关于我国海洋可再生能源产业化发展的思考

为推动我国海洋可再生能源产业发展,文章论述国内和国际海洋可再生能源开发利用在资源量、政策和技术等方面的发展现状,分析我国现阶段发展海洋可再生能源存在的主要问题,并提出未来我国海洋可再生能源产业化在顶层规划、关键核心技术、公共服务平台和标准体系建设、技术示范应用、成果转化以及国际合作等方面的发展建议,从而促进我国生态文明和海洋强国建设。     

对我国海洋可再生能源开发利用的研究与探讨

为了加快我国海洋可再生能源的开发利用,更好地满足经济和社会可持续发展的需要,文章在分析我国海洋可再生能源资源储量、技术及产业发展现状的基础上,借鉴国际海洋可再生能源开发利用的经验,提出了近期我国海洋可再生能源开发利用的基本思路。     

我国海洋可再生能源产业统计指标体系的构建

海洋可再生能源产业发展前景广阔,构建我国海洋可再生能源产业统计指标体系是开展海洋可再生能源产业运行监测和评估的前提。文章概述国际和国内海洋可再生能源产业统计的现状,总结主要特点和问题;在明确统计范围、设计原则和数据获取途径的基础上,构建我国海洋可再生能源产业统计指标体系,其中综合发展统计指标体系包括基本情况、总体规模、技术装备、运营情况和科技创新5个一级指标和38个二级指标,产业链发展统计指标体系包括装置研发、电站设计、加工制造、配套材料和设备、海上施工以及咨询服务6个一级指标和31个二级指标;最后提出建立常态化统计制度、定期更新统计指标及其数据、建立数据库以及开展产业运行监测和评估的建议,以期为我国海洋可再生能源产业的发展、管理和政策制定提供参考。     

世界海洋可再生能源的开发利用对我国的启示

在传统能源日渐枯竭以及环境污染日益严重的情况下,以可再生能源为主的能源结构正逐渐取代以化石燃料为主的能源结构。海洋可再生能源作为一种储量巨大的可再生清洁能源受到了广泛的重视。文章在广泛整理、分析世界不同种类海洋可再生能源开发利用现状的基础上,结合我国海洋可再生能源开发利用实际及存在的问题,尝试提出我国海洋可再生能源的发展建议:明确我国海洋可再生能源状况,科学制定开发利用规划;考虑潜在环境问题,慎重推进海洋能发电站的巨型化;加强技术研发,促进海洋能资源的综合利用;开展国际合作,加速我国海洋能技术的发展。     

我国海洋可再生能源产业技术发展现状以及山东省未来发展思路

自20世纪70年代,海洋可再生能源受到各沿海国家特别是发达国家的重视。近年来,我国高度重视海洋可再生能源的开发利用,已在技术开发和示范研究等领域取得重大突破。文章分析了山东省发展海洋可再生能源的意义和优势,提出海洋可再生能源产业与技术发展建议。     

关于海洋能发电装置产品研发过程管理方法的研究

文章对海洋能源产业管理现状及必要性进行了阐述,分析了海洋能发电装置产品研发流程,提出了管理框架及管理方法,旨在规范海洋能发电装置设计、制造、采购、验证、评价过程,推进我国海洋能源产品的应用和转化。     

青岛市海洋能源产业补贴法律问题研究

海洋能源产业补贴是政府或相关机构基于能源供给侧要求以及可持续发展的目标而对海洋能源生产活动中的企业或个人提供的财产性资助。财政补贴顺应了国家能源供给侧改革的要求以及可持续发展的目标。文章从海洋能源产业补贴的基础问题入手,结合青岛市海洋能源产业补贴的实践现状对其存在问题进行体系化分析。在厘清宏观层面的法律体系不完善与微观层面的制度缺位的基础上,探究青岛市海洋能源产业补贴制度的完善路径。从央地立法互动、增强法律规范间的协调性、完善海洋能源补贴专门性立法的层面,优化青岛海洋能源产业补贴的整体法律布局。从海洋能源创新科研补贴制度、海上发电产业税收优惠制度、海洋能源制造业转型升级补贴制度、海洋能源产业应急保障补贴制度层面,实现青岛市海洋能源产业补贴具体制度的构建。以期推动我国海洋能源产业补贴制度的法治化建设。     

三沙海洋可再生能源的开发利用

三沙管理与发展离不开能源与淡水。开发利用海洋可再生能源是解决三沙能源和淡水供应的可行性方案。根据波浪能、温差能和海洋风能调查与评价的结果,在分析总结国内外开发利用技术现状与发展趋势的基础上,提出三沙海洋可再生能源开发利用的建议。     

海洋物联网技术现状与展望

海洋物联网是当前各海洋领域的研究热点之一。本文论述了海洋物联网的基本概念,介绍了国外海洋信息获取、通信传输和处理分析的技术趋势,以及我国的发展现状和不足。从海洋信息感知智能技术、海洋信息传输网络关键技术、基于人工智能的海洋大数据挖掘服务技术3个方面描述了当前需要重点解决的技术难题。     

我国潮流能、波浪能研究与试验和示范工程现状分析

我国海洋可再生能源正处于快速发展时期,自2010年国家设立海洋可再生能源专项资金以来,一大批的示范工程、研究与试验项目得到大力的支持与推广,形成了一批拥有自主知识产权的技术与装备。但是作为一个全新的能源领域,在项目实施过程中难免遇到一些问题,文章对2010—2011年立项的海洋能专项项目情况进行调研分析,对研究与试验项目和示范工程进行分类总结与概括,阐述当前海洋能专项项目在实施过程中的问题和不足,并对将来海洋可再生能源专项项目的发展提出一些建议。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.