The rate-independent model consistently includes the effects of strain softening, represented by separate damage variables for tension and compression. A simple scalar degradation model simulates the effects of damage on the elastic stiffness and the recovery of stiffness after cracks close. To simulate large crack opening displacements, the evolution of inelastic strain is stopped beyond a critical value for the tensile damage variable. Subsequent deformation can be recovered upon crack closing. The rate-independent plastic-damage model forms the backbone model for a rate-dependent viscoplastic extension. The rate-dependent regularization is necessary to obtain a unique and mesh objective numerical solution. Damping is represented as a linear viscoelastic behaviour proportional to the elastic stiffness including the degradation damage. The plastic-damage constitutive model is used to evaluate the response of Koyna dam in the 1967 Koyna earthquake. The analysis shows two localized cracks forming and then joining at the change in geometry of the upper part of the dam. The upper portion of the dam vibrates essentially as rigid-body rocking motion after the upper cracks form, but the dam remains stable. The vertical component of ground motion influences the post-cracking response. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

工程抗震设防标准的效益分析

合理的工程抗震设入标准应该具有最佳的经济效益和社会效益。为此，本文提出了在确保地震造成的人员伤亡不超过社会可接受水平这一约束条件下，寻求经济效益最佳的设防标准的优化决策模型和方法，并采用这种效益分析方法对若干典型大中城市的设防标准进行了初步分析。     

大型桥梁工程的抗震设防标准探讨

在桥梁工程的抗震设计中,抗震设防标准是必须首先解决的问题。本文探讨了桥梁工程的抗震设防标准决策问题,澄清了最低抗震设防标准和大型桥梁工程抗震设防标准的关系,并基于多级设防的抗震设计思想,探讨了强调设防水准与结构性能要求、验算指标相对应的大型桥梁工程的抗震设防标准。     

不同地震水准反应谱之间的关系和罕遇地震作用设计反应谱的确定

不同地震作用水准的设计反应谱长期以来一直采用各水准谱形完全一致的假定。这与地震危险性分析的一般结论不符。《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB50011-2001)对此作出了修订。本文基于设计反应谱的三参数标定模型推导了罕遇和多遇地震作用设计反应谱的关系，指出两者谱值之比在高频、中频和低频段分别对应于峰值加速度、速度和位移之比。引入地震动衰减规律进行了罕遇和多遇地震作用设计谱关系的近似估计，提出了基于多遇地震作用设计谱确定罕遇地震作用设计谱的调整方案，验证了现行规范将反应谱特征周期适当延长以得到罕遇地震作用设计谱的做法的合理性。     

汶川大地震中土坝破坏程度与坝体几何形状的关系分析

调查、搜集和研究了汶川地震中被评定为高危以上险情的147座小型水库土坝的地震破坏情况,给出了高危以上险情土坝的地震破坏程度划分为中等破坏、严重破坏和极严重破坏三个等级的原则和标准,以及土坝的地震破坏程度与地震烈度、土坝的宽高比、上游坡比、坝高的经验关系表,可发现:土坝的几何形状对其破坏程度起着重要的作用;对于6～8度地震烈度区,土坝的宽高比越小,或上游坡比越小,或坝体越高,则土坝的破坏程度越严重;对于9度以上地震烈度区,土坝通常发生极严重破坏。依据高危以上险情土坝的地震反应分析结果,给出了土坝地震破坏程度与土坝宽高比、坝高、土坝上游坡比及坝顶加速度放大系数、坝体最大动剪应力的经验关系曲线,发现在相同的地震烈度水平下,土坝的宽高比越小,或上游坡比越小,或坝高越大,且坝顶加速度放大系数越大或坝体最大动剪应力越大,则其地震破坏程度越严重;坝体最大动剪应力超过30kPa的土坝,通常发生严重或极严重破坏,坝体最大动剪应力大于100kPa的土坝,通常发生极严重破坏;土坝离发震断层越远,则其坝顶加速度放大系数越大。本文给出的高危以上险情土坝的地震破坏程度与坝体几何形状的经验关系,可为今后土坝抗震设计提供参考依据。     

Direct finite element method for nonlinear earthquake analysis of concrete dams: Simplification,modeling, and practical application

A direct finite element (FE) method for nonlinear response history analysis of semi-unbounded dam-water-foundation systems has recently been presented. The analysis procedure employs standard viscous-damper absorbing boundaries to model the semi-unbounded foundation and fluid domains and specifies the seismic input as effective earthquake forces—determined from a control motion defined at the foundation surface—at these boundaries. Presented in this paper are several simplifications to this direct FE method that greatly facilitates its implementation in commercial FE software. Also addressed is the modeling of the principal nonlinear mechanisms for concrete dams, calibration of damping in the numerical model to ensure consistency with values measured at actual dams, and practical procedures for implementation of the direct FE method with a commercial FE program.     

Effect of reservoir bottom on earthquake response of concrete dams

The absorption of hydrodynamic pressure waves at the reservoir bottom has dominant effects on the structural response of the dam when subjected to ground motion. In the present study, a model is proposed for the absorption effects of the reservoir bottom in the earthquake analysis of dams. The model utilizes the wave reflection coefficient approach and is based on the solution of the wave equation in a sediment layer of viscoelastic material with a constant thickness overlying an elastic, semi-infinite foundation. Numerical studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of the sediment layer thickness and material properties as well as the effect of reflection of waves from the underlying rock. It is shown that the current approach of assuming the wave reflection coefficient at the reservoir bottom based on the characteristics of the sediment material and excluding the effect of the reflected waves from the underlying rock, may significantly underestimate the seismic response of the dam.     

Efficient non-linear seismic analysis of arch dams

An approximate procedure for seismic analysis of concrete arch dams which is based on the smeared crack method is described. Features include construction sequence modelling, water and foundation interaction, crack formation, opening and closing of joints and cracks, frictional sliding, presence of shear keys, action of internal water pressure, and a reliable solution algorithm. Complete solutions can be obtained in an hour on a fast workstation computer, allowing parameter studies to be run. Results suggest that an arch dam can suffer significant cracking during strong ground shaking and still remain stable. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.