南海海域叶绿素浓度分布特征的卫星遥感分析

介绍了第二代海洋水色传感器SeaWiFS资料的特点汲其基本处理方法，海水叶绿素浓度提取方法，对南海域表层海水叶绿素浓度分布的时空变化特征及其与营养物质和南海环流的关系进行了初步分析。     

Atmospheric Correction of SeaWiFS Data for the Retrieval of Suspended Sediment in East China Coastal Waters

The data of SeaWiFS (Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor), installed on SeaStar, has been used to generate SSC (suspended sediment concentration) of complex and turbid coastal waters in China. In view of the problems of the SeaDAS (SeaWiFS Data Analysis System) algorithm applied to China coastal waters, a new atmospheric correction algorithm is discussed, developed, and used for the SSC of East China coastal waters. The advantages of the new algorithm are described through the comparison of the restdts from different algorithms.     

河口悬浮泥沙浓度Sea WiFS遥感定量模式研究

利用海洋水色卫星 Seastar/SeaWiFS数据和准同步实测表层含沙量资料,建立长江口区悬浮泥沙遥感定量模式.通过“exact closed-form”算法对多时相SeaWiFS数据进行几何定位,并利用大气辐射传输简化理论对其进行大气校正,求得各波段遥感反射率;在完成投影变换和几何精校正之后,建立遥感参数与含沙量相关关系,得到长江口区悬浮泥沙遥感定量模式.     

我国海区SeaWiFS资料大气校正

利用光谱辐射传输理论，结合海上同步实测资料，开发出我国海区SeaWiFS资料大气校正模型。经卫星资料处理结果比对，本模型在一类水体，基本消除了412nm和443nm波段离水辐射率小于0的现象；在二类水体，利用临近一类水体的大气条件进行了有效的大气校正；同时建立了670nm,765nm,865nm波段的大气校正模型，这三个面适用于高浓度悬浮泥沙的信息提取。本模型用于处理我国海区的SeaWiFS资料比美国NASA模型更适合我国海区特定的大气和海洋环境，为SeaWiFS资料海洋水色信息提取和我国海洋一号（HY－1）及风云一号（FY－1C）卫星资料的大气校正研究提供了技术基础。     

PEIOS系统远程用户信息集成若干问题的探讨

PEIOS系统是珠江口海域立体监测技术示范系统，其总体是研制一个以水质监测为核心，以珠江口水域为监测范围的河口区近海洋环境监测东范系统，该系统接收多种来源的远距离观测数据（卫星，岸基雷达，自动气象站，自动水质测试仪等），并具有数据实时更新的能力，它的远程用户模块可通过可电话拨号连接主数据库，进行相关的空间信息查询与分析，是相对独立的功能模块，同时，该模块还具有集成本地（用户端）数据的功能，作者提基于优秀地理信息系统平台的技术解决方案，并在AutodeskWorld2.0平台上成功开发了远程用户模块，实现了多源数据在远程用户端的GIS集成。     

利用SeaDAS从SeaWiFS卫星数据反演中国东海叶绿素浓度

卫星海洋遥感反演海中叶绿素浓度,对海洋初级生产力估算及赤潮预报均有重要意义.本文介绍了SeaWiFS卫星传感器业务化算法OC4,利用SeaDAS软件反演中国东海叶绿素浓度,并与东海同步现场数据进行验证.结果表明:利用SeaDAS方法计算的东海叶绿素含量与实测含量之间具有较好的相关性,但总体上计算值要高于实际测量值;东海叶绿素含量具有分带性,河口、近岸海域高,中陆架次之,外陆架最低,这种发育特点与该海域的陆源营养盐输入、海洋动力系统有着显著的关系.     

HY-1C Coastal Zone Imager observations of the suspended sediment content distribution details in the sea area near Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge in China

The impacts of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge (HKZMB) on suspended sediment content (SSC) were analysed in the Zhujiang River Estuary based on data from HY-1C, which was launched in September 2018 in China, carrying Coastal Zone Imager (CZI) and Chinese Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner on it. A new SSC inversion model was established based on the relationship between in-situ SSC and the remote sensing reflectance in red and near-infrared bands of CZI image. HY-1C satellite data obtained from October to December 2019 were applied to retrieve SSC in the Zhujiang River Estuary. The results show that SSC around the HKZMB is ranging from 20 mg/L to 95 mg/L. SSC change obviously on two sides of the bridge. During flooding and ebbing period, SSC increases obviously downstream of the bridge. SSC difference between upstream and downstream is ranging from 5 mg/L to 20 mg/L. Currents flowing across the HKZMB, the change trend of SSC in most places upstream and downstream is almost the same that SSC downstream of the bridge is higher than SSC upstream. The tidal currents interact with bridge piers, inducing vortexes downstream, leading the sediment to re-suspend downstream of the bridge piers. Other factors, including seafloor topography and wind, can also contribute to the distribution of SSC in the Zhujiang River Estuary.     

Atmospheric correction for China''s coastal water color remote sensing

INTRODUcrIONMeasurements from satellite have demonstrated that space sensor can be applied to measurethe sPectra of water-leaving radiance and proven that ocean color remote sensing is a powerfultcol for understanding oceanic, biological and physical processes. One sPecial ocean color satel-lite heaStar was successfully launched in August l997. It has brought to oceanOgraphers a wel-comed and improvd renewal of the ocean color of CZCS, VHRSR and arS. ffeaWiFS con-tributes much bette…     

基于AISA+机载高光谱的海上石油开发溢油监测研究——以珠江口海域为例

采用中国海监南海航空支队在珠江口石油平台执法中获取的机载高光谱溢油数据,对AISA+机载高光谱数据特点进行了分析,并对石油开发平台周围的油膜和海水进行了分析研究,尝试进行基于AISA+机载高光谱遥感影像的珠江口石油平台油膜分布自动提取,对获取的机载高光谱数据进行辐射定标和地理几何校正,得到了地物表现反射率数据;分析了太阳耀光产生的原因,根据获取的高光谱数据特点及水体光谱特性进行太阳耀光的消除,获得了较好效果;采用阈值法进行溢油分布的提取,便于应用于实际工作中.并采用等密度分割法,对溢油的污染程度做了半定量研究.     

HY-1C卫星海岸带成像仪叶绿素a浓度反演研究

叶绿素a作为最重要的水质参数之一,是评价水体富营养化和初级生产力状况的主要因素。我国海洋一号C（HY-1C）卫星海岸带成像仪（CZI）具有高时空分辨率的观测优势。本文基于东海和南海现场实测数据建立了HY-1C卫星CZI叶绿素a浓度反演模型并在实测水域进行反演,与MODIS叶绿素a浓度反演产品进行了对比验证,应用CZI叶绿素a浓度模型在珠江口、长江口、渤海湾水域进行了叶绿素a浓度反演示例试验。结果表明,叶绿素a浓度模型估算浓度与实测浓度相关系数为0.774 3,平均相对误差为24.58%,利用实测叶绿素a浓度对模型进行精度验证,相关系数达到0.993 9,平均相对误差为18.49%。模型在实测水域反演得到的叶绿素a浓度分布与MODIS叶绿素a浓度产品分布大体一致。在珠江口水域反演得到叶绿素a浓度空间分布为由西北向东南逐级递减,峰值出现在珠江口西沿岸。在长江口、渤海湾反演叶绿素a浓度空间分布均符合地理实情。研究表明HY-1C卫星CZI数据可应用于中国近海水色定量化研究。     

珠江口伶仃洋海域营养盐的历史变化及影响因素研究

根据2006年丰水期和枯水期对珠江口伶仃洋海域的调查资料,分析了该海域营养盐的现状,发现丰水期NO₃-N和SiO₃-Si含量呈自口门向外逐渐降低的变化,NO₂-N和PO₄-P高值区则集中在深圳附近海域,枯水期各项营养盐均呈自口门向外逐渐降低的变化。结合1990年、1998年、2001年3个年份的资料,分析了珠江口邻近海域5项营养盐(SiO₃-Si,NO₃-N,NO₂-N,NH₄-N和PO₄-P)近20 a来的变化规律,并对其影响因素进行了探讨和分析。结果发现,NO₃-N,NO₂-N,NH₄-N和PO₄-P含量呈现显著上升趋势,DIN/DIP呈下降趋势。NO₃-N和SiO₃-Si含量丰水期显著高于枯水期,NO₂-N和PO₄-P则相反,径流携带作用是NO₃-N和SiO₃-Si的主要来源,而径流对NO₂-N和PO₄-P则起稀释作用。另外农业施肥的影响、围填海造成的海域面积缩小以及网箱养殖业饵料的不合理投放亦是造成珠江口伶仃洋海域DIN,DIP含量上升的因素。     

人工神经网络反演珠江口海域叶绿素浓度

利用2003年1月、2004年1月在珠江口海域的叶绿素浓度和辐射同步实测资料,建立了反演珠江口海域叶绿素浓度的人工神经网络模型。应用该模型由SeaWiFS资料获取珠江口海域叶绿素浓度分布图,并与SeaBAM推荐的OC2和OC4这2种统计算法的反演结果进行比较,结果表明人工神经网络模型的反演效果明显优于统计算法。人工神经网络模型的均方根差是0．2899,可决系数是0．8848;而统计算法的均方根差大于0．5,可决系数小于0．6。     

Ocean color products retrieval and validation around China coast with MODIS

Waters along China coast are very turbid with high concentrations of suspended sediment nearly all the time,especially at the Hangzhou Bay,the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary and the shoal along Jiangsu Province.In these turbid and optically complex waters,the standard MODIS ocean color products tend to have invalid values.Because the water-leaving radiances in the near-infrared (NIR) are significant resulting from the strong scattering of suspended particles,the standard MODIS atmospheric correction algorithm often gets no results or produces significant errors.And because of the complex water optical properties,the OC3 model used in the standard MODIS data processing tends to get extremely high chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations.In this paper,we present an atmospheric correction approach using MODIS short wave infrared (SWIR) bands based on the fact that water-leaving radiances are negligible in the SWIR region because of the extreme strong absorption of water even in turbid waters.A regional Chl-a concentration estimation model is also constructed for MODIS from in situ data.These algorithms are applied to MODIS Aqua data processing in the China coastal regions.In situ data collected in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in spring and autumn,2003 are used to validate the performance.Reasonably good results have been obtained.It is noted that water-leaving reflectance in the NIR bands are significant in waters along the China coast with high sediment loadings.The satellite derived and in-situ reflectance spectra can match in the turbid waters along China coast,and there is relatively good linear relationship between satellite derived and in-situ reflectance.The RMSE value of Rrs(λ) is 0.0031 sr ?1 for all the nine ocean color bands (412 to 869 nm).The satellite-derived Chl-a value is in the reasonable range and the root mean square percentage difference is 46.1%.     

南海叶绿素浓度季节变化及空间分布特征研究

以南海海域1997年10月至2002年9月SeaWiFS卫星遥感叶绿素浓度的资料为基础,分析了多年平均的南海叶绿素浓度的时空分布,初步分析结果表明,冬季南海大部分海域叶绿素浓度普遍较高,春季大部分海域较低;南海各个海区的叶绿素月平均最低浓度基本出现在春季的4月或5月,而最高浓度出现的月份却有不同的特征,在中央海盆区出现在12月,在广东沿岸海区出现在7月,在越南东南部近岸海域在8月和12月有两个最高值;在吕宋海峡的西部区域,尽管叶绿素浓度的最高值也出现在12月,但是叶绿素浓度的最低值却出现在夏季的7月.在空间上近岸区域的叶绿素浓度明显高于中央海盆区,西部海域普遍高于东部海域.南海叶绿素浓度的这一时空分布特征与流场(如上升流等)、海面温度场和风场等的变化有关,也与陆源物质的输入等关系密切.     

珠江口水体叶绿素荧光特性研究

利用2003年1月和2004年1月珠江口实测的遥感反射率和叶绿素浓度,建立了基于实测1nm带宽及其模拟MERIS遥感反射率数据的叶绿素荧光特征与叶绿素浓度之间的拟合关系。基于实测1nm带宽遥感反射率光谱,叶绿素荧光峰的位置和高度分别与叶绿素浓度之间存在良好的线性关系和指数关系;基于模拟MERIS遥感反射率数据,叶绿素荧光峰的高度与叶绿素浓度之间存在良好的线性关系,叶绿素荧光峰位置与叶绿素浓度之间不存在明显的相关关系,但可作为叶绿素浓度数量级的有效探针。利用2006年5月和8月的珠江口实测遥感反射率和叶绿素浓度对拟合结果进行了检验,结果表明其精度较高,说明叶绿素荧光特征在探测叶绿素浓度时效果良好且MERIS数据在近岸二类水体叶绿素浓度反演、水质监测等方面有着良好的应用前景。     

Characteristics of Kd （490） around Nansha Islands in the South China Sea

The diffusion attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance, Ka(490), is an important optical parameter of seawater. The optical property, Kd(490), around Nansha Islands in the South China Sea was analyzed based on optical data profiles measured with SPMR (SeaWiFS Profiling Multichannel Radiometer) and SMSR ( SeaWiFS Multichannel Surface Reference ) instrument in April and May, 1999. The results show that Kd(490) is closely correlated with chlorophyll-a concentration, Ccgka, and that the vertical distribution of Kd(490) shows the strong stratification of the water column in this area. Kd(490) has a similar vertical co-variation as KL(490), the diffusive attenuation coefficient for upwelling radiance.Both coefficients increase with depth in the upper layer, where KL(490) is greater than Kd(490); and after a depth, approximatively at the chlorophyll maximum, they decrease with depth, with the former being smaller than the latter.     

台风对海洋叶绿素a浓度影响的延迟效应

利用MODIS、SeaWiFS 3A资料详细分析了2000-2006年间西北太平洋海域主要台风对叶绿素a浓度的影响.结果发现,台风可导致叶绿素a浓度最大增长平均值为2.385倍,个别最高达10倍以上,且增长到最大值平均延迟5.94d;同时叶绿素a浓度最大值与无台风时叶绿素a浓度具有线性相关性,相关系数达0.889;叶绿素a浓度与相应的海域平均海水深度具有负的乘幂关系,其相关系数是0.87;台风后叶绿素a浓度的最大增长量与相应海域海水平均深度也呈负乘幂关系,其相关性略低于前者,相关系数为0.75.     

珠江河口海区潮流的数值模拟

应用ADI法首次对整个珠江口河口海区的潮汐和潮流进行了数值模拟。与实测值相比,潮位、潮流场、佘流场和八大河口门潮量等的模拟计算结果令人满意;还计算了拉格朗日余流场和拉格朗日标识质点运动轨迹,并对此进行了探讨。     

赤道海洋对罕见台风“画眉”的响应

利用GHRSST L4、QuikSCAT、OAFLUX以及SeaWiFS L3资料分析了近赤道罕见台风"画眉"生成前后海表温度SST及其感热通量、潜热通量和叶绿素a浓度的变化。在台风"画眉"生成之前,中南半岛沿岸海表平均温度较其他区域低,并且在南海盛行东北风,在台风生成区有一明显的气旋性涡旋存在。南海北部地区潜热通量和感热通量均较大,而在台风的生成区域仅感热通量较大。台风"画眉"使其路径右侧的区域发生海表温度降低,相对于其他强度较强的台风降温较小,海表温度在马来半岛以东洋面以及马六甲海峡降低明显,降低约2—2.5℃。与高纬度的台风类似,台风"画眉"使中南半岛沿岸以及马来半岛与苏门答腊岛之间的地区叶绿素a浓度相对于台风前增大0.6 mg.m 3以上。     

半分析模型在近岸及河口水体透明度反演应用研究

Secchi depth(SD, m) is a direct and intuitive measure of water's transparency, which is also an indicator of water quality. In 2015, a semi-analytical model was developed to derive SD from remote sensing reflectance, thus able to provide maps of water's transparency in satellite images. Here an in-situ dataset(338 stations) is used to evaluate its potential ability to monitor water quality in the coastal and estuarine waters, with measurements covering the Zhujiang(Pearl) River Estuary, the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea where measured SD values span a range of 0.2–21.0 m. As a preliminary validation result, according to the whole dataset, the unbiased percent difference(UPD) between estimated and measured SD is 23.3%(N=338, R~2=0.89), with about 60% of stations in the dataset having relative difference(RD)≤20%, over 80% of stations having RD≤40%. Furthermore, by excluding the field data which with relatively larger uncertainties, the semi-analytical model yielded the UPD of 17.7%(N=132,R~2=0.92) with SD range of 0.2–11.0 m. In addition, the semi-analytical model was applied to Landsat-8 images in the Zhujiang River Estuary, and retrieved high-quality mapping and reliable spatial-temporal patterns of water clarity. Taking into account the uncertainties associated with both field measurements and satellite data processing, and that there were no tuning of the semi-analytical model for these regions, these findings indicate highly robust retrieval of SD from spectral techniques for such turbid coastal and estuarine waters. The results suggest it is now possible to routinely monitor coastal water transparency or visibility at high-spatial resolutions from measurements, like Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 and newly launched Gaofen-5.