基于GOSAT卫星遥感的我国中部地区大气CH4时空分布

利用2013—2016年GOSAT上被动红外探测器(TANSO)官方反演的大气CH_4柱浓度,采用普通克里金插值(Ordinary Kriging)方法对GOSAT卫星数据产品进行插值预处理,并利用ArcGIS地理信息系统空间分析软件提取各省份CH_4平均浓度,分析中部地区CH_4浓度的时空分布。结果表明,由GOSAT反演的中部地区大气CH_4年均浓度由2013年的1 827.0×10~(-9)增长到2016年的1 857.9×10~(-9),其平均绝对增长率为10.3×10~(-9)/a。中部地区大气CH_4年均浓度略低于长三角地区,高于京津冀和东三省地区。中部地区大气CH_4呈现较强的季节变化特征,江西、湖南、湖北峰值出现在9月,安徽、河南、山西峰值则出现在8月,中部六省去长期趋势后的月均值均略低于长三角地区,高于京津冀和东三省地区。我国中部地区CH_4浓度高值区主要分布在江西、湖南及周边区域,低值区则集中在河南以北及山西地区。     

基于小波分析的地面大气电场观测数据处理技术研究

使用南京信息工程大学实验场的AMEO340电场仪一年观测试验资料,将大气电场仪采样序列数据经快速傅里叶变换,得到序列的功率谱,对晴天和伴有闪电天气的地面大气电场数据进行小波函数为sym5的7层分解,某种程度上降低了地面大气电场数据波形的重叠度。通过对伴有闪电天气的地面大气电场数据进行小波7层分解,地面大气电场信号的低频部分不仅突出显示出地面大气电场值的主要变化趋势,而且能清晰地分辨出闪电过程中较强的正负地闪次数,为利用地面大气电场强度值的变化特征进行闪电预警提供了更有效的信息。     

Simulated Spatial Distribution and Seasonal Variation of Atmospheric Methane over China: Contributions from Key Sources简

We used the global atmospheric chemical transport model,GEOS-Chem,to simulate the spatial distribution and seasonal variation of surface-layer methane （CH4） in 2004,and quantify the impacts of individual domestic sources and foreign transport on CH4 concentrations over China.Simulated surface-layer CH4 concentrations over China exhibit maximum concentrations in summer and minimum concentrations in spring.The annual mean CH4 concentrations range from 1800 ppb over western China to 2300 ppb over the more populated eastern China.Foreign emissions were found to have large impacts on CH4 concentrations over China,contributing to about 85％ of the CH4 concentrations over western China and about 80％ of those over eastern China.The tagged simulation results showed that coal mining,livestock,and waste are the dominant domestic contributors to CH4 concentrations over China,accounting for 36％,18％,and 16％,respectively,of the annual and national mean increase in CH4 concentration from all domestic emissions.Emissions from rice cultivation were found to make the largest contributions to CH4 concentrations over China in the summer,which is the key factor that leads to the maximum seasonal mean CH4 concentrations in summer.     

Characterization of iron and manganese species in atmospheric aerosols from anthropogenic sources

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was used to study the chemical form of iron, manganese and other paramagnetic species in airborne particles collected on southern coastal part of the North Sea, located in France. In parallel, chemical analysis was performed to obtain the metal concentrations in samples whereas an individual analysis of particles was provided by scanning electron microscopy coupled to an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDX). EPR spectra have evidenced Fe³⁺ and Mn²⁺ ions in the form of isolated or agglomerated species, as well as carbonaceous products with variable signal intensities according to the wind direction. The monitoring of a signal of isolated Mn²⁺ ions on a distance close to 90 km was proposed as tracer of particles from a Mn local emission source. Fe³⁺ signals are relative to agglomerated species and differences in the type of interaction between these species were evidenced following the wind direction. Fe³⁺ EPR signals parameters revealing antiferromagnetic contribution in Fe-rich particles were found for an industrial origin at Dunkerque.     

Characterization of iron and manganese species in atmospheric aerosols from anthropogenic sources

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was used to study the chemical form of iron, manganese and other paramagnetic species in airborne particles collected on southern coastal part of the North Sea, located in France. In parallel, chemical analysis was performed to obtain the metal concentrations in samples whereas an individual analysis of particles was provided by scanning electron microscopy coupled to an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDX). EPR spectra have evidenced Fe³⁺ and Mn²⁺ ions in the form of isolated or agglomerated species, as well as carbonaceous products with variable signal intensities according to the wind direction. The monitoring of a signal of isolated Mn²⁺ ions on a distance close to 90 km was proposed as tracer of particles from a Mn local emission source. Fe³⁺ signals are relative to agglomerated species and differences in the type of interaction between these species were evidenced following the wind direction. Fe³⁺ EPR signals parameters revealing antiferromagnetic contribution in Fe-rich particles were found for an industrial origin at Dunkerque.     

Estimating the propagation velocity of atmospheric fronts from surface wind observations

Abstract

Surface mesonet winds recorded at 10‐min intervals are used to estimate the propagation velocities of atmospheric fronts in East Coast winter storms during the Canadian Atlantic Storms Program (CASP). The frontal motion is modelled locally as the translation of a line across which there is an abrupt shift in wind direction. The mesonet is used to detect the propagation velocity of the windshift line.

Frontal velocities estimated using mesonet winds for all cases in which fronts passed through the mesonet (two cold fronts and three warm fronts) are in close agreement with those deduced from synoptic charts. Recommendations are given for using the method as a research tool to estimate frontal motions in oceanographic studies of wind‐driven circulation.     

Analysis of turbulent exchange and coherent structures in the stable atmospheric boundary layer based on tower observations

Using data collected at the Spanish low troposphere research centre CIBA (Centro de Investigación de la Baja Atmósfera) and at the Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research (CESAR) in the Netherlands, we analyzed the most significant features of different coherent structures occurring in the stable atmospheric boundary layer. In particular, we used both the Reynolds and wavelet methods to analyze a solitary wave, a gravity wave, a density current and a low-level jet. For each of these structures, we found that wavelet analysis had the capacity to distinguish the different scales involved in these events due to the different timing and heights of the thermal instabilities and downdrafts associated with the disturbances. In addition, the wavelet method highlights the different roles of turbulence and coherent structures in the transfer of heat, moisture and CO₂ in the nocturnal boundary layer.     

基于EOF的高时空分辨率自动站温度观测资料质量控制

随着我国气象自动化观测技术的发展,全国已经建成了70 000多个自动观测站点,全面实现了气象观测自动化。自动化观测技术使得气象常规观测资料量得到了飞速增长,这也使得通过质量控制提高自动观测站资料的利用率尤为重要。利用江苏省气象局提供的2019年12月1日00时—7日23时共168个时次的地面自动站温度观测资料,及ECWMF(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)的ERA5(ECMWF Reanalysis V5)再分析资料中的温度格点资料作为背景场,结合常规质量控制方法及EOF(Empirical Orthogonal Function)质量控制方法,建立了适用于高时空密度的地面温度资料质量控制方法,并对我国中东部地面自动站温度观测资料进行质量控制试验。结果表明,在利用常规质量控制方法剔除观测资料中明显异常的资料后,针对自动站高密度的特点,通过选择合适的分析区域,EOF分析方法可以很好提取有组织的观测系统信息,从而保证剩余信息更好地满足随机分布特点,利用随机概率分布特点就可以很好剔除异常观测资料,并且可以避免天气变化的影响...     

Effects of the low-frequency zonal wind variation on the high frequency atmospheric variability over the tropics

Recently, there is increasing evidence on the interaction of atmospheric high-frequency (HF) variability with climatic low-frequency (LF) variability. In this study, we examine this relationship of HF variability with large scale circulation using idealized experiments with an aqua-planet Atmospheric GCM (with zonally uniform SST), run in different zonal momentum forcing scenarios. The effect of large scale circulation changes to the HF variability is demonstrated here. The HF atmospheric variability is enhanced over the westerly forced region, through easterly vertical shear. Our study also manifests that apart from the vertical wind shear, strong low-level convergence and horizontal zonal wind shear are also important for enhancing the HF variance. This is clearly seen in the eastern part of the forcing, where the HF activity shows relatively maximum increase, in spite of similar vertical shear over the forced regions. The possible implications for multi-scale interaction (e.g. MJO–ENSO interaction) are also discussed.     

一次强降水超级单体的双偏振雷达观测分析

为分析强降水超级单体风暴的偏振特征及其动力和云物理结构,利用厦门海沧双偏振雷达数据及常规观测资料,采用多普勒雷达风场反演和粒子相态识别等技术,对2018年5月7日发生在闽南地区的一次导致特大暴雨的强降水超级单体风暴进行了分析,研究表明:(1)相关系数小值区出现在有界弱回波区和钩状回波之前,可指示低层上升气流的位置。(2)在前侧下沉气流南侧的反射率因子梯度大值区附近,存在一个浅薄的差分反射率因子大值区(差分反射率因子弧),其形态与超级单体的发展程度有关。在本次过程中差分反射率因子弧先于钩状回波和中气旋出现,对超级单体的发展具有较好的指示性。(3)在中层的融化层上,差分反射率因子大值区和相关系数小值区呈环形围绕在上升气流周围。差分反射率因子环和相关系数环对确定中层上升气流的位置具有指示意义。(4)差分反射率因子柱位于有界弱回波区的上方,并位于主上升气流附近,在仅有单部雷达进行观测时,差分反射率因子柱可用于识别主上升气流的位置。(5)差分相位常数柱主要由大量混合相态水凝物造成,其位置与地面雨强中心存在较好的对应关系。     

中国大陆黑碳气溶胶排放清单

通过汇总基础数据,计算了中国大陆2000年高时空分辨率的黑碳排放源清单。基础数据主要来源于政府部门,包括社会－经济数据、化石燃料和生物质燃料消耗数据等,绝大部分为县级水平。一些新的、中国特有的排放因子也在计算中被使用,计算出的全国和各地区的排放量使用了0.2°×0.2°经纬度网格来显示。计算的黑碳总排放量为149.94万t,主要由燃煤和燃烧生物质所致。这一排放结果比以前的清单要高,主要是因为乡镇企业和农村居民燃煤的排放量以前被低估了。东部地区的排放量比西部地区要大。黑碳的排放具有较强的季节性,1月和12月的排放量最大,7月和8月排放量较小;排放的季节性主要是由居民采暖的季节性所致。     

中国大陆黑碳气溶胶排放清单

The detailed high-resolution emission inventory of black carbon (BC) from China in the year 2000 was calculated. The latest fuel consumption data including fossil and biomass fuels, and socio-economic statistics used were obtained from government agencies, mostly at the county level, and some new emission factors (Efs) from local measurements were also used. National and regional summaries of emissions were presented at 0.2°×0.2°resolution. Total BC emission was 1499.4 Gg in 2000, mainly due to the burning of coal and biomass. The BC emission estimated here is higher than those in previous studies, mainly because the emissions from coal burning by rural industries and residences were previously underestimated. More BC aerosols were emitted from eastern China than western China. A strong seasonal dependence was observed for BC emissions, with peaks in January and December and low emissions in July and August; and this seasonality is mainly due to patterns in residential heating and the open burning of crop residues.     

中国城市固体废弃物甲烷排放研究

甲烷（CH4）所引起的温室效应仅次于CO2,固体废弃物填埋处理所产生的CH4作为总的人为温室气体排放源的一部分,估算其排放量对于计算大气中整个温室气体增加所引起的气候效应具有重要的作用和意义。在以往研究的基础上,通过对典型城市生活垃圾的采样分析,确定了最近几年中国城市固体废弃物（MSW）中可降解有机碳（DOC）的含量,并根据IPCC计算CH4排放量的方法以及全国不同区域废弃物管理程度状况,估算得到CH4排放量在全国范围内从东部到西部逐渐减少,且在1994-2004年排放量逐年增加。     

中国探空观测与多套再分析资料气温序列的对比研究

为比较中国探空观测与再分析气温的差异,利用中国118站850—30 hPa经质量控制和均一化处理后逐月气温和NCEPv1、NCEPv2、ERA-40、ERA-Interim、JRA55、20CR、MERRA和CFSR等8套再分析月平均气温,通过对比1981—2010年探空观测与多套再分析气温序列的平均偏差、相关系数、标准差和变化趋势,分析两者在数值、年际变率、离散度及长期变化的差异。结果表明,中国探空温度原始序列存在较为显著的非均一性,均一化对原始气温序列总体为负订正,对流层上层至平流层下层(200—100 hPa)订正值最为显著。均一化气温去除了原始序列中由仪器换型和系统升级等因素导致的系统误差,与再分析气温相关较原始序列明显提高。再分析气温与均一化气温偏差约1℃,多数再分析气温较均一化气温在对流层偏低、平流层偏高。再分析与均一化气温年际变率较为一致,正相关达到显著。多数再分析与均一化气温均在对流层中低层呈上升趋势、平流层中层呈下降趋势。对流层上层和平流层下层不确定性较大。总体上,ERA-Interim、JRA55和MERRA与其他再分析相比更相近中国均一化探空气温。      

中国稻田甲烷排放在减少

2005年6月8-9日在中国气象局召开了中国科技部和美国能源部合作项目“气候科学”的第三届科学工作组会议。在会上,美国Portland State University物理系Khalil教授做了一个引人注意的报告,基于对中国稻田甲烷排放的多年测量进行分析,提出了中国稻田甲烷排放在减少,人口增长与稻田甲烷排放没有明显的关系,稻田可能不再是一个减少甲烷排放的有效途径以及现在大气甲烷浓度年增长率在减小和变化趋势趋于稳定等结论。笔者对以上结论作了简要介绍和分析。     

Two different periods of high dust weather frequency in northern China

近几十年,我国北方春季沙尘的频次的线性趋势下降,但去掉线性趋势后,发现我国北方春季沙尘频次在1966–2014期间有两段沙尘频次的多发年,前一段是1966–1979(P1),后一段是2000–2014(P2)。认识这两段高频沙尘发生的主要特点和可能原因将进一步理解不同年代际背景下沙尘年际变异机理,为沙尘的气候预测提供依据。研究表明前一阶段沙尘的强度是高于后一阶段,沙尘中心分布在南疆和北方中部(华北、河套和内蒙)。主要的原因是北大西洋和北太平洋海温异常不同造成。前者主要受北大西洋副热带海温异常的影响,后者受北大西洋高纬海温异常的影响。前一阶段200 h Pa高层环流出现经向的大气遥相关,导致40–45°N东亚急流加强一方面有利于动量下传造成蒙古气旋活跃,另一方面有利于新疆和蒙古的沙尘输送到我国北方中部区域。后一阶段从北大西洋高纬到东亚呈现纬向波列,导致蒙古气旋南部西风气流加强,沙尘从新疆输送到我国北方。与后一阶段比较,前一阶段的两极冷空气更为活跃,沙尘发生动力条件更强,且春季蒙古和北方中部降水减少均有利于沙尘更强     

2009年石家庄地区大气气溶胶的飞机探测研究

利用2009年石家庄地区不同季节的3次机载粒子探测系统PMS(Particle Measurement System)的探测资料,结合地面天气形势、风场和探空资料对石家庄地区,晴空背景下大气气溶胶的统计特征、数浓度、平均粒径的垂直分布特征以及谱分布特征进行了分析。结果表明:晴天条件下气溶胶的数浓度随高度递减,粒径随高度变化不大;在数值上,4月16日气溶胶数浓度和粒径最大,其次是10月15日,最小的是6月10日,3次粒径变化幅度都不大;逆温层底层气溶胶明显积累,气溶胶浓度在1.5 km以下大气边界层内明显高于其他层次,逆温层的高度和厚度影响气溶胶的分布;3次不同季节晴天背景下石家庄地区气溶胶谱型基本一致呈单峰分布,小于0.3μm的细粒子对气溶胶的数浓度贡献最大。     

A strategy for merging objective estimates of global daily precipitation from gauge observations,satellite estimates,and numerical predictions

This paper describes a strategy for merging daily precipitation information from gauge observations, satellite estimates(SEs), and numerical predictions at the global scale. The strategy is designed to remove systemic bias and random error from each individual daily precipitation source to produce a better gridded global daily precipitation product through three steps.First, a cumulative distribution function matching procedure is performed to remove systemic bias over gauge-located land areas. Then, the overall biases in SEs and model predictions(MPs) over ocean areas are corrected using a rescaled strategy based on monthly precipitation. Third, an optimal interpolation(OI)–based merging scheme(referred as the HL-OI scheme)is used to combine unbiased gauge observations, SEs, and MPs to reduce random error from each source and to produce a gauge—satellite–model merged daily precipitation analysis, called BMEP-d(Beijing Climate Center Merged Estimation of Precipitation with daily resolution), with complete global coverage. The BMEP-d data from a four-year period(2011–14) demonstrate the ability of the merging strategy to provide global daily precipitation of substantially improved quality.Benefiting from the advantages of the HL-OI scheme for quantitative error estimates, the better source data can obtain more weights during the merging processes. The BMEP-d data exhibit higher consistency with satellite and gauge source data at middle and low latitudes, and with model source data at high latitudes. Overall, independent validations against GPCP-1DD(GPCP one-degree daily) show that the consistencies between BMEP-d and GPCP-1DD are higher than those of each source dataset in terms of spatial pattern, temporal variability, probability distribution, and statistical precipitation events.