联合国环境软法的哲学理念及其向海洋领域的拓展

联合国环境软法的哲学理念:(1)地球一体性的原则;(2)防止污染和公害、保护和改善全球生活环境的原则;(3)合理开发、利用自然资源,保护地球生态环境的原则;(4)"自然资源共享"原则;(5)自然资源永久主权原则;(6)不得损害国家管辖范围外的环境原则:(7)区域共同治理的原则;(8)加强国际协商、合作、交流的原则;(9)环境保护与经济社会发展相一致的原则等,不仅为各国的环境硬法提供基本的哲学理念,而且成为海洋环境保护的理念生成的思想来源,(1)一个海洋原则;(2)人海和谐原则;(3)"海陆一体原则";(4)公众参与原则等,就是环境软法在海洋领域的应用与拓展.     

“基本自然资源区”制度研究

为深化生态文明体制改革,建立健全自然资源统筹管理制度,为国土空间规划和用途管控提供新思路,文章分析和归纳相关研究背景和现有制度基础,从基本自然资源的主要特征、"基本自然资源区"的概念、分类分区和制度设计4个方面深入研究"基本自然资源区"制度。研究结果表明:在党和政府高度重视自然资源开发利用和保护以及自然资源部成立的背景下,我国实施基本自然资源统筹管理制度具有重要性和必要性,现有的农田和草原等自然资源管理和保护制度为其奠定基础;基本自然资源具有稀缺性、基础性、资产性和兼容性,"基本自然资源区"是科学规划的兼具资源生产功能和自然生态价值的国土空间,属于特殊的经营性资产,主要包括基本农田资源区、基本草原资源区、基本森林资源区、基本水资源区和基本滩涂资源区,未来可逐步吸纳其他自然资源;应从明确功能和管理定位、融入国土空间规划体系、严守管控底线、注重制度衔接和统筹以及搭建信息平台5个方面开展制度设计,探索构建以严格管控基本自然资源数量、质量和功能为主的基本自然资源统筹管理制度。     

关于我国海洋自然保护区的问题

一、海洋自然保护区及其意义海洋自然保护区,是为了保护海洋自然环境和自然资源,对不同地带具有代表性或某类特有的海洋生态系统,珍稀或有特殊保护价值的动、植物物种的主要生存繁殖地,以及自然历史遗迹和重要风景名胜等,划出界限,采取有效措施加以特殊保护的区域。海洋自然保护区除海域和滩涂外,还涉及到海岸、海岛和沿海沼泽。海洋自然保护区是海洋自然环境和自然资源保护的重要组成部分。自然保护区能够完整     

关于海洋资源法义务本位的思考--以权力、权利和义务为视角

国家管理海洋资源的权力以履行保护海洋资源的职责为前提,单位或个人开发利用海洋资源的权利和义务以不破坏有限海洋资源为限度,所有参与海洋资源法律关系的主体均有保护海洋资源的义务。海洋资源法正是以保护海洋资源义务为出发点来设计海洋资源法律关系主体的权力、权利和义务,保障保护海洋资源义务的落实,这就是以义务为本位的海洋资源法。     

自然资源框架下海区派出机构的督察职能研究

为充分发挥自然资源框架下海区派出机构对地方政府的海洋督察职能,规范地方政府在海洋自然资源领域的开发利用活动,文章研究海洋督察在自然资源工作中的定位及其实施方式和内在逻辑,分析海洋督察工作的难点与困境,并提出对策建议。研究结果表明：海区派出机构通过运动型治理模式开展的专项督察以及日常性的例行督察和审核督察,可对地方违法违规的海洋自然资源开发利用活动起到威慑、预防和纠正的作用,但在把握督察尺度、聚焦督察对象、确保督察威慑力和保障督察队伍工作积极性等方面面临诸多困难;为有效履行海洋督察职能,海区派出机构须确保海洋督察目标与国家主要治理目标相一致,明确地方党委和政府的主体责任以及党政领导的决策责任,通过完善工作机制增强海洋督察的威慑力,并通过优化异地督察和适当倾斜财政拨款等方式提升下属事业单位参与督察的积极性,从而确保自然资源框架下的海洋督察工作既有能力维护中央政策的权威性,又能推动地方海洋自然资源领域存在的突出问题得到有效解决。     

美国地质勘探局海岸与海洋地质研究--近期重点和成就

本文详细介绍了美国地质勘探局海岸与海洋地质研究项目在环境质量与保护、自然危害与公众安全、自然资源、信息和技术以及未来的研究方面所开展的工作和取得的成就。     

基于空间距离效应的青岛市浒苔治理支付意愿研究

支付意愿的空间属性是影响环境物品估值效度的主要因素之一,忽略对空间距离的考量可能导致最终资源环境物品或服务的货币估值产生偏差。文章以青岛市海域浒苔灾害为研究对象,使用条件价值评估法,构建支付意愿函数模型,测算受访者距青岛市海边的距离,探索浒苔治理支付意愿是否存在距离衰减现象;通过划分不同的距离区,测算不同距离区内公众浒苔治理支付意愿,最终汇总得出浒苔治理带来的经济价值。研究结果显示：公众浒苔治理支付意愿“距离衰减”效应明显,距离海边较近的公众倾向于为治理浒苔支付较高的金额;青岛市浒苔治理总经济价值为9.84亿元/a;不考虑距离衰减效应最终导致浒苔治理经济价值的高估达27.03%。研究结论可为空间尺度上的非市场价值评估提供新的研究思路和科学参考,不仅提高了条件价值评估法估值结果的有效性,也提供了更加精准的青岛市浒苔治理经济价值估值。     

海洋生态系统服务价值的知识图谱 ——基于CiteSpace的计量分析

近年来,“海洋生态系统服务价值”广受学术界关注,相关研究成果大量涌现,现已成为一个不断发展演进的重要知识领域。文章以“Web of ScienceTM”核心合集为数据源,运用文献计量法梳理了海洋生态系统服务价值研究论文的发文量年代分布,运用CiteSpace软件绘制科学知识图谱,分析了该领域主要国家/研究机构的合作情况、文献共被引、研究热点及研究前沿。结果显示,海洋生态系统服务价值的研究历经15年增速缓慢的酝酿期后,自2007年发文量持续高速增长;美国和加拿大两国在该领域的研究处于领先地位,且形成了以“加拿大—英国—澳大利亚—法国—美国”为中心的核心研究群体;以Barbier、Costanza为代表的生态学家为该领域研究奠定了服务价值的方法论基础和理论框架,随后出现了由理论探讨向理论与实践探索结合转变;该领域研究热点集中于海洋生态系统服务价值理论、评估方法、案例分析、影响因素和修复管理5个方面;当前研究前沿则主要聚焦于自然资源评估和生态系统保护等方面在海洋生态系统服务价值的重要应用。本研究对深入认识海洋生态系统服务价值研究领域的知识结构及其演化关系具有一定价值,同时也能为国内海洋生态系统服务价值研究与实践提供参考。     

美丽海湾的概念、科学理解、行动框架和发展建议

海湾是保护与利用矛盾最突出的区域,是生态环境保护研究关注的焦点区域。“十四五”期间,生态环境管理部门将以海湾为抓手,稳步推进美丽海湾建设。但是目前美丽海湾的相关概念和理论尚不完善,鉴于此,文章在回顾国内外海洋生态环境治理发展历程的基础上,梳理了国内外在海湾生态环境治理方面的主要经验教训,在此基础上完善了美丽海湾的概念以及对概念的科学理解,提出了美丽海湾的行动框架,并对我国建设美丽海湾提出了做好顶层设计,完善法规制度;制定清晰的目标,并层层分解落实;做好陆海统筹,注重以海定陆;注重科技支撑,科技参与决策;发动公众积极参与美丽海湾建设等建议,以期为美丽海湾建设提供技术支撑。     

在海洋经济发展中看海洋自然保护区

海洋自然保护区作为海洋自然环境和资源的一种特殊保护和管理手段,对于日益受到开发和污染损害的海洋自然是非常重要的.海洋,尤其是海岸区域生态系统是比较脆弱的,为维护海洋生态的健康和生态系生产力能力,需要运用建立海洋自然保护区的方式来强化对那些具有代表性、典型性和高生产力的海洋生态系统进行富有成效的保护.1990年国务院首次批准建立了包括昌黎黄金海岸国家级自然保护区和山口红树林生态自然保护区在内的五个国家级海洋类型自然保护区.之后的几十年里又相继建立了多个各级海洋自然保护区.这些保护区的建立是海洋生物多样性的基地;保留了海洋自然条件的天然"本底"和"原始"风貌;同时,也是科学研究的天然场所,促进自然资源持续利用.海洋自然保护区在全球自然和区域海洋自然保护中,在对社会、经济、科学、文化的发展中,在对人类维系、改善生存条件中均已成为一项战略性的措施和切实可行的方案.应该得到进一步的发展.     

我国海岸线退出机制的建立和完善

为加强我国海岸线资源的使用和管理,优化海岸线的开发利用和保护,促进海洋经济和资源环境的可持续发展,文章在概述海岸线退出机制的内涵及其研究和实践进展的基础上,分析该机制的建立和完善。研究结果表明:我国目前尚未形成系统和综合的海岸线退出机制,主要在法律、制度、经济和社会4个方面面临困境;应坚持绿色发展等4项原则,针对擅自改变海岸线用途等6种情形,分别采用强制退出、倒逼退出和协议退出3种模式,建立和实施海岸线退出机制;通过完善法律法规和制度体系、长效运作机制、海岸线资源再配置以及补偿措施,完善海岸线退出机制。     

The economic impact of aquaculture expansion: An input-output approach

While the expansion of aquaculture production can confer positive economic impacts, under certain conditions, aquaculture can also have negative environmental impacts. Understanding the total economic impacts of aquaculture expansion is therefore necessary in order to make informed decisions when weighing economic considerations against environmental concerns. This paper considers the wider economic impacts, both direct and indirect of expansion in the Irish aquaculture industry. By disaggregating the aquaculture sector from Ireland's 2010 Input-Output table and calculating the resultant Leontief inverse matrix a number of economic multipliers for the aquaculture sector are estimated and used to calculate the potential indirect impacts of expansion. These multipliers are then used to estimate the economic impacts of reaching the targets set out in the recently published Irish national strategic plan for sustainable aquaculture, highlighting the potential for such an expansion to contribute to the rural economy.     

Multiple analysis of the whaling issue: Understanding the dispute by a matrix

The contentious whaling dispute can be described as a scientific dispute over resource management, the collision between nations that regard whales as food and nations that see whales as special, political game played by politicians who like to be seen as environmentally conscious by opposing whaling, and economic interests of the whaling industry and fundraising anti-whaling organizations. All of these different interpretations are correct, however, none, by themselves, can explain the whole picture of the controversy. This paper, by constructing a matrix, presents a comprehensive picture of this complex dispute and some options for making a progress.     

User fees as sustainable financing mechanisms for marine protected areas: An application to the Bonaire National Marine Park

Marine protected areas (MPAs) have proliferated globally in the past three decades. However, inadequate funding often prevents these management regimes from fulfilling their missions. Managers have become increasingly aware that successful protection of marine ecosystems is dependent not only upon an understanding of their biological and physical processes, but also their associated social and economic aspects. Unfortunately, economic values associated with MPAs and the natural resources they protect are rarely considered in decision-making and policy development. This study addresses this information gap by examining scuba divers’ willingness to pay for access to quality recreational sites in the Bonaire National Marine Park, Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles. The findings indicate that the US$10 annual diver user fee in effect at the time of the study could be increased substantially without a significant adverse effect on island tourism. Depending on question format, mean willingness to pay for annual access ranged from US$61 to US$134 (2002$). All model specifications support the conclusion that doubling the US$10 user fee would have virtually no impact on visitation rates. The increased revenue generated from this sustainable financing mechanism is more than sufficient to fund both current and enhanced marine park operations.     

The whaling issue: Conservation,confusion, and casuistry

Morishita's “multiple analysis” of the whaling issue [Morishita J. Multiple analysis of the whaling issue: Understanding the dispute by a matrix. Marine Policy 2006;30:802–8] is essentially a restatement of the Government of Japan's whaling policy, which confuses the issue through selective use of data, unsubstantiated facts, and the vilification of opposing perspectives. Here, we deconstruct the major problems with Morishita's article and provide an alternative view of the whaling dispute. For many people in this debate, the issue is not that some whales are not abundant, but that the whaling industry cannot be trusted to regulate itself or to honestly assess the status of potentially exploitable populations. This suspicion has its origin in Japan's poor use of science, its often implausible stock assessments, its insistence that culling is an appropriate way to manage marine mammal populations, and its relatively recent falsification of whaling and fisheries catch data combined with a refusal to accept true transparency in catch and market monitoring. Japanese policy on whaling cannot be viewed in isolation, but is part of a larger framework involving a perceived right to secure unlimited access to global marine resources. Whaling is inextricably tied to the international fisheries agreements on which Japan is strongly dependent; thus, concessions made at the IWC would have potentially serious ramifications in other fora.     

Economic impact of climate change and climate change adaptation strategies for fisheries sector in Solomon Islands: Implication for food security

Fisheries resources play a major role in the national economy and to food security in Solomon Islands. Climate change is likely to have a substantial impact on fish production that can lead to a fragile food security condition in the country. This paper assesses the potential economic impact of three important climate change adaptation strategies – natural resource management (NRM), fish aggregating devices (FAD) and aquaculture – in Solomon Islands. The study used a country-specific partial equilibrium economic model with six fish sub-sectors and analyzed potential impact of alternate climate change adaptation strategies for 2035 and 2050. The modeling and scenario analyses show that total fish demand is likely to surpass domestic fish production in 2050. Without appropriate climate adaptation strategy, per capita consumption of domestically produced fish will decline, which has serious negative food security implications for the country. The economic (welfare) analysis conducted based on modeling results show that the national level net economic gains due to climate change adaptation strategies are substantial. If cost and topographic conditions permit, low-cost inshore FADs are expected to be a good mechanism for augmenting domestic supplies of tuna and similar species in Solomon Islands.     

Towards a functional typology of small-scale fisheries co-management informed by stakeholder perceptions: A coral reef case study

Co-management has gained significant traction in small-scale fisheries as part of the solution for resolving economic inefficiency, unsustainable harvesting and unequal distribution of benefits derived from fisheries, generating some promising results. Most studies, however, present co-management as the sharing of power between resource users and centralised government, and do not explicitly consider the role of a more diverse set of stakeholders, or what roles different stakeholder types are best positioned to perform. This paper contributes to our understanding of stakeholder diversity by determining, through surveys with 133 fishery stakeholders in Solomon Islands, which stakeholder types are perceived as most suited to particular co-management roles, and which stakeholder types should be collaborating to increase fishery stocks. The effect of respondent socio-demographics, on perceived roles, is tested to explore the value of the role typology. Ten dominant roles were identified across seven stakeholder types, including collaboration and raising awareness, which were perceived to be dominantly the domain of auxiliary stakeholders that are not explicitly recognised in the co-management literature, including NGOs and church leaders. Of the socio-demographic variables tested, only site explained some of the variation in stakeholder roles perceived by respondents. The primary value of the typology lies in its potential to be used as a basis for dialogue on strengths and weaknesses of allocated roles for increasing fish stocks in existing co-management systems.     

Who's who in the Kenai River Fishery SES: A streamlined method for stakeholder identification and investment analysis

The Kenai River Fishery is a unique social–ecological system (SES) with nearly 50 federal, state, local, and nonprofit groups influencing its political, ecological, and social structure. While ecological data exists for this fishery, the complexity of its stakeholder relationships has not been investigated. Stakeholder interactions can directly influence how science is integrated into management decisions and therefore affect the adaptive capacity of SES, such as the Kenai River Fishery. Drawing from the existing stakeholder literature, this methods identifies and ranks the key SES stakeholders and describes their roles. This study approached the question of which stakeholders should be included in a future SES adaptive capacity study by (1) identifying the key stakeholders within the Kenai River Fishery, (2) ranking each stakeholder’s investment within the fishery using eleven categories of interaction, and (3) using these eleven categories to characterize each stakeholder's role within the SES. The largest number of stakeholders fall into the secondary investment category, showing that a relatively small number of resource managers are interacting with a large number of diverse nonprofit organizations. The top ranking stakeholders in this study will be invited to attend participatory scenarios workshops that will build the foundation for a deeper scenarios-based analysis of SES adaptive capacity.     

Exploring stakeholder perceptions of marine management in Bermuda

Given competing objectives vying for space in the marine environment, the island of Bermuda may be an ideal candidate for comprehensive marine spatial planning (MSP). However, faced with other pressing issues, ocean management reform has not yet received significant traction from the government, a pattern seen in many locations. Spatial planning processes often struggle during the proposal, planning, or implementation phases due to stakeholder opposition and/or government wariness to change. Conflict among stakeholders about management reform has also proven to be a deterrent to MSP application in many locations. With these obstacles in mind, a detailed stakeholder survey was conducted in Bermuda to determine awareness, attitudes and perceptions regarding ocean health, threats to ocean environments, the effectiveness of current ocean management, and possible future changes to management. How perceptions vary for different types of stakeholders and how attitudes about specific concerns relate to attitudes about management changes were examined. Overall, the results indicate a high degree of support for spatial planning and ocean zoning and a high level of concordance even among stakeholder groups that are typically assumed to have conflicting agendas. However, attitudes were not entirely homogeneous, particularly when delving into details about specific management changes. For example, commercial fishers were generally less in favor, relative to other stakeholder groups, of increasing regulations on ocean uses with the notable exception of regulations for recreational fishing. Given the results of this survey, public support is likely to be high for government action focused on ocean management reform in Bermuda.     

Sustainable Livelihoods Approach in tropical coastal and marine social–ecological systems: A review

Tropical coastal and marine social–ecological systems (CM-SESs) differ from other social–ecological systems through the higher degree of risk and uncertainty associated with coastal and marine resource extraction, the dynamic nature of aquatic and human resources, and often unclear tenure. CM-SES resource management and poverty-alleviation strategies must be adaptive and holistic. The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) provides a framework for understanding and guiding policy-making in CM-SES. Case studies from the past 10 years analyze tropical coastal and marine-resource dependent livelihoods and/or to evaluate current CM-SES management using the SLA. These studies have shown that, despite the rounded and inclusive approach of projects such as the Sustainable Fisheries Livelihoods Programme, key challenges for researchers and practitioners remain including rights and access allocation, corruption, lack of local financial, intellectual and innovative capacity and centralized governance. Whilst the SLA may increase understanding of local-level dynamics within CM-SES, more consultation at interdisciplinary frontiers is needed in order to formulate practical solutions to the core problems of tropical CM-SES management.