福建龙海—漳浦沿海地区火山岩激光~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年龄

福建东南沿海龙海—漳浦地区是新生代佛昙群玄武岩的分布区之一。对该区域火山岩而言,前人的研究主要集中在岩石地球化学特征、形成演化方面,对年代学研究较少,玄武岩喷发期次划分仍以20世纪80、90年代测定的K-Ar结果为依据,或通过下覆地层孢粉组合时代推断而来。为了更精确地测定该地区火山作用的时代及进一步确定其喷发期次,选取龙海—漳浦地区4个玄武岩样品,利用激光~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar测年方法进行精细定年。样品年龄为10.1～14.8Ma,明确了龙海-漳浦新生代玄武岩在中新世中晚期存在一次喷发期次。     

北京平原地区主要活动断裂带研究进展

本文通过对北京平原地区主要活动断裂的调研、分析,认识到：①北京地区的构造格局是在晚第三纪“二隆夹一凹”(京西隆起、大兴隆起和北京凹陷)的基础上发展起来的,第四纪以来这一总的格局解体。沙河凹陷在第四纪开始发育；整个北京凹陷反向抬升,与大兴隆起结为一体；大兴隆起北部则发育了顺义第四纪凹陷。②黄庄-高丽营断裂、南口-孙河断裂研究的程度相对较深入,新成果较丰富。黄庄-高丽营断裂具有明显的分段活动性质,第四纪期间断裂活动由南向北逐渐加强,最新活动表现在北段的高丽营段,活动时代为全新世,黄庄段最新活动时代为晚更新世。南口-孙河断裂是北京地区规模最大的一条北西向断裂,也是张家口-渤海地震带中一条醒目的地表第四纪活动断裂。     

广东省及邻区新生代以来构造运动与地震活动分区的研究

综合分析多年来地震地质调查资料,将广东省及部分邻区划分为具不同构造活动特点的6个区,分别论述、分析这些区内新生代以来的断裂构造、火山喷发、第四纪沉积及地震活动等。结果认为,由断层样品热释光测定确定的断层最近期活动年龄主要是在中更新世和晚更新世,沿海地带主要为晚更新世和全新世。新生代以来构造具继承性活动的地区是地震最活动地区,如琼雷地区。同时,由于历史上发生过强震,地震后至今具较大速率下沉地区,在今后相当长时间内可能是不易发生强震地区,如琼北东部和南澎-南澳地区;Ms6级地震将主要发生在晚更新世以来的新生盆地,如潮汕盆地和近岸海湾地区;Ms5级地震在一定条件下,几乎可能发生在省内的任何地区。     

南京地区新生代玄武岩的期次、层序及时代

在研究晚第三纪地层层序的基础上,结合玄武岩的古地磁及K-Ar稀释法年龄测试,把南京附近新生代玄武岩划分为三期五次,即早第三纪石金山玄武岩,晚第三纪六合组玄武岩、黄岗组玄武岩、方山组玄武岩,早更新世桂枝山玄武岩。其中六合组玄武岩在距今大约14Ma前喷发,古地磁属反极性;黄岗组玄武岩在距今大约10—12Ma前喷发,古地磁属正极性;方山组玄武岩的磁性特征与吉尔伯特反向极性世大致相当,喷出年龄大约在6—3.5Ma之间。     

福建龙海明溪两区玄武质火山岩钾-氩年龄和Nd、Sr、Pb同位素

本文给出了福建龙海明溪两区玄武质岩石的K-Ar年龄测定结果,其中龙海为16.57～19.20Ma,属第三纪中新世的产物;明溪则均小于5Ma,为上新世至更新世所喷发。通过Sr、Nd、Pb同位素组成分析,讨论了两区玄武岩的源区特征及其成因。     

北京平原南口—孙河断裂带北西段活动性分析

南口—孙河断裂是北京平原区唯一一条北西向的活动断裂,也是张家口—渤海地震带中最醒目的隐伏、半隐伏的第四纪活动断裂。对南口—孙河断裂北西段开展了浅层地震勘探和钻探工程,验证了该目标断裂的精确定位。笔者通过钻孔岩心及探槽剖面的对比分析,并结合磁性地层研究及~(14)C年龄测定,对该断裂第四纪以来的活动性进行了探讨。研究表明,南口—孙河断裂具有粘滑兼蠕滑的活动特点,中更新世、晚更新世和全新世以来的垂直活动速率分别为0.12 mn/a、0.58 mm/a、0.31 mm/a。总体表现为弱-强-弱的规律。晚更新世以来至少可识别出两次古地震事件,分别为距今(9230±45)aBP~(9370±40)aBP和(13620±90)aBP~(13960±60)aBP,错断地层的最浅深度为1.2 m。同时探讨了城市隐伏活动断裂的研究思路和方法。     

北京南口-孙河断裂带(北段)的结构及活动性

通过可控源音频大地电磁测深(CSAMT)、浅层地震和高密度电法地球物理探测手段建立的联合剖面对比,同时开展钻探工程及古地磁样品测试,对南口-孙河断裂带(北段)结构及活动性进行研究。南口-孙河断裂带(北段)由1条主断裂和1条次级断裂组成,断裂带宽约400m,表现为阶梯状断层,向上延伸至第四系。第四纪以来,断裂带活动显著,体现为松散层浅部引张的特点。根据断裂两盘第四纪以来各阶段累积垂直落差,计算出主断裂及次级断裂的活动速率。主断裂在早更新世、中更新世、晚更新世、全新世活动速率分别为0.161mm/a、0.072mm/a、0.468mm/a、0.52mm/a,次级断裂在早更新世、中更新世、晚更新世、全新世活动速率分别0.049mm/a、0.052mm/a、0.223mm/a、0.04mm/a。     

内蒙古乌兰哈达第四纪火山时空分布与构造控制

乌兰哈达第四纪火山群位于内蒙古中部、华北克拉通北缘,大体上处于大兴安岭—太行山重力梯度带与华北克拉通—中亚造山带界线交汇区域,行政区划上属于乌兰察布市察哈尔右翼后旗。该火山群周围发育大量的新生代地堑盆地、活动强烈的断层以及广泛分布的火山岩。火山群西侧是新生代河套断陷盆地,东侧是上新世—第四纪商都盆地。区域内EW向断层与NNE向断层第四纪以来活动明显。火山群周围有大面积分布的晚渐新世—第四纪形成的集宁玄武岩(汉诺坝玄武岩)。长期以来,乌兰哈达火山群被归入集宁玄武岩;近年来,这一火山群中陆续发现晚更新世—全新世火山活动的证据,逐渐成为火山研究的热点。乌兰哈达火山群由8座火山组成,即红山、火烧山、那明山、北炼丹炉、中炼丹炉、南炼丹炉、黑脑包和北尖山。这些火山大多具有多个火山口和锥体,共由20个火山锥组成,其中包括17个火山渣锥,3个熔岩锥。12个火山渣锥底部直径为60~160 m,另外5个渣锥底部直径为300~680 m,熔岩锥底部直径为70~90 m。这些火山锥形成NE和NWW两个线性排列。初步的火山岩K-Ar测年研究表明,红山、火烧山和黑脑包3个火山形成于0.22~0.36 Ma,属中更新世晚期。其他火山的风化程度明显较弱,尤其是北炼丹炉、中炼丹炉、南炼丹炉和北尖山,这4座火山保存着较为完整的锥体,熔岩流表面裸露,喷气锥、绳状熔岩、结壳熔岩这些熔岩流动过程中形成的独特地质景观得以保留,表明它们形成时代较晚,推测火山喷发时代在晚更新世—全新世。由此推断乌兰哈达火山群有早晚两期火山活动:中更新世晚期火山活动主要发生在NWW走向的乌兰哈达—高勿素深断裂附近,火山喷发规模较小,喷出熔岩也相对较少;而晚更新世—全新世喷发的火山主要在NE走向的线性排列上,这一规律连同新发现的NE向的喷发裂隙支持在这一方向上存在断裂构造。基于以上认识,我们提出,区域上NE向的主压应力作用在NWW走向的乌兰哈达—高勿素深断裂上,使其形成左旋逆走滑,并衍生出NE走向的张裂,这些NWW走滑断裂与NE张裂一起控制了乌兰哈达第四纪晚期火山活动的时空分布。     

五大连池裂谷型富钾火山岩带的岩石学与地球化学

以五大连池火山群为中心的小古里河—科洛—五大连池—二克山近SN向的裂谷型富钾火山岩带,除了科洛火山群的火山活动从晚第三纪持续到第四纪,其它火山主要限于第四纪的喷发活动。按照岩石学和化学成分,晚第三纪和第四纪富钾火山岩分别命名为白榴碧玄岩和白榴玄武岩。富钾火山岩的岩石学、主微量元素和SrNdPb同位素地球化学特征表明,富钾火山岩来自交代的EMI地幔。     

宁芜盆地边界断裂带及邻区玄武岩特征和意义

宁芜火山岩盆地边缘主要由北东和北西向边界断裂构成。西界为长江破碎带,发育早,属张扭性,切割较浅;东界为方山—小丹阳断裂,属压扭性,切割较深;南、北边界均属扭性,发育最晚。新生代玄武岩喷发受边界断裂性质及其构造演化控制,分三期:早期始于早第三纪,沿长江破碎带分布,属高铝拉斑玄武岩,生成较浅;中期喷发于晚第三纪,主要沿方山—小丹阳断裂分布,先后为响碧玄岩—碱性橄榄玄武岩,多幔源二辉橄榄岩包体、捕虏晶及下伏岩层碎块,生成很深;晚期喷发属早更新世,以富钛响碧空岩为主,受北西及东西向断裂交叉点控制。经计算比较,本区玄武岩不具备找金刚石矿产的前景,但从一些岩筒中深部地层碎块看,盆缘地带仍可能是寻找宁芜盆地本身深部铁矿的目标区。     

龙泉山断裂带断层最新活动年代及方式

龙泉山断裂带属龙门山前陆隆起,与青藏高原龙门山的隆升演化密切相关。为探讨龙泉山断裂带断层活动方式、期次及年代特征,在该断裂带不同部位采集了断层泥样品,通过扫描电镜(SEM)对样品中的石英颗粒进行了痕迹微形貌和溶蚀微形貌观察,通过电子自旋共振(ESR)测试了样品断层的最新活动年龄,并结合区域地震资料,进一步研究了龙泉山断裂带断层的发震潜力。结果表明: 龙泉山断裂带断层运动方式以黏滑为主,兼蠕滑; 具有多期次活动特征,强烈活动时间为早更新世—中更新世,晚更新世也有明显断层活动,全新世断层活动不明显; SEM 、ESR、热释光(TL)测得的断层最新活动年龄为(1 210±121)~(110±10.0) ka; 最新活动年代和活动性具有分段性,中段断层活动性较弱,北段和南段断层活动性较强。总之,龙泉山断裂带为1条活动性断裂带,具有一定的发震潜力,地震沿断裂带呈带状分布,但相比其西侧的龙门山断裂带,其活动性已大大降低。     

Latest active age and model of the faults in Longquanshan fault belt

Longquanshan fault belt belongs to Longmenshan foreland uplift, which is closely related to the uplift evolution of Longmenshan in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In order to explore the fault activity model, period and era characteristics of Longquanshan fault belt, some gouge samples were collected at different fault locations of Longquanshan fault belt. SEM was adopted for trace and dissolution micromorphology observation, and ESR was used to test the latest active age. Combined with the regional seismic data, further research on the seismic potential of Longquanshan fault belt was conducted. The results show that the main model of activity in Longquanshan fault belt is stick slip, with creep characteristics. The faults are characterized by multiple periods of activity. The strong acitivity era is the Early Pleistocene-Middle Pleistocene, there were obvious activities in the Late Pleistocene, and there weren’t any obvious activities in the Pliocene. The latest active ages measured by SEM, ESR, TL range from (1210±121) to (110±10.0) ka. The latest active age and activity is characterized with segmen tation, featured with weak activity in the middle segments and strong activity in the north and south segments. Longquanshan fault belt is an active fault belt with certain seismic potential. The earthquakes are distributed zonally along Longquanshan fault belt. However, its activity has been greatly reduced, compared with Longmenshan fault belt in the western part.     

宝鸡渭河北岸黄土塬边大型滑坡成因机制研究

滑坡成因机制是深入认识、合理评价与有效防治滑坡的关键难点,其中黄土滑坡成因机制一直是中国工程地质界的研究热点问题之一。利用DEM,Quick bird影像与地面调查相结合完成了宝鸡市区渭河北岸黄土塬边大型滑坡详细编录与GIS制图,结合典型滑坡的钻探、物探成果,利用第四纪地质的最新成果,重建了渭河河谷构造地貌演化过程、查清了斜坡地层岩性组合、获得了新近系黏土地层工程地质特性参数和活动断裂的特征,初步建立了宝鸡渭河北岸黄土塬边大型黄土滑坡的概化模型。初步研究认为:（1）宝鸡渭河北岸在上新世早更新世时期古地形由北向南渐低,古地貌由山前冲洪积平原向古三门湖变化,且古三门湖逐渐消亡,早更新世晚期现今渭河形成且主流总体向北偏移,直至全新世偏离北岸,形成现今地貌格局的地貌演化过程。（2）黄土塬边渭河北缘断裂为晚更新世以来的活动正断裂系,其不仅是地下水的导水通道,而且为滑坡后壁和次级滑面的形成提供了可追踪的软弱结构面。（3）渭河北岸黄土塬边古、老滑坡是在渭河侧蚀和地下水作用下,追踪断裂面沿新近系硬黏土界面或硬黏土层内部发生的地堑地垒式多级坡基旋转、坡体平移或复合型滑坡,是受新近系三趾马红土或三门系黏土地层和断裂控制的特殊类型黄土滑坡。     

东昆仑活动断裂带强震地表破裂分段特征

东昆仑活动断裂带是青藏高原内部一条长度达到1000km以上的活动断裂带。在近100年期间,沿该断裂带曾发生过4次M_S7.0以上地震。最新一次强震是2001年昆仑山口M_S8.1地震。本文综合前人资料,通过东昆仑活动断裂带的几何展布、活动速率、历史强震及古地震地表破裂带展布,讨论了该断裂带的强震破裂分段特征、强震破裂端点障碍体的稳定性,强调了从断裂带演化过程认识断裂带的几何展布与现今强震地表破裂分段的异同,并讨论了该断裂带未来的强震破裂危险地段。      

Latest Miocene and Pleistocene ages of faulting, determined by 40Ar/39Ar single-crystal dating of airfall tuff and silicic extrusives of the Erciyes Basin, central Turkey: evidence for intraplate deformation related to the tectonic escape of Anatolia

The Ericiyes Basin is a trans‐tensional basin situated 20 km north of the regional Ecemi? Fault Zone. Recently it has been hypothesized that faulting within the Erciyes Basin links with the Ecemi? Fault Zone further south as part of a regional Central Anatolian Fault Zone. New ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks adjacent to faults, both along the margins and in the centre of the Erciyes Basin, constrains the timing of basin inception and later faulting. Extensional faulting occurred along the eastern and western margins of the basin during the Early Messinian (latest Miocene). Sinistral and minor normal faulting were active along the axis of the basin during the early Pleistocene. These fault timings are similar to those inferred for the Ecemi? Fault Zone further south, and support the hypothesis that faulting within the Erciyes Basin and the Ecemi? Fault Zone are indeed linked.     

全球大陆弧玄武岩（CAB）的特征——与岛弧玄武岩（IAB）和弧后玄武岩（BAB）的对比

活动陆缘玄武岩（CAB）主要出现在安第斯,早先大多认为CAB 大体相当于IAB,在许多判别图中, CAB 基本上与IAB 在一起, 只是LILE 富集和HFSE 亏损的程度略有差别而已。本文的研究表明,尽管CAB 富集LILE,但是,Nb-Ta 亏损不是非常明显。在最新的采用大数据方法厘定的判别图中,CAB 不同于IAB,不是落在IAB 区,而是位于IAB 与OIB 的过渡区域。CAB 中保留了很多OIB 的印记,说明板块俯冲时伴随有来自地幔深部的岩浆的加入,故CAB 中保留了OIB 的印记。我们的研究还发现, 在安第斯弧后盆地玄武岩具有OIB 的印记,而非MORB 的特征。本文按照大数据的思路,讨论了CAB 的特征,并与IAB、BAB 进行了初步的对比。研究表明,CAB 明显不同于IAB,CAB 兼具IAB 和OIB 的特征,但对其深度的认识还有待于今后进一步的研究。     

Rock Damage Structure of the South Longmen-Shan Fault in the 2008 M8 Wenchuan Earthquake Viewed with Fault-Zone Trapped Waves and Scientific Drilling

This article is to review results from scientific drilling and fault-zone trapped waves(FZTWs) at the south Longman-Shan fault(LSF) zone that ruptured in the 2008 May 12 M8 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan, China. Immediately after the mainshock, two Wenchuan Fault Scientific Drilling(WFSD) boreholes were drilled at WFSD-1 and WFSD-2 sites approximately 400 m and 1 km west of the surface rupture along the Yinxiu-Beichuan fault(YBF), the middle fault strand of the south LSF zone. Two boreholes met the principal slip of Wenchuan earthquake along the YBF at depths of 589-m and 1230-m, respectively. The slip is accompanied with a 100-200-m-wide zone consisting of fault gouge, breccia, cataclasite and fractures. Close to WFSD-1 site, the nearly-vertical slip of ~4.3-m with a 190-m wide zone of highly fractured rocks restricted to the hanging wall of the YBF was found at the ground surface after the Wenchuan earthquake. A dense linear seismic array was deployed across the surface rupture at this venue to record FZTWs generated by aftershocks. Observations and 3-D finite-difference simulations of FZTWs recorded at this cross-fault array and network stations close to the YBF show a distinct low-velocity zone composed by severely damaged rocks along the south LSF at seismogenic depths. The zone is several hundred meters wide along the principal slip, within which seismic velocities are reduced by ~30–55% from wall-rock velocities and with the maximum velocity reduction in the ~200-m-wide rupture core zone at shallow depth. The FZTW-inferred geometry and physical properties of the south LSF rupture zone at shallow depth are in general consistent with the results from petrological and structural analyses of cores and well log at WFSD boreholes. We interpret this remarkable low-velocity zone as being a break-down zone during dynamic rupture in the 2008 M8 earthquake. We examined the FZTWS generated by similar earthquakes before and after the 2008 mainshock and observed that seismic velocities within fault core zone was reduced by ~10% due to severe damage of fault rocks during the M8 mainshock. Scientific drilling and locations of aftershocks generating prominent FZTWs also indicate rupture bifurcation along the YBF and the Anxian-Guangxian fault(AGF), two strands of the south LSF at shallow depth. A combination of seismic, petrologic and geologic study at the south LSF leads to further understand the relationship between the fault-zone structure and rupture dynamics, and the amplification of ground shaking strength along the low-velocity fault zone due to its waveguide effect.     

Hologene activity and tectonic setting of the Maacama fault zone, Mendocino County, California

The Maacama fault zone is a north-northwest trending, right-lateral zone of structural weakness in eastern Sonoma and Mendocino Counties, California, and fault-related landforms along its trace suggest that it may well have been active during Holocene time. Urbanization and dam construction in the vicinity of the zone have made it especially desirable to determine the extent and history of such geologically recent movements in order to better understand the seismic capability of faults within the zone.

The Maacama fault zone is a segment of one of two north-northwest trending zones of right-lateral faulting that diverge as major branches from the easterly side of the San Andreas fault zone north of Hollister. These branches extend at least as far north as Eureka and may mark the eastern boundaries of slivers of a separate tectonic plate.

This investigation was conducted to evaluate Holocene activity along the part of the Maacama fault zone in Mendocino County. The investigation shows that this zone comprises discontinuous, subparallel fault strands which extend from points south of the Sonoma—Mendocino county line to points north of Laytonville. Some fault segments are expressed by alignments of topographic features clearly caused by Holocene strike-slip movements. Other topographic features are less distinct and may well represent fault segments with pre-Holocene activity.

The Maacama fault zone creeps at a current rate of possibly as high as 2 mm/yr. The total amounts of Holocene offset are unknown.

Evidence obtained from exploratory trenches indicates that at least two surface rupture events have occurred within the past 16,200 years, that at least one has occurred within the past 8,310 years, and that there probably has been no surface rupturing within the past 1,140 years.

I conclude that surface offsets have occurred along major portions of the Maacama fault zone during Holocene time, and that this fault zone should be regarded as capable of producing a moderate to strong future earthquake with accompanying surface rupture in Mendocino County.     

Expected tsunami amplitudes and currents along the North American coast for Cascadia subduction zone earthquakes

Tsunamis are numerically modeled using the nonlinear shallow-water equations for three hypothetical Cascadia subduction zone earthquakes. Maximum zero-to-peak tsunami amplitudes and currents are tabulated for 131 sites along the North American coast. Earthquake source parameters are chosen to satisfy known subduction zone configuration and thermal constraints. These source parameters are used as input to compute vertical sea-floor displacement. The three earthquakes modeled are moment magnitude 8.8, 8.5, and 7.8. Maximum zero-to-peak tsunami amplitude for theMw = 8.8 earthquake is near 6 m normal to the fault break and maximum current is near 3.5 m/s. Maximum amplitudes decrease by about one-half north and south of the fault break in the source region. Tsunami amplitudes vary along the Alaskan coast from less than 0.5 to 1.6 m. The modeled amplitudes for theMw = 8.8 quake decrease to less than 0.4 m south of Point Conception, CA. TheMw = 7.8 earthquake generates a tsunami with a maximum amplitude of less than 1 m normal to the source. North and south of the fault break the maximum amplitude again decreases by about one-half. In all the models, amplitudes and currents arc less than one-sixth of the outer coast value within Puget Sound.     

航空TEM及航磁资料在剥离玄武岩盖层中的应用研究——以阿巴嘎旗地区为例

二连盆地是一个大型中新生代产铀盆地,但地表大面积分布的新生代玄武岩盖层严重制约了铀矿勘查进展,开展航空TEM(瞬变电磁法)及航磁在剥离玄武岩盖层中的应用研究,对寻找深部隐伏铀矿具有重要意义。根据最新获取的盆内阿巴嘎旗东部航空TEM及航磁数据开展研究:首先根据航磁ΔT及航磁ΔT高通滤波曲线确定玄武岩岩性;再根据航空TEM反演电阻率断面确定玄武岩的底界面位置;最后提取断面解释的玄武岩位置信息并生成玄武岩空间位置数据库,得到研究区玄武岩顶/底界面海拔高程及厚度数据,从而将玄武岩剥离。对比结果表明:本次推断的玄武岩盖层分布范围总体与地质图吻合,面积由之前的3438 km²修订为4146 km²,其分布边界在研究区中南部隆起区变化相对较大,推测与第四系沉积物分布范围小且零散有关,验证了航空TEM及航磁方法在剥离玄武岩盖层中的可行性与有效性。航空TEM及航磁综合信息在玄武岩覆盖区铀矿勘查中剥离玄武岩盖层起到重要作用,值得在玄武岩覆盖区推广应用。