海上大气边界层数值预报技术发展概论

海上大气边界层对社会经济和军事活动有着重要的影响,目前我国还没有建立业务化运行的海上大气边界层数值预报系统,对相关预报技术的研究具有十分重要的意义。本文详细分析了大气边界层数值模式的发展情况和边界层主要物理过程的国内外研究现状,为发展适用于我国的海上大气边界层数值预报系统和相关的物理过程研究提供科学依据。     

海面风场的数值预报业务模式

海面风场的业务数值预报，经过六年的运行和不断改进，目前已建立了包括资料处理、客观分析、大气模式和边界展模式在内的数值预报业务化系统，它能提供１５°～４５°Ｎ、１ｈ５°～１４１°Ｅ海域内１°×１°经纬网格点上的７２小时的预报风场，该风场除为日常业务预报提供参考外，还为海浪和海冰业务模式提供强迫场。本文主要介绍大气模式和边界层模式的概况以及系统的运行结果。     

渤海,黄海强温跃层数值预报模式

文中对前人关于水温垂直结构计算，模拟和预报研究成果进行了评价，并在此基础上建立了考虑海面吸收辐射和透射辐射，地形，风，海流，界面摩擦及其引起的混合使用的强温跃层三维数值预报模式。该模式运行的驱动量仅为风和气温场资料，因而具有较好的实用性；此外，从试报的结果看，效果是令人满意的。     

YW-SWP海浪数值预报模式及其应用

ＹＷ－ＳＷＰ海浪数值预报模式考虑了地形引起的折射效应和波波间非线性能量转移，采用了新的风输入源函数和文氏理论风浪谱，使模式不仅适合深浅水，且有更适合我国海区的特色；另外，计算中对风场采取了一种加权平均的处理技术。应用于渤海个例检验及对温索子站的后报结果表明，本模式有相当好的可靠和准确性，折射效应在２０ｍ以上水深影响不明显，但在大约１０ｍ水深的浅水区影响达３０ｃｍ。     

渤海湾水位、流场的一个数值预报模式

本文利用普林斯顿海洋模式(POM),建立了渤、黄海风增水预报模式和渤海湾水位海流预报模式;利用正交曲线网格提高重点区域的分辨率;采用美国海洋大气局(NOAA)全球预报风场和气压场作为模式表面强迫场,将计算域边界上的天文潮预报值与风增水模式预报的余水位相叠加构建模式的边界条件,在正压条件下,模拟了渤海湾2002年的水位流场过程。结果表明,模式能够较好地再现计算域内天文潮和综合水位的预报,域内10个潮位站模式与实测分析的m1和M2分潮的振幅与迟角差均不超过5.1cm和6.3°,15个潮流站模式与实测分析的m1和M2分潮流的振幅与迟角差均不超过7.5cm/s和15.8°,模式预报的水位值与塘沽站实测值非常接近,预报精度较单纯的天文潮预报有明显提高。     

大气-海浪耦合模式对台风“碧利斯”的数值模拟

本文将海表粗糙度作为耦合大气、海浪模式的重要因子,实现中尺度大气模式MM5(V3)和第三代海浪模式WAVEWATCHⅢ的双向耦合,建立充分考虑大气、海浪相互作用的大气.海浪耦合模式.将该大气-海浪耦合模式应用于对0604次台风"碧利斯"的数值模拟,在耦合模式中引入Smith92海表粗糙度参数化方案,探讨其对台风和台风浪的影响.研究结果表明,大气-海浪耦合模式能够抓住台风过程的总体特征.Smith92海表粗糙度参数化方案对台风路径影响不大.但在台风系统强度的模拟上影响明显,采用Smith92方案使得台风系统强度显著增强,对台风系统强度的模拟有明显改善.同样,大气-海浪耦合模式能够很好的模拟台风过程中海浪的传播和演变.采用Smith92方案使得海面有效波高明显增高,对海面有效波高的模拟有一定程度改善.因此,在大气-海浪耦合模式中恰当的选择海表粗糙度参数化对改进大气-海浪耦合模式的模拟效果是很有意义的.     

黄、渤海水温垂直结构数值预报方法的研究 Ⅱ.二维数值预报模式

文中根据黄、渤海区水温资料建立了无维深度η和无线温度θ_T以及相应的水温垂直剖面的相似函数θ_T=f(η).在此基础上,设:上均匀层厚度h=h(x,y,t)、表层水温T_s=T_s(x,y,t)、上均匀层以下的温度T_z=T_s(x,y,z,t)、底层温度T_H=T_H(x,y,t)、流速分量u=u(x,y,t)、v=v(x,y,t)和海面起伏ζ=ζ(x,y,t),提出了水温垂直结构的二维数值预报模式,模式的求解是用“ADI”和“HN”法进行.文中引列了预报时效为4天的试报结果,效果是令人满意的.     

大气-海浪耦合模式及其在理想台风模拟中的应用研究

采用传统的理论模型或者经验公式构建台风动力场驱动海浪模式,无法反映台风影响下海气动力过程,难以为海浪模式提供高精度的台风风场、气压场数据。为解决这一问题,基于中尺度大气模式WRF和第三代海浪模式SWAN,构建大气-海浪实时双向耦合模式,并将其应用于理想台风的模拟之中。建立的WRF-SWAN耦合模式能够成功模拟理想台风影响下的台风浪分布特征,揭示了台风风场和台风浪在空间上的“右偏性”不对称分布特征,该模型可推广用于实际台风浪的模拟分析。     

海冰模式和数值预报

根据渤海冰情,在海冰动力学和热力学研究基础上,提出一种海冰动力一热力模式。该模式包括平整冰、堆积冰和开阔水三要素,采用粘一塑性本构关系计算冰内应力。利用参数化方法处理变形函数和热力增长率。该冰模式与潮流模式耦合研究渤海冰－潮相互作用,并与ＥＣＯＭ－Ｓｉ海洋模式耦合进行预报试验。该冰模式与大气模式联接,或应用气象部门数值天气预报产品进行海冰业务数值预报。本文还给出了预报结果。     

金属大气腐蚀实验方法进展与研究动态

金属材料及其制品与所处的自然环境间因环境因素的作用而引起材料变质或破坏称为金属材料的大气腐蚀。金属材料的大气腐蚀机制主要是材料受大气中所含的水分、氧气和腐蚀性介质的联合作用而引起的破坏。按腐蚀反应可分为化学腐蚀和电化学腐蚀两种，在干燥无水分的大气环境中发生的腐蚀属化学腐蚀，其它情况下均属于电化学腐蚀，但它又别于全浸在电解液中的电化学腐蚀，它是在电解液薄膜下的电化学腐蚀，水膜的厚度及干湿交变频率、氧的扩散速度等因素，都影响着大气腐蚀的过程与速度。     

A review of EU bio-economic models for fisheries: The value of a diversity of models

The lessons learned from a review of thirteen existing European bio-economic models used in the evaluation of EU policies are presented. How these models compare and differ in terms of their biological and economic components, the integration between the components, which indicators are selected and how they are used, are described and analysed. The article concludes that the multitude of construction differences reflects the necessity of adapting the modelling approach to answer different questions. Since real life questions in fisheries are so diverse, answering them requires a diversity of models.     

Numerical models for VLF seismic-acoustic propagation prediction: areview

The author surveys numerical modeling techniques in underwater acoustics that are suited for predicting seismic-acoustic wave propagation at very low frequencies (VLF). Differential theoretical approaches, developed within ocean acoustics, marine crustal, and exploration seismology are outlined, including examples of integral transform, mode, ray, discrete coordinate, and hybrid techniques. A topically organized bibliography is presented     

Numerical models for evolution of extreme wave groups

The paper considers the application of two numerical models to simulate the evolution of steep breaking waves. The first one is a Lagrangian wave model based on equations of motion of an inviscid fluid in Lagrangian coordinates. A method for treating spilling breaking is introduced and includes dissipative suppression of the breaker and correction of crest shape to improve the post breaking behaviour. The model is used to create a Lagrangian numerical wave tank, to reproduce experimental results of wave group evolution. The same set of experiments is modelled using a novel VoF numerical wave tank created using OpenFOAM. Lagrangian numerical results are validated against experiments and VoF computations and good agreement is demonstrated. Differences are observed only for a small region around the breaking crest.     

An ERA40-based atmospheric forcing for global ocean circulation models

We develop, calibrate and test a dataset intended to drive global ocean hindcasts simulations of the last five decades. This dataset provides surface meteorological variables needed to estimate air-sea fluxes and is built from 6-hourly surface atmospheric state variables of ERA40. We first compare the raw fields of ERA40 to the CORE.v1 dataset of Large and Yeager (2004), used here as a reference, and discuss our choice to use daily radiative fluxes and monthly precipitation products extracted from satellite data rather than their ERA40 counterparts. Both datasets lead to excessively high global imbalances of heat and freshwater fluxes when tested with a prescribed climatological sea surface temperature. After identifying unrealistic time discontinuities (induced by changes in the nature of assimilated observations) and obvious global and regional biases in ERA40 fields (by comparison to high quality observations), we propose a set of corrections. Tropical surface air humidity is decreased from 1979 onward, representation of Arctic surface air temperature is improved using recent observations and the wind is globally increased. These corrections lead to a significant decrease of the excessive positive global imbalance of heat. Radiation and precipitation fields are then submitted to a small adjustment (in zonal mean) that yields a near-zero global imbalance of heat and freshwater. A set of 47-year-long simulations is carried out with the coarse-resolution (2° × 2°) version of the NEMO OGCM to assess the sensitivity of the model to the proposed corrections. Model results show that each of the proposed correction contributes to improve the representation of central features of the global ocean circulation.     

Dynamic parameters in models of atmospheric vortex structures

Vortex simulation and the computation of fields of dynamic parameters of vortex structures (velocity, rotor velocity, and helicity) are carried out with the use of exact hydrodynamic equations in a cylindrical coordinate system. Components of centripetal and Coriolis accelerations are taken into account in the initial equations. Internal and external solutions are defined. Internal solutions ignore the disturbances of the pressure field, but they are considered in external solutions. The simulation is carried out so that the effect of accounting for spatial coordinates on the structure of the above fields is pronounced. It is shown that the initial kinetic energy of rotating motion transforms into the kinetic energy of radial and vertical velocity components in models with centripetal acceleration. In models with Coriolis acceleration, the Rossby effect is clearly pronounced. The method of an “inverse problem” is used for finding external solutions, i.e., reconstruction of the pressure field at specified velocity components. Computations have shown that tangential components mainly contribute to the velocity and helicity vortex moduli at the initial stage.