Nonlinear dynamic analysis of reinforced concrete frames

This paper presents the theoretical and computational procedure for nonlinear dynamic analysis of reinforced concrete frames under seismic excitations. In the research, physical nonlinearity due to material behavior is introduced for reinforced concrete material and the connection between the material and geometrical nonlinearity is described. An integration procedure for dynamic analysis, based on a step-by-step method with optional iteration, is presented. Results for a series of example analyses are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the computer program.     

大口径钢筋混凝土管顶偏纠正工作的探讨

本文阐述了大口径钢筋混凝土管顶偏后的纠正方法,并着重介绍了上海市浦东排污水干管顶偏后通过管外加力法和管内加力法将其纠正的实例。     

钢衬钢筋混凝土压力管道外包混凝土的裂缝控制研究

基于钢衬钢筋混凝土压力管道在设计荷载下外包混凝土将带裂缝工作的基本承载特性,以缓解开裂与限裂间的矛盾为指导思想,将减小坝后背管外包混凝土裂缝宽度和提高开裂管道的耐久性作为研究目的,结合模型试验和有限元法,研究了一些裂缝控制措施的应用效果,以及有效的计算内水压力下钢衬外包混凝土裂缝宽度的公式。结果表明：总用钢量相同时,减薄钢衬,加大钢筋用量,减小裂缝宽度效果明显;减薄钢衬外包混凝土厚度,也可减小裂缝宽度;性能可靠的防水涂料具备黏接性强和变形能力高的基本性质,可进一步研究其对提高管道耐久性的长期作用;采用П-780-83规范中的裂缝宽度公式,计算结果与模型试验结果较为符合。     

Applicability of fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete for tunnel lining

Nowadays, self-compacting concrete is used in reinforced concrete structure with heavy bars. This type of concrete is widely accepted throughout the world; therefore, it can be used as an attractive solution for inner lining of tunnels. Regarding the effect of fibers in improving the concrete properties the effect of using polypropylene fiber on the behavior of arch specimens are investigated in laboratory. Therefore, specimens with dimensions of 1 m diameter, 0.5 m width, and 10 cm thickness with various reinforcing bars in arch forms were prepared and their flexural strength was investigated. The results show high ability of self-compacting concrete for the inner coverage of tunnels and its increasing strength is due to use of fibers. In addition, the results indicate that by adding fibers in the amount of 0.1 % of cement weight and reinforcing bars of size number 10, the required flexural strength would be obtained.     

Vulnerability of simple reinforced concrete buildings to damage by rockfalls

A procedure is presented for investigating the response of reinforced concrete buildings to rockfall impact. The method considers a single rock hit on the basement columns, and it includes four steps: (a) calculation of the probability of a rock impact on a member of the load-bearing system, taking into account the block size and the design of the structure; (b) evaluation of the response of one or more structural elements to the hit based on element capacity; (c) in the case of structural element failure, assessment of the robustness of the whole structural system, calculating the potential for progressive collapse; and (d) calculation of a damage index (DI), which is the ratio of structural elements that fail to the total number of structural elements. The proposed method is applied to a reinforced concrete building for a range of rockfall paths and intensities. The analysis has been carried out for a 2-m-diameter block and velocities < 3.5 m/s. The possible damage range is found to be highly variable, with DI values ranging from 0.01 to 1 depending on the impact location and block velocity.     

Discrete element analysis of the rheological characteristics of self-compacting concrete with irregularly shaped aggregate

Concrete is a heterogeneous, multiphase, composite material, and the size and shape of the coarse aggregate used have an important influence on the rheological properties of the concrete. The aggregate is usually simulated with spherical particles in the discrete element method (DEM). However, the shape of real aggregates is uncontrolled and polytropic. Therefore, spherical particles hardly reflect the actual situation. To comprehensively analyze the rheological characteristics of self-compacting concrete (SCC), experimental and simulated tests of slump-flow and L-box tests of different performative SCC are investigated. An efficient and fast random polyhedron particle generation method is proposed to simulate the real shape of the coarse aggregate, which is close to the actual state. The slump-flow and L-box tests of SCC are simulated by using the established discrete element model and the irregular generating particle method. The slump-flow test shows that the generation method could effectively simulate the flow state of concrete, and the L-box test evaluates the passing ability of SCC. The rheological characteristics of the yield stress τ₀ and plastic viscosity η are verified as Bingham model parameters, and the numerical results are perfectly consistent with the experimental results.     

Nonlinear three-dimensional analysis of reinforced concrete piles subjected to horizontal loading

A three-dimensional finite element approach is proposed to predict the response of reinforced concrete piles to horizontal loading. This approach allows the nonlinear effects arising from the soil–pile interaction to be properly accounted for. In particular, the occurrence of plastic strains in the soil, concrete cracking and steel yielding in the pile as well as the occurrence of slip and gap at the soil–pile interface are reliably simulated using appropriate constitutive models. Another advantage of the present method is that it requires few material parameters as input data. In addition, these parameters can be readily obtained from conventional geotechnical and structural tests. The proposed approach is used to analyse the results from some loading tests documented in the literature concerning a large-diameter pile and a large-section rectangular pile (barrette) embedded in sandy soils. The theoretical results from these analyses are found to be in fairly good agreement with the experimental measurements available from the loading tests. Remarks of practical interest on the response of the structures considered to horizontal loading are also made.     

水工隧洞钢筋混凝土衬砌非线性有限元分析

在已有岩土程序的基础上,考虑混凝土材料的开裂特性,增加了钢筋和混凝土开裂的模拟功能,编制了相应的非线性有限元计算程序,实现了塑性迭代和开裂迭代计算的耦合。结合某水电站导流隧洞的工程实例,进行了施工、运行和封堵全过程仿真分析。计算过程显示：本算法迭代计算稳定,收敛性好,满足精度要求。同时研究结果表明：运行期,混凝土衬砌的开裂范围、裂缝宽度和相应的钢筋应力随着衬砌与围岩之间初始缝隙值的增大而增大;封堵期,围岩塑性区随着外水位的增加而增大,需要采取相应的加固措施保证围岩稳定。     

双参数黏弹性地基上连续配筋混凝土路面振动参数分析

以连续配筋混凝土路面（CRCP）近年来应用比较广泛的路面结构形式为研究对象,采用考虑地基压缩系数和水平剪切系数的双参数地基模型,建立了考虑地基土体滞回阻尼的黏弹性地基上CRCP的振动微分方程,运用三角级数和Fourier变换得到了简谐、矩形均布荷载作用下路面竖向位移的解答,并利用Fourier逆变换得到了数值结果,较为全面的分析了荷载速度、频率、路面配筋率、板厚以及地基参数对板的动力响应的影响。研究结果可为路面动力响应分析及连续配筋混凝土路面的质量评价提供参考。     

Serviceability-related reliability for mainshock-damaged reinforced concrete piers considering the aftershock-induced seismic hazards

To investigate the impact of carbon emission reduction paths on energy demand and CO₂ emissions in China, in this study, quantitative carbon emission reduction paths in the period 2014–2020 are established by decomposing the target for emissions reduction. An optimization model of energy demand, into which reduction paths are incorporated, is then constructed from a goal-oriented perspective. The results suggest that energy consumption varies under different emission reduction paths. Coal demand is found to be much more sensitive to the choice of emission reduction path than other forms of energy; in particular, it responds strongly to the decreasing reduction path. We conclude that the decreasing reduction path is a better means than the increasing reduction path of achieving China’s emission reduction target for 2020 with the least amount of energy and the least amount of CO₂ emissions.     

大比尺钢衬钢筋混凝土马蹄形压力管道改性试验研究

为从根本上解决常规钢衬钢筋混凝土压力管道因运行期的裂缝过宽而带来的结构耐久性问题,采取将常规混凝土改性为高性能的钢纤维混凝土或钢纤维自应力混凝土的方法。以某水电站全背坝面管为原型,以1：10缩尺制作了钢衬钢筋钢纤维混凝土压力管道模型和钢衬钢筋钢纤维自应力混凝土压力管道模型。试验结果表明,改性为钢纤维混凝土的压力管道表现出很好的限裂能力,其初裂荷载有一定的提高,管道裂缝宽度显著下降;改性为钢纤维自应力混凝土的压力管道表现出很好的抗裂能力,管道的初裂荷载有了大幅度的提高,钢材的性能也得到了较充分的利用。模型试验的结果显示了改性钢衬钢筋混凝土压力管道良好的应用前景。     

上埋式钢筋混凝土拱涵受力特性及地基处理研究

涵洞属于填埋式构造物,其受力状态不同于普通建筑物。对涵-土体系作用机制认识不足和涵洞地基处理不当可能导致涵洞出现各种各样的病害,甚至影响道路运营。通过现场测试和数值模拟分析了上埋式钢筋混凝土拱涵结构与土体的作用机制,得出了涵-土体系的受力状态和变形特性。在此基础上对涵洞地基处理进行了研究,分析了地基处理的宽度、深度以及处理后的地基刚度对涵洞受力状态和变形特性的影响。研究结果表明,涵顶存在明显的应力集中现象,该效应的影响范围为涵洞两侧约3b（b为涵洞宽度）;涵顶土压力系数随填土高度的增大而增大,并逐渐趋于稳定;涵顶土压力、基底压力和涵洞结构内力随地基处理宽度的增大而减小,并逐渐趋于稳定,随地基处理深度和地基弹性模量的增加呈非线性增大。实际工程中,涵洞地基处理宽度宜取b+2h（h为涵洞高度）左右,地基处理的深度和处理后的刚度应以允许沉降或差异沉降为控制指标,不应额外增加地基处理深度和提高地基刚度     

型钢水泥土复合梁中型钢-水泥土相互作用试验研究

在深度不太大的基坑而条件适当时可采用小规格型钢加筋水泥土结构作为挡土墙,但对其破坏模式和刚度仍缺乏深入地研究。与以型钢刚度为主的SMW工法不同,加筋水泥土墙的刚度可能主要依赖于水泥土,型钢主要承担拉应力。打设了6根不同截面高度的模型梁,采用钢板模拟型钢作为加筋,以不同加载方式的水泥土复合梁抗弯试验,分析了试验条件下钢板-水泥土复合梁的破坏机理和抗弯组合强度和抗弯承载力。将复合梁的刚度变化划分为两个阶段,提出了分阶段的特征组合刚度计算方法。当承载力满足足够安全度要求时,建议工程设计时取第一阶段末的特征刚度来计算加筋水泥土挡土墙变形。     

预制钢筋混凝土桩桩身质量对承载力的影响

本文利用工程实例对预制钢筋混凝土桩,桩身质量对单桩竖向抗压极限承栽力的影响做了分析。叙述了该桩型的优缺点。并提出对该型桩基础应做静荷栽试验,确定单桩竖向抗压极限承栽力。     

钢筋混凝土箱涵竖向土压力理论研究 ——梯形沟谷设涵

梯形沟谷设涵在山区公路和铁路建设中的应用非常广泛。然而,目前规范中尚无梯形沟谷设涵的设计方法。现有的研究主要针对上埋式和沟埋式涵洞,对天然梯形沟谷埋设涵洞时的涵洞受力性状的研究甚少。通过数值模拟得出梯形沟谷设涵时,钢筋混凝土箱型涵洞顶部填土内的应力状态和土拱的分布规律。在此基础上建立理论模型,推导涵洞土压力理论计算式,并验证理论方法的正确性。此外,对涵顶土压力的影响因素进行了参数研究。结果表明,梯形沟谷设涵时涵洞的受力状态不同于上埋式和沟埋式两种情况。当涵顶填土高度到达临界高度时,填土中会形成上、下两层土拱。下层土拱效应使涵顶产生土压力集中,上层土拱效应会减小涵顶的土压力集中。涵顶土压力的大小取决于涵顶的填土高度、沟谷坡角、沟谷宽度、涵洞的几何尺寸及填土的性质。     

Vulnerability assessment of reinforced concrete buildings subjected to seismically triggered slow-moving earth slides

The objective of this paper is to develop an efficient analytical method for assessing the vulnerability of low-rise reinforced concrete buildings subjected to seismically induced slow-moving earth slides. Vulnerability is defined in terms of probabilistic fragility curves, which describe the probability of exceeding a certain limit state of the building, on a given slope, versus the Peak Horizontal Ground Acceleration (PHGA) at the assumed “seismic bedrock”, allowing for the quantification of various sources of uncertainty. The proposed method is based on a two-step, uncoupled approach. In the first step, the differential permanent landslide displacements at the building’s foundation level are estimated using a dynamic non-linear finite difference slope model. In the second step, the calculated differential permanent displacements are statically imposed at the foundation level to assess the building’s response to differing permanent seismic ground displacements using a finite element code. Structural limit states are defined in terms of threshold values of strains for the reinforced concrete structural components. The method is applied to typical low-rise reinforced concrete frame buildings on shallow foundations with varying strength and stiffness characteristics (isolated footings and continuous slab foundation), standing near the crest of a relatively slow-moving earth slide. Two different slope models are selected representing a cohesive and a purely frictional soil material. The paper describes the method and the derived fragility curves for the selected building and slope typologies that could be used in quantitative risk assessment studies at site-specific and local scales.     

粘钢加固混凝土构件非线性有限元分析

对粘钢加固混凝土构件进行了非线性有限元分析,考虑了混凝土开裂后切向刚度的折减,以及钢筋与混凝七碳、粘钢与混凝土的联结滑移的影响.通过实例对比分析表明,运用该方法得到的计算结果与试验分析结果非常接近,可有效替代试验分析方法.     

冻结井钢筋混凝土弧形板井壁力学特性研究

通过实验和有限元计算,对在均匀荷载作用下新型冻结井高强钢筋混凝土弧形板井壁的变形特性、混凝土和钢筋应力的分布规律、极限承载力及其压碎区的位置进行了分析。研究结果表明,弧形构件的径向变形较小,可通过选择合适的可缩接头材料使该井壁结构起到“先柔后刚”的作用;弧形构件的内排钢筋总是比外排钢筋先屈服,并且钢筋发生屈服时对应荷载值一般为该构件极限承载力的60 %左右;构件的极限承载力随混凝土单轴抗压强度的增大而增大,混凝土的强度等级提高10 MPa,其极限承载力提高1.26 MPa;弧形构件的压碎区位于其端部附近,因此,在设计该种井壁结构时弧形构件的两端应该加强,可在弧形构件的两端采用钢纤维混凝土以提高整体结构的承载能力。