流域水资源初始产权界定初探一以黑河流域中游为例

随着水资源短缺程度的加剧,可交易水权制度逐渐成为当今世界水资源管理制度发展的新方向.水资源初始产权是水资源管理的基础和前提.在干旱区内陆河流域,产权初始配置要在生态环境可持续的前提下,坚持公平、效益相结合的分配目标和配置原则.通过建立初始水权配置指标体系,对黑河流域进行实地问卷调查,在此基础上对用户调查结果进行专家判断修正,应用层次分析法研究了各分配指标的权重分布.以黑河流域张掖地区为例的界定结果表明,除上游的肃南县和山丹县外,其余各县市的实际用水量都超过了各自界定的初始水权,这种差别为水资源产权交易管理提供了现实依据,为开展流域上游的生态保护补偿提供了理论基础.     

Forecast and optimal allocation of production,living and ecology water consumption in Zhangye,China

The water crisis is one of three crises that are persecuting the world. China is among the countries that face severe water shortages. Water scarcity and water pollution have seriously affected China's sustainable development in terms of the economy and society. Water resources per capita of China is only one quarter of the world's average. In addition, about 70 percent of China's rivers, lakes, and reservoirs are affected by pollution. Due to limited water resources, a crucial issue for the sustainable development of the watershed is how to resolve the human/nature competition for water and how to achieve the coordinated development of the economy, society and ecology. On the basis of defining water consumption for production, living and ecology (WPLE), this paper proposes a framework for forecasting and optimally allocating WPLE. Using Zhangye, in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin as the case study area, we forecasted and optimally allocated WPLE under three development scenarios, i.e. the conventional development scenario (CDS), the economy-priority development scenario (EPDS) and the environmentally sustainable development scenario (ESDS). In 2010, the proportions of WPLE in Zhangye were 87.73%, 2.74% and 9.53%, respectively. In 2020, the proportions of WPLE will be 74.80%, 4.50% and 20.70% under the CDS, 76.16%, 5.27% and 18.57% under the EPDS, and 74.99%, 4.51% and 20.50% under the ESDS. In the future, the proportion of production water consumption of Zhangye will drastically decrease, while the proportion of ecological water consumption will significantly increase. The main contradiction of the co-evolution of WPLE of Zhangye is the competitiveness of production and living water consumption with ecological water consumption.     

Korea has no water scarcity!

Water scarcity has been an important issue for many countries. The water scarcity is still growing in some region but may be exacerbated by recent climate change. Both international and domestic reports classified Korea into water scarcity country on the basis of Falkenmark indicator. Korea, however, missed the concept of green water in calculating their annual renewable water resources per capita and erroneously defined them as water scarcity country. A new calculation shows that Korea has no water scarcity with 1712 m³ of annual renewable water resource per capita. Wrong information in Korea was badly used for political propagation and private purpose. This may be happening to other countries. Water resources experts need to include the concept of green water in reanalyzing the annual renewable water resources to provide decision-makers with acceptable guideline. Decision should be made with more reliable ground.     

The impact of land use change on water balance in Zhangye city,China

Land use change has a significant effect on water balance, especially in arid region, such as Northwest China. In this paper, we analyze the effect of land use change on water balance in terms of the amount of water supply and demand from economic perspective. It's the first time to extend the basic 48 sectors input-output table to include water and land accounts that involved into multiple production processes for Zhangye city. We then perform the improved ORANI-G model, a single region Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, to analyze the effect of land use change on water balance under three scenarios. Subsequently, scenario-based simulation results are interpreted through selected sectors from agricultural, industrial, and service sectors respectively. Finally, the effect of land use change on water balance is analyzed through the difference between business-as-usual and land use unchanged scenarios. The results show that the extent of effect on water balance is different among sectors. Specifically, from the perspective of absolute value, service sectors are the largest, followed by industrial sectors, and the agricultural sectors are the least. Conversely, in terms of percentage change of land use, the largest extent of effect occurs in agricultural sectors. Additionally, with the rapid urbanization and the development of social economy, water balance in industrial sectors and service sectors will be stricken and reconstructed to a new high level. Simulation results also show that agricultural land shrinking will mitigate water scarcity distinctly, which indicates that balance the relationship among different stakeholders is imperative to guarantee water transformation from agricultural sectors to industrial and service sectors.     

The Effect of Groundwater Allocation on Economic Welfare Loss

Water scarcity has become a constraint for regional economic development in many cities and regions. Water rationing serves as one instrument to constrain water consumption to persuade users to save water and to moderate their consumption. When the supply of water is unable to satisfy demand, a loss of welfare for the water users will usually occur. This paper conducts an empirical case study on a Chicago suburban county, McHenry County, to evaluate effective water allocation strategies under possible water scarcity scenarios, by specifically taking into consideration of the economic welfare loss under water rationing. It points out the inefficiency of equal rationing and tests a more effective optimal rationing regime which could significantly lower the overall welfare loss for McHenry County. Instead of a conventional watershed‐based approach that would provide little advantage for an area that mostly relies on groundwater, this study adopts regional planning/political boundaries as its spatial analytical units. The outcomes suggest that municipality‐level water resources management models, powered under economic welfare objective functions, are both possible and practical. The planning strategy drawn under such optimization models suggests a variety of promising approaches to manage groundwater resources at county scales.     

Assessing reference conditions and physico-chemical status according to the European Water Framework Directive: a case-study from the Basque Country (Northern Spain)

The European Water Framework Directive requires the development of new and accurate methodologies, addressing the assessment of the physico-chemical status of transitional and coastal waters; these are considered by the Directive as the supporting elements for the final evaluation of the Ecological Quality Status.

This contribution develops new approaches in the determination of the physico-chemical status, solving some problems detected in previous contributions, i.e.: (a) fitting the classification of water bodies and typologies, by means of the stretching of the typologies, according to the natural salinity gradient of types; (b) defining reference conditions, based upon the new approach to typologies, (c) proposing accurate multivariate methodologies, in determining the physico-chemical status of the transitional and coastal waters, based upon the defined typologies and references; and (d) discussion of the results obtained by reference to methodological aspects and water quality evolution in the Basque Country, Spain (as a case-study), during the last decade.     

Demand modulation of water scarcity sensitivities to secular climatic variation: theoretical insights from a computational maquette

ABSTRACT

Increased demand associated with population or economic growth, and decreased supply under some climatic shifts, obviously contribute to water scarcity. As a fresh perspective, we offer a generic theoretical treatment using a computational “maquette”, employing parameterizations to avoid assumptions about the origin and scale of climate and demand changes. The results suggest a distinct (and more subtle) point: the sensitivities of water stress to changes in both the mean and the variance of hydroclimate are modulated by demand level. Theoretical behaviours generated by the reduced-complexity model are surprisingly intricate, including profound nonlinearities and bifurcations. These may form a lower bound on the dynamical complexity of the demand–supply–scarcity nexus. Overall, the outcomes suggest that demand growth substantially intensifies and nonlinearizes water stress sensitivities to secular climate variation, and, in particular, that the interactions between demand changes and second-order hydroclimatic non-stationarity may produce non-intuitive water scarcity impacts requiring much closer study.

EDITOR A. Castellarin; ASSOCIATE EDITOR N. Ilich     

对143年甘谷西7级地震史料的新见解

根据地震历史资料的考证分析,143年甘谷西地震可能由2次地震组成,其中陇西、汉阳(今甘谷)、武都三郡地震有感区为一次地震,称为南区;张掖、武威、北地(今吴忠)三郡地震有感区为另一次主震,称为北区。南区地震震中大致位于甘谷西,与原定震中位置大体相当,仍称为甘谷西地震,震级达714级左右,震中烈度约Ⅸ~Ⅹ度,发震构造为西秦岭北缘断裂带中段;北区的143年地震震中位于武威以东的腾格里沙漠边缘,震级达712级左右,震中烈度约Ⅹ度,推测其发震构造为祁连山-河西走廊活动断裂系东端的主干活动断裂之一。     

广西桂平西山井水位同震特征和机理初探

收集了2008~2016年广西桂平西山井水位观测数据及全球5级以上地震资料,分析井孔记录水震波的能力、水震波形态特征及影响因素,初步探讨了西山井同震的机理,获得以下认识:桂平西山井对全球M_S≥7地震具有较好的同震响应能力,水震波的形态主要为振荡型,少数呈现阶升型。井-含水层观测系统、地震震级、井震距是影响井孔记录水震波能力的主要因素。含水层介质受瑞利面波作用会发生体积变化,导致水位振荡,是形成振荡型水震波的可能机理。阶变型水震波的形成与区域应力场增强、介质变化及构造活动等因素有关。西山井水位阶升与周边中强地震活动存在较好对应关系,该认识可为地震预测研究提供参考。     

Environmental and spatial patterns as drivers of littoral macroinvertebrate assemblages in patchily distributed mountain lakes: Contribution to typology design

Biological assemblages are affected by both environmental and spatial processes. Spatial autocorrelation can be specially marked in discrete ecosystems patchily distributed over a large region (e.g., lakes arranged in districts). Lake typologies are exclusively based on environmental features, but we hardly know to what extent spatial patterns can hinder their implementation. We analysed the role of environmental factors and spatial autocorrelation in shaping littoral macroinvertebrate communities of 51 mountain lakes from a large Spanish region in order to test: 1) the suitability of the variables currently used to construct typologies; 2) the influence of spatial patterns on typology implementation. Biologically meaningful types of lakes were created and described by means of cluster analysis (Jaccard index) and multiple discriminant analysis. Water permanence, substrate type and vegetation were the main drivers of the assemblage composition. The cluster analysis and Mantel tests showed that spatial patterns did not generally hamper recognizing lake types. Only in the district with lakes closest to each other (Sanabria Natural Park), spatial autocorrelation was strong enough to overcome the effects of some factors (substrate type), but not others (water permanence).     

Global water resources modeling with an integrated model of the social-economic-environmental system

Awareness of increasing water scarcity has driven efforts to model global water resources for improved insight into water resources infrastructure and management strategies. Most water resources models focus explicitly on water systems and represent socio-economic and environmental change as external drivers. In contrast, the system dynamics-based integrated assessment model employed here, ANEMI, incorporates dynamic representations of these systems, so that their broader changes affect and are affected by water resources systems through feedbacks. Sectors in ANEMI therefore include the global climate system, carbon cycle, economy, population, land use and agriculture, and novel versions of the hydrological cycle, global water use and water quality. Since the model focus is on their interconnections through explicit nonlinear feedbacks, simulations with ANEMI provide insight into the nature and structure of connections between water resources and socio-economic and environmental change. Of particular interest to water resources researchers and modelers will be the simulated effects of a new water stress definition that incorporates both water quality and water quantity effects into the measurement of water scarcity. Five simulation runs demonstrate the value of wastewater treatment and reuse programs and the feedback-effects of irrigated agriculture and greater consumption of animal products.     

豫01井水位动态趋势下降因素探讨

探讨了河南范县豫０１井水位自１９９６年９月份以来持续下降的原因,对有可能影响该井水位动态的诸多因素逐一进行了对比分析和研究,认为范县豫０１井自１９９６年９月至今的水位下降与中原油田抽水、注水、采油无关;而当地降雨降荷载效应外没有短期渗流反映;山西长治一带降雨量变化与豫０１井的水位变化基本无关;山东梁册县９７井水位动态与豫０１井水位动太县有较好的一致性,表明山东梁山是豫０１井地下水的补级源,指出该井１９９６年９月至今的水位趋势下降主要是１９９７年干旱、降雨量减少,地下水不能充分地补给所致,亦可能与近年来范地区地壳应力活动增强有关。     

Water Scarcity: Moving Beyond Indexes to Innovative Institutions

Water scarcity is a media darling often times described as a trigger of conflict in arid regions, a by‐product of human influences ranging from desertification to climate change, or a combination of natural‐ and human‐induced changes in the water cycle. A multitude of indexes have been developed over the past 20 years to define water scarcity to map the “problem” and guide international donor investment. Few indexes include groundwater within the metrics of “scarcity.” Institutional communication contributes to the recognition of local or regional water scarcity. However, evaluations that neglect groundwater resources may incorrectly define conditions as scarce. In cases where there is a perception of scarcity, the incorporation of groundwater and related storage in aquifers, political willpower, new policy tools, and niche diplomacy often results in a revised status, either reducing or even eliminating the moniker locally. Imaginative conceptualization and innovative uses of aquifers are increasingly used to overcome water scarcity.     

Water and Wastewater Treatment in Africa – Current Practices and Challenges

Sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation is an important part of the millennium development goals (MDGs). For most African countries, an extensive effort is needed for the last three remaining years for the achievement of the MDGs, especially in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Current practices for water and wastewater treatment in Africa are insufficient to ensure safe water and basic sanitation. To address this challenge, joint efforts are needed, including transforming to green economy, innovating technologies, improving operation and maintenance, harvesting energy, improving governance and management, promoting public participation, and establishing water quality standards.     

How water exchange and seasonality affect the eutrophication of Murchison Bay,Lake Victoria

Murchison Bay in the Northern part of Lake Victoria has for decades received a daily wastewater load of 0.2% of its volume from Kampala City, through the Nakivubo channel. In spite of this, the Water Treatment Works abstracts raw water from this bay and has been able to produce drinking water of sufficient quality for the capital. This study monitored various physical−chemical components within the bay during 2000−2003 to understand the processes responsible for the acceptable quality of raw water. Four sampling stations were located along a transect from the channel mouth towards the open lake.Resultsshowed that the wastewater did not accumulate in the bay, instead was already strongly diluted 2.5 km from the channel mouth. This caused an abrupt reduction in conductivity and the concentrations of the nutrients total phosphorus (Tot-P), orthophosphate (PO₄-P) and total nitrogen (Tot-N).Inshore−offshore exchange of water was mediated by flows from daily and sub-daily water level fluctuations and wind-driven currents. As a daily average, 2% of the Murchison Bay flowed in and out and the incoming wastewater was diluted 9.7 times.During the dry season from June to August (D2), when the weather was influenced by the south-east monsoon, the thermal stratification in the main lake disappeared and cooler and deoxygenated water from deeper depths entered the bay influencing its water quality.The daily flushing of water in and out of the bay due to water level variation was identified as the main factor diluting the bay water.     

河北辛集井水温梯度及固体潮特征

对河北辛集井进行了50~200m深度内的井水温梯度测试,结果表明测试深度内存在3处负梯度段(50~60m处、90~110m处、130~140m处)。在50~60m深度处的水温负梯度位置,发现了清晰的水温固体潮,其相位与水位固体潮相反。根据该井的综合钻井资料、水文地质条件分析认为水温负梯度可能与井管外低温含水层热交换有关,并讨论了负梯度处的水温固体潮特征。     

大田市水系统的保护和恢复规划

With the reform and opening to the outer world, Datian has become a new industrial county from an agricultural one. With the development of industry, most of the waste water from the factories, families, farms is poured into the river without being disposed. The water in the county is being polluted. Mining in large scale and the cutting down of forests has caused soil erosion and destruction of the water system. In order to harmonize the economic development and the environment, this essay will make comments on the destruction of the water system in the county of Datian caused by the pollution and soil erosion, and put forth some protection measures and recovering plans.     

Measuring ecological change of aquatic macrophytes in Mediterranean rivers

A metric was developed for assessing anthropogenic impacts on aquatic macrophyte ecology by scoring macrophyte species along the main gradient of community change. A measure of ecological quality was then calculated by Weighted Averaging (WA) of these species scores at a monitoring site, and comparison to a reference condition score. This metric was used to illustrate the difficulties of developing aquatic macrophyte indices based on indicator species in Mediterranean rivers. The response of the metric to a nutrient gradient was examined within two different river typologies: the national typology designed for the Water Framework Directive and a typology that segregates the environmental variables to produce maximum species similarity within a river type. Both typologies showed the strong north-south climatic divide in Portugal, with southern rivers having long periods without rainfall and often without flowing water in the summer. Overall, the metric responded well to nutrient impacts however it performed poorly in some southern lowland river types. This was thought to be due to low numbers of aquatic macrophytes in temporary rivers. Non-aquatic species that establish in the river channel of temporary rivers may have to be included in indices to improve performance. Also, simple Weighted Averaging (WA) metrics may be insensitive to abundance changes and loss of rarer indicators in lowland Mediterranean rivers. More sophisticated methods of using WA are suggested, as well as further research into developing assessment methods specific to the character of Mediterranean rivers.     

基于公平性评估的滨湖城市水环境容量配置研究——以无锡市区COD配置为例

随着发达地区经济社会的快速发展,水污染物排放量急剧增加,甚至超出区域水环境容量,致使水环境不断恶化,并成为制约区域经济社会发展的重要因素.本文综合考虑水环境容量供给能力和需求状况两方面要素,以流域为基本评价单元,采用综合分区技术和矩阵向量模型,构建水环境容量总量指标分配方法,并以无锡市区为例提出水环境容量的多情景配置方案.在此基础上,引入基尼系数方法测度不同方案的公平性,据此进行情景方案的优选.总体上,中心城区及东北部地区配置较大的环境容量,位于太湖上游的西部和西北部地区以及望虞河沿线地区环境容量供给能力较低,配置较少的环境容量.研究结果可为协调区域产业发展与水环境关系、制定差别化的产业准入政策提供科学依据.     

Is irrigation water price an effective leverage for water management? An empirical study in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin

Serious water scarcity, low water-use efficiency, and over-exploitation of underground water have hindered socio-economic development and led to environmental degradation in the Heihe River basin, northwestern China. Price leveraging is an important tool in water demand management, and it is considered to be effective in promoting water conservation and improving water use efficiency on the premise that water demand is elastic. In the present study, we examine whether price is an effective and applicable instrument for restraining the increasing demand for agricultural irrigation water in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin and how will it affect farmers’ decisions on irrigation and crop structure. Specifically, the price elasticity of agricultural water demand was estimated based on the irrigation water demand function. The results show that the agricultural irrigation water price is statistically significant, but its elasticity is very low under current low water price. Price leverage cannot play a significant role in the context of the current pricing regime and farmers’ response to price increase is intrinsically weak. To create incentives for conserving water and improving irrigation efficiency, price mechanism should be accompanied with clearly defined and legally enforceable water rights, restricted water quota measures, and reform of water authorities and water-user associations. Furthermore, increases of surface irrigation water price may lead to the over-withdrawal of groundwater, consequently, effective groundwater licensing and levying must take place to limit the total volume of groundwater withdrawal. In all, improving irrigation efficiency through better management and the adoption of water-saving technologies is the ultimate way to deal with the challenges facing irrigated agriculture in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin.