松辽盆地白垩系砂岩储集层特征

白垩系砂岩储层是松辽盆地主要的油气层，砂岩成分以石英，长石和岩屑为主，为长石砂岩，岩屑长石砂岩和长石质岩屑砂岩，储层孔隙包括粒间孔，粒内溶孔，铸模孔，胶结物内溶孔，裂缝等，储层孔隙演化经历了早、中、晚等成岩阶段，在中成岩阶段,晚成岩阶段早期和晚期有3次次生孔隙发育，其对储层性质有明显的改善。本区砂岩储集层可分为4个类型，且具有不同的分布规律。     

松辽盆地北部中——深层砂岩的次生孔隙研究

松辽盆地北部中——深层砂岩的次生孔隙主要是由不稳定的骨架颗粒组分溶解而成,按结构系列,次生孔隙可划分为八种类型。斜长石的溶解是造成次生孔隙的主要原因,它可以在埋藏浅处开始溶解,在1000-1500m 深处溶解变得集中和剧烈。钾长石的溶解一般发生在埋藏较深处。钾长石溶解和浊沸石溶解大大丰富了深层砂岩的孔、渗条件。次生孔隙的形成不仅取决于酸性介质环境,而偏碱性的孔隙溶液对长石的溶解亦具有重要意义。     

松辽盆地北部深层砂岩成岩作用与孔隙演化

松辽盆地北部深层砂岩成岩作用强,原生孔隙保存差。深层砂岩只有出现大量的次生孔隙,才能具有较好的储集性能。本文通过偏光显微镜、扫描电镜和显微热台等分析方法,研究了松辽盆地深层砂岩岩石类型,成岩作用特征和各成岩阶段砂岩孔隙的演化,表明胶结作用是影响深层砂岩储层物性变差的主要原因,浊沸石胶结物的溶解是深部砂岩储集性能得以改善的主要原因。     

松辽盆地西南部白垩系姚家组碎屑岩成岩作用与铀成矿

碎屑岩成岩作用过程中铀元素迁移、聚集规律一直是人们关注的热点。文章通过对松辽盆地西南部含矿目的层姚家组碎屑岩成岩作用特征研究,探讨了成岩演化过程中板状铀矿床的形成机理。研究表明,研究区姚家组含矿砂岩主要以岩屑长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩为主,成岩作用强度达到中成岩A期,可划分为同生期、早成岩A和B期、中成岩A期和表生成岩期等4个成岩阶段,同时,将成岩演化过程中的铀成矿作用划分为预富集阶段（沉积-同生期）、排铀阶段（早成岩期）、叠加改造作用阶段（表生成岩期）等3个阶段。在沉积-同生期,含矿层段中暗色泥岩发生了铀的强烈预富集作用,其富集的铀可能是铀成矿过程中最主要的铀来源;在早成岩期,压实作用导致铀从高含量暗色泥岩中排泄到邻近砂岩中可能是最重要的成矿作用,铀主要富集在靠近铀源的灰色砂岩中,其成矿流体迁移方向主要是沿垂向上的;在后期表生作用阶段,地表氧化流体对铀矿体产状进行了改造,促使其形成板状矿体。砂岩型铀矿体的产状可能与其铀的来源有着十分密切关系。     

松辽盆地南部片钠铝石形成与碎屑长石的成因联系

含片钠铝石砂岩通常以富长石类型为主(岩屑长石砂岩,长石岩屑砂岩,长石砂岩)。为揭示片钠铝石与长石之间的主要赋存关系及长石在片钠铝石形成过程中所做的贡献,通过偏光显微镜、扫描电镜及阴极发光等镜下观察方法对松辽盆地南部红岗地区含片钠铝石砂岩进行了岩石学系统研究。本区片钠铝石主要以充填孔隙及交代颗粒的形式产出,其中片钠铝石交代斜长石的现象明显多于交代钾长石,片钠铝石交代斜长石初期优先沿其双晶缝向内生长,有些甚至完全交代斜长石而呈现交代假象。整体上片钠铝石含量与长石含量呈负相关关系。长石的溶蚀溶解为片钠铝石的形成提供Na+、Al 3+,由于各类长石的热力学性质存在差异,钾长石发生溶蚀溶解的速率及程度会明显低于斜长石,因此斜长石对形成片钠铝石的离子贡献大于钾长石。     

松辽盆地深层储层砂岩中火山碎屑物质在成岩阶段的变化与孔隙发育

松辽盆地深层储层砂岩中岩屑成分主要为火山岩岩屑,体积分数最高可达60%。填隙物主要为凝灰质杂基和成岩期后的钙质及硅质胶结物,体积分数在11%～19%。其形成环境主要为陆相断陷盆地的河流、三角洲和扇三角洲。岩石的成分成熟度和结构成熟度普遍低,而储层物性通常却很好。孔隙铸体、岩石薄片和电镜分析结果表明,富火山岩岩屑储层岩石的物性受碎屑成分、填隙物和成岩流体3个因素影响,其中火山岩碎屑在埋藏成岩作用中易于形成的次生孔隙是改善储层物性的主要原因。岩屑砂岩与储层物性相关的主要成岩后生变化有：（1）埋藏压实作用使碎屑岩原生孔隙大量减少;（2）溶蚀、脱玻化、次生矿物的生成和重结晶等成岩作用的总效应导致孔隙增加;（3）成岩流体改造和蚀变作用使火山碎屑物质形成大量次生孔隙,从而改善了砂岩储层的物性。     

深层砂岩钠长石化与流体储层次生孔隙

深层砂岩钠长石化，钠长石溶蚀形成次生孔隙笔者于１９８８年提出，在研究油气储层过程中，发现砂岩中一些储集空间钠长石被溶蚀而成，为进一步证实钠长石化作用的普遍性，规律性及对流体矿藏形成的重要意义，近年来对国内东，西，北三个不同大地构造部位，不同地质年代，不同深度地层的含长石砂岩进行了探井岩心样品的显微镜下细致观察和电子探针，能谱定量分析，进一步证实钠长石化的普遍性及与次生孔隙形成的重要关系。     

塔里木库车坳陷中新生界储层砂岩成岩期钠长石化

库车坳陷中新生界以陆相碎屑建造为主,在该区储层砂岩中,钠长石为广泛存在的自生矿物之一。显微结构证据显示,成岩期钠长石交代长石等碎屑,或呈细小自形晶填隙产出,在化学成份上,钠长石与被交代的长石存在过渡关系。在碎屑长石钠长石化过程中,母体相的溶解速率大于钠长石的沉淀速率,并伴有石英,高岭石等矿物的消耗,因此有助于次生孔隙的发育及储层物性的改善。从高岭石的垂向分布,以及钠长石相对含量与埋深的关系,可以看出钠长石化作用主要发生在探成岩(mescdiagenesis),对应于4 000-5 500m埋探,和90℃ ～110℃ 地温带 在库车和塔北地区,主要工业油气藏亦集中分布在这一深度带。     

鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组砂岩钠长石化与热液成岩作用研究

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组储层砂岩发育大量自生钠长石矿物,其成因和产出与浊沸石有关,含量和分布比浊沸石多而广泛,但没有引起人们的注意。大量详细岩相学观察发现延长组储层砂岩发育丰富的自生钠长石,其主要为由斜长石碎屑蚀变形成或呈胶结物充填分布在砂岩碎屑颗粒之间。钠长石中含有大量原生的发亮黄色荧光的油气包裹体,表明其形成与油气注入同时。电子探针成分分析表明,钠长石Na2O含量较高,几乎为斜长石的纯钠长石端员(NaAlSi3O8),没有钙长石端员(CaAl2Si2O8)。激光拉曼光谱特征反映出钠长石为沉积成岩期形成的低温钠长石,而非来源于岩浆岩或者变质岩区的碎屑钠长石。应用LA-MC-ICP/MS原位微分析技术对钠长石进行的稀土元素分析表明,延长组砂岩钠长石具有热水成岩作用地球化学特征,属于热液成岩作用产物。认为大量钠长石形成与石油充注的同时进行导致了储层致密过程中岩性油藏的形成。延长组储层砂岩中热液成岩作用对油藏形成和分布意义重大,值得重视和研究。     

费氏台上精确测定钾长石的好方法砂薄片法

钾长石的2V和Ng∧⊥(010)、Ng∧⊥(001)的夹角是其结构状态的函数,其具有重要的地质意义。本文提出的费氏台砂薄片法所选取的钾长石碎屑近于垂直a轴(即近于垂直光率体的锐角等分线Np),具有易于判定消光位的干涉色和图象清晰的干涉图。在费氏台上用锥光法和四轴法能精确地测定这些光学数据。该方法操作简便、精度可靠,重复或易人求测误差均可控制在2°以内。大量实测结果表明它确是一种好的光学方法。     

Feldspar Alteration and Diagenetic Characteristics of the Parsora Sandstones, Son Basin, India

Moderate to poorly sorted immature Parsora sandstones rich in K-feldspar show much of the feldspar during early diagenesis transformed to kaolinite after prolonged interaction with acidic pore solutions. The kaolinitic epimatrix formed and was later partially or wholly converted as an orthomatrix producing chert-phyllosilicate assemblage. Ferric oxide, bleached biotite, kaolinite and quartz cement denote an oxy-acidic early diagenetic environment. Late diagenesis involved neoformation of primary or secondary matrix, illitisation of montmorillonite and muscovite authigenesis. The high pressure-temperature regime required for these transitions resulted from tectonic activity during Triassic-Jurassic times. Carbonate-chlorite appeared late in the sediments denoting an alkaline-reducing condition at the late part of the diagenesis. Finally, the secondary porosity developed through carbonate dissolution was later filled up with allochemical ferric iron cement receiving ions from the percolating meteoric water.     

Detrital K‐feldspar 40Ar/39Ar Ages: Source Constraints of the Lower Miocene Sandstones in the Pearl River Mouth Basin,South China Sea

The South China Sea began to outspread in the Oligocene. A great quantity of terraneous detritus was deposited in the northern continental shelf of the sea, mostly in Pearl River Mouth Basin, which constituted the main paleo-Pearl River Delta. The delta developed for a long geological time and formed a superimposed area. Almost all the oil and gas fields of detrital rock reservoir distribute in this delta. Thirty-three oil sandstone core samples in the Zhujiang Formation, lower Miocene (23–16 Ma), were collected from nine wells. The illite samples with detrital K feldspar (Kfs) separated from these sandstone cores in four sub-structural belts were analysed by the high-precision 40Ar/39Ar laser stepwise heating technique. All 33 illite 40Ar/39Ar data consistently yielded gradually rising age spectra at the low-temperature steps until reaching age plateaus at mid-high temperature steps. The youngest ages corresponding to the beginning steps were interpreted as the hydrocarbon accumulation ages and the plateau ages in mid-high temperature steps as the contributions of the detrital feldspar representing the ages of the granitic parent rocks in the provenances. The ages of the detrital feldspar from the Zhujiang Formation in the four sub-structural belts were different: (1) the late Cretaceous ages in the Lufeng 13 fault structural belt; (2) the late Cretaceous and early Cretaceous-Jurassic ages in the Huizhou 21 buried hill-fault belt; (3) the Jurassic and Triassic ages in the Xijiang 24 buried hill-fault belt; and (4) the early Cretaceous – late Jurassic ages in the Panyu 4 oil area. These detrital feldspar 40Ar/39Ar ages become younger and younger from west to east, corresponding to the age distribution of the granites in the adjacent Guangdong Province, Southern China.     

苏北盆地金湖凹陷腰滩地区古近系阜宁组储层物性特征及其影响因素

苏北盆地金湖凹陷腰滩地区古近系阜宁组储层岩石类型以岩屑长石砂岩和长石砂岩为主,其成分成熟度中等,结构 成熟度中等到好。腰滩地区储层成岩作用主要包括压实、胶结、溶蚀和交代四种类型, 目前处于晚成岩阶段A期。研究区储 层的储集物性受成岩作用和构造运动的共同影响,主要表现为对孔隙度和渗透率的影响, 其中压实和胶结作用使储层原生 孔隙迅速减少、渗透率降低、储集物性变差,而溶解作用则是导致次生孔隙发育及改善砂岩储集性能的主要因素。压实作 用主要表现为刚性颗粒发生脆性破裂、塑性颗粒挤压变形或刚性颗粒嵌入塑性颗粒中、颗粒之间呈线接触和凹凸接触、碎 屑颗粒呈明显的定向排列等; 溶蚀作用表现为碳酸盐矿物的溶解; 胶结物主要为自生黏土矿物、碳酸盐和自生石英。交代作 用主要为碳酸盐胶结物交代石英、长石及岩屑颗粒及碳酸盐胶结物之间的相互交代等。构造运动使局部的储层物性得到改 善。     

Classification and Diagenetic Characteristics of the Cretaceous Sandstones in the Southern Bredasdorp Basin,Offshore South Africa

A systematic petrographic and geochemical studies of 92 representative sandstone samples from exploration wells E-AH1, E-AJ1, E-BA1, E-BB1 and E-D3 in the southern part of the Bredasdorp Basin was undertaken to classify the sandstones as well as unravel the main diagenetic processes and their time relations. Petrographic study shows that the sandstones are largely subarkosic arenite and arkosic litharenite, which have underwent series of diagenetic processes as a result burial, rifting and subsequent uplift. The main diagenetic processes that have affected the reservoir properties of the sandstones are cementation by authigenic clay, carbonate and silica, growth of authigenic glauconite, dissolution of minerals and load compaction. The major diagenetic processes reducing the porosity are calcite cementation in the subarkosic arenite, and compaction and quartz cementation in arkosic litharenite. On the other hand, the formation of secondary porosity due to the partial to complete dissolution of early calcite cement, feldspars and minor grain fracturing has improved the reservoir property of the sandstone to some extent. The clay minerals in the sandstones commonly acts as pore choking cement, which reduces porosity. In general, there is no particular diagenetic process that exclusively controls the type or form of porosity evolution in the sandstones.     

松辽盆地北东区扶杨油层孔隙流体地球化学与砂岩成岩相研究

不同孔隙水成因的局部水动力单元是决定扶杨油层砂岩成岩相类型的重要因素之一。研究区可以划分出与局部水动力单元直接相关的四个成岩相:大气水淋滤成岩相、混合水成岩相、埋藏压实水成岩相和古蒸发浓缩水成岩相、各成岩相的成岩特征、自生矿物组合、孔隙成因与孔隙组合都有明显差别。     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷白垩系辫状三角洲砂体成岩作用和储层特征

通过对库车坳陷白垩系辫状三角洲的研究,总结辫状三角洲的沉积特征是:1.由于辫状河流直入湖泊,沉积物比较粗,中砂岩和细砂岩占有相当的比例,可达 6 0 %～ 80 %,最高达 95 %。 2.成分和结构成熟度低-中等,一般为长石砂岩、岩屑长石砂岩和岩屑砂岩,石英含量 30 %～ 5 0 %,岩屑含量可高达 5 0 %以上,一般为 30 %左右,岩屑成分复杂。3.沉积构造以块状层理、大型槽状交错层理和斜层理为主,见平行层理、波状层理和极少量的水平层理。4.辫状河道的主要沉积期是洪水期,因而河道具快速迁移性,沉积作用具有阶段性,砂体之间多次重复叠加,在滨岸地区辫状砂体性质相似而垂向侧向连接,成为分布面积很大的砂体,砂层之间只有薄层的泥质夹层。对研究区露头和岩心的普通薄片、铸体薄片、阴极发光及扫描电镜等资料的分析研究,认为该区成岩作用包括压实、胶结、溶蚀、交代、压溶和重结晶等作用,并且以前三类为主。根据对自生矿物、粘土矿物、I/S间层中的S %、包裹体测温、成岩作用类型及特点等分析,判断研究区白垩系成岩阶段已达晚成岩A期。白垩系砂岩储层特殊的沉积-成岩水介质条件、构造-埋藏演化史、异常高压背景等决定了其特有的成岩序列演化的特点。白垩系巴什基奇克组上部和底部、巴西盖组砂     

Hydrothermal alteration of plagioclase in granitic rocks from Proterozoic basement of SE Sweden

Petrographic examinations and electron microprobe analyses of Proterozoic granitic rocks, SE Sweden aimed to characterize and unravel the mechanisms and conditions of plagioclase alterations. These alterations include saussuritization, albitization and replacement of plagioclase by K‐feldspar. The hydrothermal alterations, which are inferred to have occurred at ca. 250–400°C, resulted in concomitant formation of Al‐rich titanite, epidote, calcite, pumpellyite, prehnite and iron oxides. Replacement of plagioclase by K‐feldspar occurs in red‐stained zones, which have developed close to thin fractures owing to the precipitation of tiny Fe‐oxide pigment particles within the altered plagioclase, whereas saussuritized plagioclase has less systematic spatial relationships to these fractures. Albitization of plagioclase occurred in rocks that are poor in biotite compared to rocks that suffered extensive saussuritization. The chemical and textural characterization of various types of plagioclase alterations allows elucidation of the granitic hydrothermal systems. Features of feldspar alteration in the granitic rocks are similar to those encountered in feldspathic sandstones and should hence be considered in studies on diagenetic changes of siliciclastic successions during basin evolution. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.