A comparative study for the estimation of geodetic point velocity by artificial neural networks

Space geodesy era provides velocity information which results in the positioning of geodetic points by considering the time evolution. The geodetic point positions on the Earth’s surface change over time due to plate tectonics, and these changes have to be accounted for geodetic purposes. The velocity field of geodetic network is determined from GPS sessions. Velocities of the new structured geodetic points within the geodetic network are estimated from this velocity field by the interpolation methods. In this study, the utility of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) widely applied in diverse fields of science is investigated in order to estimate the geodetic point velocities. Back Propagation Artificial Neural Network (BPANN) and Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) are used to estimate the geodetic point velocities. In order to evaluate the performance of ANNs, the velocities are also interpolated by Kriging (KRIG) method. The results are compared in terms of the root mean square error (RMSE) over five different geodetic networks. It was concluded that the estimation of geodetic point velocity by BPANN is more effective and accurate than by KRIG when the points to be estimated are more than the points known.     

Analytical modeling of glacier dynamics

Flow velocities and stresses within a glacier are determined by inverting known surface velocities with a specified glacier geometry. The surface velocities depend only weakly on the unknown velocities at the bed of a glacier, so the inversion is illposed and unstable. This instability causes both numerical computation errors and data errors to grow dramatically with depth, usually masking the actual velocity and stress solutions. To control the numerical errors, an analytical modeling scheme is presented which modifies the method of mean weighted residuals (used in finite element techniques). The resulting scheme impairs convergence by producing powerseries solutions, but in an advantageous tradeoff, the coefficients to the power series can be determined analytically rather than numerically. This leads to arbitrary order analytical powerseries solutions to the internal stress state of glaciers. The symbolic powerseries solutions can be evaluated at any point in the glacier with negligible roundoff and discretization errors. Analytical model accuracy is confirmed with known stress solutions for several widely used constitutive relations for ice.     

一个三维水动力学模型及其在水环境中的适用性试验

发展了一个三维水动力学模型.该模型在水底磨擦项计算中,采用了流速的平方根法;在湍流扩散系数的估算中,采用了带稳定度函数的参数化方案;对垂直方向上的坐标进行了压缩,引入σ坐标;对时间变量则采用了分离模式技术,即外部模式(快过程)与内部模式(慢过程);而求解外部模式时,采用了显式一隐式格式交错法(ADI),从而使模型不仅计算时间缩短,且可应用于水很深而水平空间尺度很小,又有热力分层的水域中.最后作为该模型的一个实用性试验,选择了美国犹他州East Canyon水库,利用该模型探讨了温跃层对风、人流及出流变化的响应情况.     

煤体瓦斯与地震波属性的相关性试验

在突出煤层巷道中,采用矿井巷道地震波超前探测方法,按照巷道腰线方向进行线性观测系统布置,三分量接收,人工锤击激发,进行多次跟踪探测试验;利用初至波求取掘进煤巷迎头前方30 m范围内的纵、横波视速度,并计算出纵横波速度比和泊松比等地震波属性参数;对比分析对应的瓦斯检验参数发现,煤体中瓦斯含量与地震波属性间具有一定的相关性,研究结果有望为瓦斯突出危险性预测提供一种新的思路和途径。      

Simulated annealing in 3-D seismic modelling and elastic structure of the mediterranean basin

3-D elastic structures images of the Mediterranean basin are obtained by solving a tomographic problem by means of a simulated annealing algorithm. The database consists of local Rayleigh wave group velocities determined for the fundamental mode in the 10–90s period range. These local velocities were obtained from surface wavetrains recorded at very broad band stations of MEDNET network. From a methodological point of view, the characteristics of the annealing algorithm and the amount of time required for computation suggest the implementation of parallel computational procedures to shorten the computational time. According to the thermodynamic analogies used in the annealing algorithm, we propose an alternative procedure to estimate uncertainties and correlations for variables defining the elastic model (shear velocities and layer thicknesses) without necessity of computing partial derivatives. From an applied point of view, the 3-D elastic model obtained shows, as main results, relevant differences for the eastern and western pans of the Mediterranean basin, specially down to 60 km. The changes in the position of the top and bottom asthenosphere surfaces can also be followed throughout the Mediterranean basin; remarkably, these changes are in agreement with some tectonic features.     

Finite element modelling for evaluation of apparent resistivity over complex structures

The paper presents a computational algorithm designed for efficient modelling of apparent resistivity over complex geological structures, using finite element method. The algorithm can be used to study variations of apparent resistivities using any electrode configuration at any point on the earth’s surface, not necessarily regular. A Schlumberger apparent resistivity sounding curve over a buried anticline, is presented here as an example and compared with the corresponding analytical curve, to demonstrate the correctness of the FEM algorithm. The various potential derivatives required for the computation of apparent resistivities evaluated through different electrode configurations have been obtained by calculating the ‘influence coefficients’ using reciprocal theorems, an approach successfully applied in structural engineering. In essence, a set of self balancing nodal currents, obtained from the appropriate derivative(s) of the shape functions of the elements contributing to the point of observation, is applied as the load vector. The resulting quantities corresponding to the potential distribution in traditional finite element method, then, turn out to be the potential derivatives at the point of observation for different positions of the current electrodes. These are known as influence coefficients. The continuum nature of the domain beyond the region of interest has been modelled by using ‘infinite elements’ across which the potential is assumed to decay exponentially.     

Analyzing Yengisogat Glacier surface velocities with ALOS PALSAR data feature tracking, Karakoram, China

Little is known about the detailed behavior of glaciers in the Karakoram Mountains. Advanced land observing satellite (ALOS) phased array type L-band synthetic aperture radar (PALSAR) data were used to obtain the surface velocity of the Yengisogat Glacier in the Karakoram Mountains. Four ALOS PALSAR data sets with 46?days temporal baseline acquired from 2007 to 2009 covered all four seasons and were used to extract the offset fields and estimate annual average surface velocity based on seasonal velocities. For the ALOS PALSAR data the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) feature-tracking procedures within the GAMMA software were utilized instead of SAR interferometry because of low coherence in case of fast-moving glaciers or large time intervals between the image acquisitions. The accuracy of the measurements is discussed, and the measurements were consistent with previous results from optical imagery feature tracking. It was revealed that the south tributaries contributed to the main flow of the glacier, with the glacier surface velocities of the south tributaries moving more rapidly than the north tributaries. This was mainly attributed to the effect of the glacier??s aspect in the glacier long-term development point of view. Seasonal and spatial variations of the glacier surface velocity imply that the tributary South Skamri Glacier is probably surging. This has previously been mentioned by some researchers such as Copland et al. The Equilibrium Line Altitude was found to be at about 5,000?m a.s.l for south tributaries, estimated from the surface velocity distribution along the glacier centerline.     

叠前面波干扰压制方法的研究与应用

结合大庆油田某工区面波能量的时间和空间的分布特点 ,分析归纳了面波的 3种主要类型。在重点考虑有效信号特征的基础上 ,充分利用计算机技术处理的交互功能 ,采用了视速度变换、奇异值分解、自适应振幅均衡等方法 ,研制开发了有针对性的处理软件模块。通过数据处理 ,获得了较好的实际应用效果。     

The initiation of particle movement by wind

When air blows across the surface of dry, loose sand, a critical shear velocity (fluid threshold, ut), must be achieved to initiate motion. However, since most natural sediments consist of a range of grain sizes, fluid threshold for any sediment cannot be defined by a finite value but should be viewed as a threshold range which is a function of the size, shape, sorting and packing of the surface sediment. In order to investigate the initiation of particle movement by wind a series of wind-tunnel tests was carried out on a range of pre-screened fluvial sands and commercially available glass beads with differing mean sizes and sorting characteristics. A sensitive laser-monitoring system was used in conjunction with a high speed counter to detect initial grain motion and to count individual grain movements. Test results indicate that when velocity is slowly increased over the sediment surface the smaller or more exposed grains are first entrained by the fluid drag and lift forces either in surface creep (rolling) or in saltation (bouncing or hopping downwind). As velocity continues to rise, larger or less exposed grains may also be moved by fluid drag. On striking the surface saltating grains impart momentum to stationary grains. This impact may result in the rebound of the original grain as well as the ejection of one or more stationary grains into the air stream at shear velocities lower than that required to entrain a stationary particle by direct fluid pressure. As a result, there is a cascade effect with a few grains of varying size initially moving over a range of shear velocities (the fluid threshold range) and setting in motion a rapidly increasing number of grains. Results of the tests showed that the progression from fluid to dynamic threshold, based on grain movement, can be characterized by a power function, the coefficients of which are directly related to the mean size and sorting characteristics of the sediment.     

A method for avoiding artifacts in the migration of deep seismic reflection data

Conventional wave-equation-based migration of deep seismic reflection data can produce severe artifacts, which appear as broad circular arcs or “smiles”, due to the existence of apparent truncations of reflections on the stack section arising from poor signal penetration, changes in orientation of the acquisition profile, and the existence of strong overlying lateral velocity variations. These artifacts limit the interpretation of deep seismic profiles, because they obscure weak reflections and reflection truncations that may, e.g., indicate the presence of subsurface faults. Here I present a new migration algorithm, in which each sample of the stack is migrated to a short linear segment whose position and dip are determined by its original position on the stack, an estimate of the local apparent dip at that point, and a user-specified migration velocity. No subjective interpretation of reflections on the stack section is required, and the algorithm produces no arc-like migration artifacts. The degree of lateral smearing can be easily controlled, allowing reflection truncations to be revealed. In practice, the algorithm is most effectively applied to data that have been coherency-filtered to remove low amplitude noise, which would otherwise be preserved.     

苏鲁超高压变质岩中地震波速随围压的变化规律

我们在10~800MPa的静水压力下测量了中国大陆科学钻探(CCSD)主孔岩心和采自苏鲁地区地表露头上的共68块典型超高压变质岩试样的地震波速,并建立了波速和围压的定量关系,成功地解释了描述这一定量关系方程中4个参数的物理意义。笔者相信,本文将为超高压变质岩地区以及新老俯冲带地震波资料的解释提供必不可少的理论和实验支撑。     

祁连山东段宁缠河1号冰川和水管河4号冰川表面运动速度研究

祁连山东段冷龙岭北坡冰川融水是河西走廊重要的水源补给,然而却少有现代冰川运动观测资料. 通过在该区域宁缠河1号和水管河4号冰川布设花杆,观测了冰川表面的运动速度. 结果表明：2010-2012年,面积较大的水管河4号冰川表面年平均运动速度(5.2 m·a^-1)要高于面积相对较小的宁缠河1号冰川(2.8 m·a^-1). 水管河4号冰川最大运动速度出现在花杆观测区域的最上部(接近物质平衡线),宁缠河1号冰川最大运动速度出现在坡度较大的区域,说明冰川最大运动速度通常出现在平衡线附近,但还要考虑坡度等地形因素的影响. 较之早期的观测资料,水管河4号和其他中国西部地区冰川的运动速度呈现出减缓趋势,可能是物质平衡持续亏损导致冰川厚度变薄的直接结果.     

地震数据处理中的高频速度分析研究

地震波传播过程中的频散现象造成不同频率的波在地层中传播的速度不同，应用不同频率的数据进行速度分析荻取的速度值也有所差异。速度分析的精度依赖于最大炮检距处的剩余时差与反射波视周期的比值。从理论模型数据出发，对不同频带的数据进行速度分析研究，以说明频带范围对速度精度的影响。实际数据试验结果表明，在静校正问题基本解决、高频记录信噪比较高的前提下，将数据中的高频成分用于速度分析可获得较高的速度精度和分辨率。     

表面波有效相速度近似分析方法

分层介质中瑞利面波有多个模态,表面瞬态响应是多个模态响应的叠加。在近场,面波模态响应传播速度随传播距离而变化;在远场,其趋于模态相速度。由分层介质表面两不同点响应互谱分析(SASW)得到的有效相速度并不对应于面波基阶模态相速度,它与波场中高阶模态能量分配比例有关。有效相速度随传播距离而变化,近场体波对有效相速度影响较大。对分层介质在简谐荷载下表面质点位移响应进行了互谱分析,得到了有效相速度理论值,通过理论值与测试值匹配分析可估算分层参数,该分析方法考虑了近场及高阶面波模态对有效相速度的影响。     

基于SAR的表碛覆盖型冰川边界定位研究

使用光学图像进行表碛覆盖型冰川边界判断相对比较困难。采用日本高级陆地观测卫星（ALOS）携带的L波段相控阵型合成孔径雷达（PALSAR）数据的干涉相干对表碛覆盖型冰川边界进行判断,并使用ALOS PALSAR数据的特征匹配方法获得表面流速进行验证分析,发现公格尔山区5Y663D0009冰川表碛覆盖区呈现高相干性且运动速度十分缓慢,表明该表碛区域可能已经演化成非活动区;而该冰川中碛覆盖区则表现出低相干性,运动速度比较高（5 m/a）,表明相干性是有效的判断依据,利用PALSAR数据相干性及获得的表面流速可以区分表碛覆盖型冰川活动与非活动区域,使气候波动情景下该类型冰川的动态变化监测成为可能并对该方法的可靠性与不确定性进行了探讨。     

Physical properties of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks from the Sulu terrain, eastern central China: implications for the seismic structure at the Donghai (CCSD) drilling site

About 30 samples representing major lithologies of Sulu ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks were collected from surface exposures and exploration wells, and compressional (Vp) and shear wave (Vs) velocities and their directional dependence (anisotropy) were determined over a range of constant confining pressures up to 600 MPa and temperatures ranging from 20 to 600 °C. Samples range in composition from acidic to ultramafic. P- and S-wave velocities measured at 600 MPa vary from 5.08 to 8.64 km/s and 2.34 to 4.93 km/s, respectively. Densities are in the range from 2.60 to 3.68 g/cm³. To make a direct tie between seismic measurements (refraction and reflection) and subsurface lithologies, the experimental velocity data (corresponding to shallow depths) were used to calculate velocity profiles for the different lithologies and profiles of reflection coefficients at possible lithologic interfaces across the projected 5000-m Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Program (CCSD) crustal segment. Comparison of calculated in situ velocities with respective intrinsic velocities suggests that the in situ velocities at shallow depths are lowered by an increased abundance of open microcracks. The strongly reflective zone beneath the Donghai drill site can be explained by the impedance contrasts between the different lithologies. Contacts between eclogite/peridotite and felsic rocks (gt-gneiss, granitic gneiss), in particular, may give rise to strong seismic reflections. In addition, shear-induced (lattice preferred orientation (LPO)-related) seismic anisotropy can increase reflectivity. For the explanation of the high velocity bodies (>6.4 km/s) around 1000 m and below 3200-m depth, large proportions of eclogite/peridotite (about 40 and 30 vol.%, respectively) are needed.     

VSP初至逐层递推层速度反演研究及应用

利用VSP资料准确获取地层速度,对地震数据时深转换和偏移成像具有重要的作用。受激发接收条件变化、近源动态干扰和初至拾取误差等因素,VSP资料初至时间往往含有一定程度的随机干扰。笔者研究了当VSP资料初至时间存在随机噪声干扰和仅有深部接收数据的情况下,不同井源距VSP资料逐层递推反演层速度的误差特性。研究表明:①井源距越大,其对应资料初至反演速度误差越小;②当仅有深部资料时,井源距越小,其资料反演结果与实际地层速度更接近。为此,提出初至时间平滑后再反演,多井源距反演结果求平均的方法,从而提高层速度反演精度。利用该研究结论,在某海上Walkaway-VSP资料处理中,取得了较好的效果。     

基于MapGIS二次开发实现矢量河网拓扑关系的自动编码与统计

为使河网中河段的直接定位和拓扑关系更加直观,提出直接对矢量河网进行继承式编码的思想,首先通过基于节点大小平衡二叉树的最小代价路径搜索算法完成对DEM数据的填洼处理,并将修正后的矢量河网与DEM进行叠置分析;然后基于Horton-Strahler分级和Shreve-Smart分级方法设计河网拓扑继承式编码算法,解决多河道汇集,河道分叉及汇流分叉等复杂河段难以编码的问题,并通过MapGIS二次开发实现对河网拓扑关系的自动编码与参数统计。通过对实验区的矢量河网进行编码测试,从而验证了算法的可行性以及编码的合理性。     

砂岩高温前后超声特性的试验研究

对焦作砂岩经历不同温度（100 ℃～1 200 ℃）前后超声纵、横波波速和几何尺寸进行了量测,进行了单轴抗压强度试验,计算了超声波纵波经过岩样的衰减系数,应用波速与弹性模量的关系计算了岩样的裂隙密度。比较了经历不同温度前后的岩样体积、超声波速、衰减系数的变化。结果表明,岩样在经历高温后内部微裂隙发展,使结构致密性下降,超声波速降低;对经历不同温度后的岩样波速改变与强度变化规律有明显差异,但超声衰减系数与强度变化规律相似,可以为强度评价提供一定参考。     

Conditioned Simulations of Random Velocity Fields

In petroleum exploration and production, it is essential to have good estimations of the uncertainties on the reserves. Uncertainties on the velocity model used during the data processing are of major importance in this estimation. The generation of several velocity fields gives access to a quantified estimation of the uncertainties due to the velocity model inversion. The use of statistical methods helps in generating several important, equiprobable velocity fields, matching all the available velocity information. This paper presents an efficient simulation algorithm to generate instantaneous velocity fields, constrained by the distribution of values measured at the wells, and calibrated by the stacking velocities, taken as root-mean-square velocities. The simulations also match the covariance model given for the instantaneous velocity fields. The method is developed in a simple one-layer case with constant velocity, and then extended to more realistic situations. Finally, a real data application is shown, using data provided by ENI–Agip Division, and the efficiency of the proposed simulation method is discussed.