从同位素年代学到构造年代学

从同位素年代学发展到构造年代学,中间必须经历热年代学、构造-热年代学、变形年代学等阶段。同位素年代学只是提供简单的地质事件年龄,热年代学同时赋予了地质事件温度和年龄信息,而构造年代学则强调地质或构造过程中时间-空间的四维演化过程。构造年代学使年龄数据的科学意义除了时间外,还有温度、地壳深度变化、是否有流体参与等多重意义,它涉及到多维空间的变化：时间、温度、水平方向的二维变形、垂直方向的变形等。在现有技术和认知水平的条件下,强调指出了从变形年代学到构造年代学的发展中要注意的一些关键问题,而回归传统地质、以野外变形为基础的变形年代学研究是构造年代学发展的前提。     

从同位素年代学发展到构造年代学

从同位素年代学发展到构造年代学,中间必需经历热年代学、构迼-热年代学和变形年代学等阶段。同位素年代学只是提供简单的地质事件年龄,热年代学使年龄赋予了温度的信息,而构造年代学则强调地质或构造过程时间-空间的四维演化过程。构造年代学使年龄数据的科学意义除了时间,还有温度、地壳深度变化以及流体的是否参与等多重意义,它涉及到多维空间的变化：时间、温度、水平方向的二维变形、垂直方向的变形等。在现有技术和认知水平的条件下,作者强调指出了从变形年代学到构造年代学的发展中要注意的一些关键的问题,而回归传统地质、以野外变形为基础的变形年代学研究是构造年代学发展的前提。     

构造年代学——当今构造研究的一个新学科

以大别山高压超高压变质带构造年代学研究为例阐述了构造年代学。它是90年代以来构造地质学的一个新的分支学科。构造年代学研究内容和方法为：进行区域构造分析和典型地区构造解析；根据具体地质构造情况和研究目标的要求选择同位素年代测试方法和进行同位素年代的取样、选样和测试；通过综合分析和对比建立构造年代学时空格局。     

澳大利亚中部阿伦塔内露层花岗岩的地质年代学问题

从阿伦塔内露层十个花岗岩组获得的新的ＳＨＲＩＭＰ Ｕ－Ｐｂ浩石同位素年龄数据，结合该地区以前的同位素年龄数据研究结果，对控制阿伦塔内露层元古宙主要火成事件的定年，为了解该区岩石地层关系，构造事件，花岗岩地球化学和同位素演化特征，确定地质年代格架提供了重要依据。     

山东沂水太古宙麻粒岩区年代学研究成果简介

本文以详细研究本区麻粒岩-斜长角闪岩等表壳岩的岩石学、地球化学和 Sm-Nd 同位素定年为重点。所取得的成果，对华北陆台古老地层的分布和古构造格局的探索提供了实际资料。     

构造-热年代学--发展与思考

构造热年代学是一门集同位素年代学、构造地质学、岩石矿物学、计算机模拟技术等为一体的综合性学科。它是在同位素年代学研究的基础上 ,结合矿物的封闭温度理论、构造事件、岩浆热事件等的研究而发展起来的。U Pb、40 Ar/ 3 9Ar、裂变径迹及 (U Th) /He等测年手段是该学科的重要支柱手段。这一学科的发展已经、并且将对传统构造地质学、年代学的应用与解释起到巨大的推动作用。而在此基础上的微区微量年代测定与应用将是对地质学特别是构造事件乃至构造运动的演化序列精细测定的一次革命。     

成矿年代学研究及其若干进展

成矿年代学以成矿地质年代时间维为主线,应用地质构造、岩石、矿物、矿床和同位素地质等多学科综合技术方法,在维时空上研究成矿地质历史演化和规律。开展成矿年代学研究,不仅是运用的年代学测定方法,精确地确定一个具体太床的成矿年代,更重要的是要分析成矿的序列性,研究成矿与异常地质事件的耦合关系,进而研究各种不同构造尺度上的成矿演化规律。成矿年代学研究近年来取得了重要进展。     

碧口地体同位素地质年代学及其意义

碧口群分布于陕、甘、川交界处摩天岭区,为一套海相火山-沉积岩系,变质可达绿片岩相。它呈东宽西窄的楔形地体分布于扬子板块、松潘-甘孜褶皱系与秦岭褶皱系等三个一级大地构造单元之间,均以断裂相接,是一个中晚元古代运移地体,于晋宁运动晚期拼贴于扬子板块北缘。笔者用锆石U-Pb及~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar等多种同位素地质定年方法,对碧口地体主要成岩时代、变质时代、中酸性岩侵入时代及构造运动时代等主要地质事件进行了定年研究,初步建立了碧口群同位素地质年表,为研究碧口地体构造演化提供了重要的同位素地质年代数据。     

鲁东榴辉岩的构造年代学研究进展

根据鲁东榴辉岩的产状,与围岩的接触关系、多期变质变形特征及同位素测试资料,对其进行了构造年代学总结,认为鲁东榴辉岩形成于６１３～９００Ｍａ,于２０７～３２９Ｍａ发生强烈抬升作用。     

扬子陆块庙湾蛇绿岩中橄榄岩的同位素年代学及其构造意义

扬子陆核崆岭高级变质地体内出露一套强变形的基性-超基性岩岩石组合, 主要呈似层状、透镜状分布于崆岭群中, 该套变基性-超基性岩组合对扬子陆块早期构造演化过程具有重要意义.通过同位素稀释法(isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry, 简称ID-TIMS)获得该套岩石组合中蛇纹石化方辉橄榄岩全岩Sm-Nd等时线年龄为1063±12Ma, 说明Sm-Nd同位素体系可用于对超低含量、发生强蚀变作用的超基性岩样品进行定年.样品Nd同位素组成相对均一(ε_Nd(t)值为6.90~7.32), 表明形成于封闭体系中, 其对应Nd同位素两阶段模式年龄为1.13~1.09Ga, 与形成年龄接近, 说明来自亏损软流圈地幔部分熔融.结合区域上已有的中元古代末期到新元古代早期构造岩浆事件研究, 认为在该时期扬子陆块可能由多个微陆块组成, 就扬子陆核而言, 其与扬子陆块西侧之间很可能存在分隔的大洋.      

成矿地质事件的同位素年代学研究

成矿事件同位素地质年代学研究是一项十分重要而复杂的任务。成矿事件时间维的确定,对于矿床成因、成矿作用与其它异常地质事件的耦合关系的认识,以及对于找矿勘探均具有至关重要的理论和实际意义。文中讨论了各种常用测年方法（如Ｒｂ Ｓｒ、Ｓｍ Ｎｄ等时线法和Ｕ Ｐｂ法等）的适用性和局限性,并介绍了测年方法（尤其是与成矿事件年代学研究有关的测年方法）的新进展。结合国内外典型研究事例分析,比较了成矿事件的直接测年和间接测年方法,强调应在扎实的野外地质工作的基础上,综合采用多元同位素体系对成矿事件进行年代学研究。最后讨论了成矿事件与其它异常地质事件的耦合关系,并指出应加强成矿事件与大陆聚散旋回的时间耦合性的研究,这对于深入认识成矿规律具有重要意义     

成矿年龄的测定方法及其新进展

成矿年代一直是矿床学研究的热点问题.矿床形成时代的确定对认识矿床成因、成矿事件与其他异常事件的耦合关系认识、以及对找矿勘探均具有重要的理论及实际意义.文章系统阐述了国内外有关矿床同位素定年方面的最新进展和古地磁法、地质体定年法的基本原理,并对常用同位素定年法的适用性和局限性进行了评述.     

金属矿床的同位素直接定年方法

矿床的直接定年就是直接对成矿流体或矿石矿物进行同位素定年 ,这样确定的年龄就直接代表了成矿年龄。目前主要有石英和闪锌矿中流体包裹体的Rb Sr同位素定年、黄铁矿和石英中包裹体的Ar Ar同位素定年、金属硫化物的Rb Sr同位素定年、金属硫化物和氧化物的Sm Nd同位素定年、金属硫化物的Re Os同位素定年 ,以及单个矿石矿物的Pb逐步淋滤法定年     

湖南锡田矿田花岗岩时空分布与钨锡成矿关系:来自锆石U-Pb年代学与岩石地球化学的约束

锡田钨锡多金属矿田位于南岭成矿带中段,发育多期次岩浆活动与钨锡成矿. 为了厘清花岗岩与钨锡成矿的时空关系,采用野外调查、显微鉴定、锆石U-Pb同位素定年与岩石地球化学的方法对矿田内多期次花岗岩岩体（脉）的空间分布、岩石类型、成岩时代、地球化学组成等进行了研究. 结果表明,锡田矿田发生了三期岩浆事件,分别为加里东期（435~441 Ma）、印支期（220~230 Ma）、燕山期（141~160 Ma）;三期花岗岩普遍富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K、U、Th等,亏损Ti、P、Sr、Ba等微量元素,具明显的负Eu异常,其中加里东期花岗岩与印支期花岗岩为S型花岗岩,而燕山期花岗岩为A型花岗岩;不同时期花岗岩中的成矿元素从加里东期→印支期→燕山期逐渐升高,特别是W、Sn元素在燕山期白云母与二云母花岗岩中最为富集,这与华南地区燕山期钨锡大爆发的时间是一致的;印支期岩体接触带发育少量矽卡岩型Fe-Cu-W多金属矿床,燕山期岩体接触带也发育矽卡岩型W-Sn多金属矿床,并在附近陡倾的张裂隙中发育多个中大型石英脉型W-Sn矿床,而加里东期岩体附近尚未发现钨锡矿化. 因此,锡田矿田的多期次花岗岩与钨锡多金属成矿是时空耦合的,且成矿以燕山期矽卡岩型与石英脉型钨锡矿为主.      

Magmatic‐Hydrothermal Mineralization Sequence in Xinlu Ore Field,Guangxi, South China: Constraints from Zircon U‐Pb,Molybdenite Re‐Os,and Muscovite Ar‐Ar Dating

The Xinlu Sn‐polymetallic ore field is located in the western Nanling Polymetallic Belt in northeastern Guangxi, South China, where a number of typical skarn‐, hydrothermal vein‐type tin deposits have developed. There are two types of Sn deposits: skarn‐type and sulfide‐quartz vein‐type. The tin mineralizations mainly occur on the south side of the Guposhan granitic complex pluton and within its outer contact zone. To constrain the Sn mineralization age and further understand its genetic links to the Guposhan granitic complex, a series of geochronological works has been conducted at the Liuheao deposit of the ore field using high‐precision zircon SHRIMP U‐Pb, molybdenite Re‐Os, and muscovite Ar‐Ar dating methods. The results show that the biotite‐monzogranite, which is part of the Xinlu intrusive unit of the Guposhan complex pluton, has a SHRIMP U‐Pb zircon age of 161.0 ± 1.5 Ma. The skarn‐type ore has a ⁴⁰Ar‐³⁹Ar muscovite plateau age of 160 ± 2 Ma (same as its isochron age), and the sulfide‐quartz vein‐type ore yields an Re‐Os molybdenite isochron age of 154.4 ± 3.5 Ma. The magmatic‐hydrothermal geochronological sequence demonstrated that the hydrothermal mineralization took place immediately following the emplacement of the monzogranite, with the skarn metasomatic mineralization stage predating the sulfide mineralization stage. Geochronologically, we have compared this ore field with 26 typical Sn deposits distributed along the Nanling Polymetallic Belt, leading to the suggestion of the magmatic‐metallogenic processes in the Xinlu ore field (ca. 161–154 Ma) as a component of the Early Yanshanian large‐scale Sn‐polymetallic mineralization event (peaked at 160–150 Ma) in the Nanling Range of South China. Petrogenesis of Sn‐producing granite and Sn‐polymetallic mineralization were probably caused by crust–mantle interaction as a result of significant lithospheric extension and thinning in South China in the Late Jurassic.     

Isotopic Geochronology of the Late Paleozoic Kanggur Gold Deposit of East Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, NW China

Abstract: The Kanggur gold deposit lies in East Tianshan mountains, eastern section of Central Asia orogenic belt. The gold mineralization occurs on the northern margin of the Aqishan‐Yamansu Paleozoic island arc in the Tarim Plate. It was hosted mainly in Middle‐Lower Carboniferous calc‐alkaline volcanic rocks, and controlled by the distributions of syn‐tectonic intrusions and ductile shear zones. In order to determine ore‐forming age of the Kanggur deposit, samples were collected from ores, wall rocks, altered rocks and intrusions. The dating methods include Rb‐Sr isochron and Sm‐Nd isochron, and secondly ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age spectrum, U‐Pb and Pb‐Pb methods. Based on the mineral assemblage and crosscutting relationship of ore veins, five mineralization stages are identified. This result is confirmed by isotope geochronologic data. The first stage featuring formation of pyrite‐bearing phyllic rock, is mineralogically represented by pyrite, sericite and quartz with poor native gold. The Rb‐Sr isochron age of this stage is 2905 Ma. The second stage represents the main ore‐forming stage and is characterized by native gold–quartz–pyrite–magnetite–chlorite assemblage. Magnetite and pyrite of this stage are dated by Sm‐Nd isochron at 290.47.2 Ma and fluid inclusion in quartz is dated by Rb‐Sr isochron at 282.35 Ma. The third mineralization stage features native gold–quartz–pyrite vein. In the fourth stage, Au‐bearing polymetallic sulfide‐quartz veins formed. Fluid inclusions in quartz are dated by Rb‐Sr isochron method at 25821 Ma. The fifth stage is composed of sulfide‐free quartz–carbonate veins with Rb‐Sr age of 2547 Ma. The first and second stages are related to ductile‐brittle deformation of shear zones, and are named dynamo‐metamorphic hydrothermal period. The third to fifth stages related to intrusive processes of tonalite and brittle fracturing of the shear zones, are called magmato‐hydrothermal mineralization period. The Rb‐Sr isochron age of 2905 Ma of the altered andesite in the Kanggur mine area may reflect timing of regional ductile shear zone. The Rb‐Sr isochron age of 28216 Ma of the quartz‐syenite porphyry and the zircon U‐Pb age of 2757 Ma of tonalite in the north of Kanggur gold mine area are consistent with the age of gold mineralization (290‐254 Ma). This correspondence indicates that the tonalite and subvolcanic rocks may have been related to gold mineralization. The Rb–Sr, Sm‐Nd and U‐Pb ages and regional geology support the hypothesis that the Kanggur gold deposit was formed during collisional orogenesis process in Late Variscan.     

The Nucleus Deposit: Superposed Au–Ag–Bi–Cu Mineralization Systems at Freegold Mountain,Yukon, Canada

In this paper we present titanite U–Pb (both single crystal CA ID‐TIMS and in situ LA ICP‐MS) data, coupled with ore and gangue mineralogy and geochemical (both lithogeochemistry and microanalysis) data from the Nucleus Au–Ag–Bi–Cu deposit, in the Yukon (Canada) portion of the Tintina Au province. Arsenic‐bearing Au–Ag–Bi–Cu mineralization at Nucleus consists of two distinct styles of mineralization including: (i) reduced Au skarn and sulfide replacement; and (ii) a relatively shallow‐emplaced (as supported by textures and temperature of formation), vein‐controlled mineralization occurring mainly as veins and veinlets of various shapes (sheeted, single, stockworks, and crustiform), breccias, and disseminations. Whereas Au, Bi, and Cu mineralization from skarn is associated with hydrous retrograde alteration phases (actinolite, ferro‐actinolite, hastingsite, cannilloite, and hornblende), numerous alteration types are associated with the vein‐controlled style of mineralization and these include: biotite, phyllic, argillic, propylitic, carbonate, and quartz (silicification) alterations. The mineralization–alteration processes took place over a wide temperature range that is bracketed between 340 and 568°C, as indicated by chlorite and arsenopyrite geothermometers. The Au‐rich Nucleus deposit is characterized by anomalously high content of As and Bi (as much as 1 %), and whereas Au moderately correlates with Bi (r = 0.40) in the skarn mineralization style (where native Au is spatially associated with native Bi and Bi‐bearing sulfides), the two elements correlate poorly (r = 0.14) in the vein‐controlled type, in which native Bi‐ and Bi‐sulfide‐bearing veins are locally observed. Sphalerite from the vein‐controlled mineralized type is Fe‐rich (9.92–10.54 mol % FeS) indicative of low sulfidation conditions, as well as high temperature, with the latter further supported by arsenopyrite geothermometry (up to 491°C), low Ag content (3–7 wt.%) in Au, and the high gold fineness (926–964). Whereas molybdenite Re–Os ages from quartz‐molybdenite veins range from 75.8 to 76.2 ± 0.3 Ma, titanite from the skarn type mineralization recorded CA ID‐TIMS and LA ICP‐MS U–Pb ages of 182.6 ± 2.4 Ma and 191.0 ± 1.5 Ma, respectively, thus precluding any genetic link between the two spatially associated styles of mineralization from the Nucleus deposit area. The Au–Ag–Bi–Cu Nucleus deposit is therefore regarded as a superposed system in which two mineralization types, without any petrogenetic relationship, overlapped, possibly with remobilization of early‐formed mineralization.     

四川甲基卡稀有金属矿床134号脉锡石U-Pb定年与地质意义

伟晶岩型锂矿是重要的新兴产业资源,具有重要的战略价值,是我国亟需紧缺的关键矿产.然而,成矿年代学制约了该类型锂矿的成矿作用和成矿机理研究.四川甲基卡稀有金属矿床是我国最大的锂矿床,以134号伟晶岩脉为典型代表.134号伟晶岩脉主要由锂辉石、钽铌铁矿、锆石、曲晶石、绿柱石、锡石、微斜长石、正长石、石英、白云母等组成.本文...     

地幔流体在滇西富碱斑岩成岩成矿过程中的作用——地质年代学和同位素地球化学制约

滇西金沙江哀牢山断裂以东广泛发育富碱斑岩型多金属矿床,其富碱斑岩体中有多处产出深源岩石包体。对包体岩石和寄主富碱斑岩及其成矿石英脉的地质年代学研究显示,深源岩石包体的成岩年龄大于寄主富碱斑岩,而富碱斑岩的成岩与成矿是基本同时的。结合铅硅锶钕同位素地球化学研究表明,在富碱岩浆的成岩过程中,伴随富硅成矿流体对围岩和岩体的交代蚀变,并与地壳岩石一定程度混染而实现成矿作用。这种富硅成矿流体作用实质上是地幔流体作用在地壳中成矿作用的延续。据此,从地幔流体交代矿物的结晶年龄(116.0 Ma)到富硅成矿流体年龄(51.2 Ma),揭示地幔流体作用贯穿于富碱岩浆成岩成矿的全过程。正是这一地幔流体作用过程,导致Si、Al、Na、K及其它硅不相容元素和成矿元素富集,进而导致其Sr-Nd同位素特征由亏损地幔向富集地幔过渡,并引起从岩体→围岩对应、从高温→低温的系列成矿效应。也正是这种流体作用,构成滇西新生代广泛成矿的内在统一制约因素和大型-超大型矿床形成的重要地球化学背景。     

Metallogeny of the Longtangou-Huoyangou Sn deposit in North Qinling Orogeny: Geochronological and petrogeochemical evidence from Sn-bearing granite-pegmatiteSCIEI北大核心CSCD

北秦岭卢氏官坡地区龙潭沟-火炎沟锡矿床是近年来在豫西地区实现的重大找矿突破,然而前人对该矿床的形成时代以及成矿作用研究较少。本文以与锡成矿关系密切的白云母电气石钠长石花岗伟晶岩(以下称含锡花岗伟晶岩)为研究对象,开展了岩相学,岩石地球化学,以及锡石、铌钽铁矿和磷灰石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学研究,探讨了花岗伟晶岩的源区性质、成岩成矿时代和构造环境。结果显示:(1)含锡花岗伟晶岩的锡石、铌钽铁矿和磷灰石U-Pb年龄分别为408.1±1.5Ma、391.5±2.0Ma和387.0±2.1Ma;锡石年龄代表早期锡矿化的时间,铌钽铁矿和磷灰石代表晚期铌钽矿化的时间;结合区域研究成果,认为官坡-丹凤地区存在两期锡铌钽等稀有金属成矿作用。(2)含锡花岗伟晶岩富硅和铝,贫碱,富集Rb、Cs、Nb、Ta和Hf,亏损Ba、P和Ti,相对富集重稀土元素,亏损轻稀土元素,具明显的Eu负异常,暗示其源岩应为陆壳物质。(3)龙潭沟-火炎沟锡矿床形成于造山后由挤压到伸展转换的构造背景。通过与秦岭造山带的灰池子复式岩体,以及成铀伟晶岩和稀有金属伟晶岩进行对比,我们认为,龙潭沟-火炎沟锡矿床的成锡伟晶岩地球化学特征既有相似性又有差异性,具更高的结晶分异演化程度;沉积源岩物质组成可能是龙潭沟-火炎沟伟晶岩成锡矿的关键。卢氏官坡地区龙潭沟-火炎沟锡矿床的发现,对于在昆仑-秦岭-大别地区找早泥盆世的稀有金属矿床,尤其是锡矿床,具有重要意义。