末次盛冰期长江南京段河槽特征及古流量(英文)

The stratigraphical cross-sections of the Yangtze River incised-valley near the No.1,No.3 and No.4 Nanjing Yangtze River bridges were established with respective bore date and documents.By 14C age analysis of the samples of four drilling cores near the No.4 Bridge(to be built),we can find that the time range of paleo-valley is dated in the LGM at a depth of-60 m to-90 m near Nanjing.It is also indicated that the deep incised-valley channel was narrow and the river flowed swiftly.The ancient Yangtze River deep channel presented partially and deeply incised features near the No.1 Bridge.According to previous publications,much research has been done on the main paleo-channel of the Yangtze River,but few results have been achieved on discharge estimation.In this paper,the incipient velocity and average velocity of the LGM was calculated with Vc = 4.60 d 1/3 h1/6,95 Vc 1.28lg 13.15.h.gd,d = 6 * 90 V 6.5u h≈ d,etc.,in terms of the river shape,sedimentary grain size and sequences near the No.3 and No.1 bridges.Moreover,the discharge in Nanjing reach of the Yangtze River during the LGM has been estimated to be around 12,000-16,000 m3/s according to the relationship of discharge,velocity of flow and cross-section.     

末次盛冰期长江南京段河槽特征及古流量

根据南京长江大桥、三桥、四桥的地质钻孔资料,绘制南京段长江古河槽地质剖面示意图.对拟建南京长江四桥附近的四个钻孔进行了采样分析,从钻孔沉积物样品的14C年代及阶地形成时间,可以判断,南京段约-60m～-90m的深槽为末次盛冰期时的长江河槽.钻孔揭示,南京段长江古河槽狭窄陡峭,呈V型,在南京长江大桥附近形成局部深切.根据长江三桥、长江大桥附近古深槽断面形态及底部沉积物颗粒级配,选用沙莫夫公式、河海大学公式等,计算了末次盛冰期时河槽底部的泥沙起动流速及断面平均流速.根据流量-流速-过水断面之间的关系式,计算得出末次盛冰期时长江的流量约为12000～16000m3/s.     

长江江苏段末次盛冰期古河槽特征

选择长江江苏段作为研究河段,根据南京长江三桥、长江大桥、长江四桥、润扬长江大桥、扬中长江大桥、江阴长江大桥、苏通长江大桥7个断面的285个地质勘探钻孔资料及参考文献中的8个钻孔资料,建立了7个长江古河谷地质剖面图。在拟建南京长江四桥附近、扬中长江大桥附近的7个钻孔进行了采样分析,获得了8个14C年代、1个ESR年代数据。通过分析发现,末次盛冰期长江古河槽镇江以上切割到基岩,镇江以下嵌在老河床相沉积层上,河槽在南京下关-栖霞山段形成局部深切;南京段约-63 m以下的河槽为末次盛冰期的古河槽,相对狭窄陡峭,宽深比较小,向下游宽深比逐渐变大,扬中以下形成分叉河道体系;古河槽中自下而上充填了从粗到细的沉积旋回,河床相沉积物向下游逐渐变细。     

长江中游田家镇深槽的特征及其泄洪影响

长江中游田家镇附近江面最狭处仅650 m, 江底最深处低于黄海基准面以下-90 m, 是长江干流河床突出的最低所在, 距离长江口900 km。通过实地地质地貌调查揭示田家镇深槽形成及其对洪水的渲泄有何影响。 根据地质、水文、地形和直接考察资料, 卡口深槽段长8 km, 系长江自NW-SE斜切过一排强烈褶曲的三叠系厚层石灰岩山地而成, 3个临江石灰岩小山所成矶头导致江流方向变化与流速加速, 以至形成多处涡流, 向江底侵蚀, 而褶皱的石灰岩抗拒侵蚀、溶蚀能力很低, 因而导致远低于海平面深槽的形成, 估计卡口深槽是从中更新世红色风化壳发育的和缓起伏的地面上叠置下来, 已有以10万年年计的长远历史。近数十年多次实测资料比较, 侵蚀淤积有小量变化, 但河床基本稳定。对正常的中、枯水位江流运行没有影响, 但对超过50 000~60 000 m³/s洪水的排泄则有明显的壅阻作用。     

长江下游地区过江通道发展利用与“时空压缩”的演变特征

长期以来过江通道供需矛盾突出,高效利用现有通道并合理规划建设新通道设施、吸引两岸要素无障碍流动成为长江下游地区率先实现跨江发展、推进次区域合作的基本物质保障。基于此分析2000年以来长江下游地区公路过江通道建设对南北岸间交通的“时空压缩”效应,尝试探讨高等级公路网体系中过江通道通行利用空间特征。研究时段内过江通道建设实现由点到面扩张,从单一到多样化的跨江条件改善压缩区位差异对发展造成的不公平,跨江时间成本逐渐转变为自岸向两侧的由高到低梯度推移。沿岸地区就近选择过江通道,中远岸市县由高等级公路网引至特定通道方向,完整的过江通道是包含跨江桥隧和后方高等级连接公路的交通走廊。各通道因其在路网体系中的定位不同,通行利用存在差异,区域空间和基础设施建设的有限性要求建立“干线公路-跨江桥隧”多对多选择,提升既有通道通行能力并将连接道路建设向新通道方向倾斜,以分流通行压力并缩小区域内跨江成本差距。     

Morphological characteristics of the paleochannel of the Yihe River in the Last Glacial Maximum,Shandong Province,China

The paleochannel of the Wenhekou–Liudaokou reach of the Yihe River was investigated using electrical soundings along the Zhuyong and Chuanliujie cross sections and drilling at the Chuanliujie cross section. Drilling data from the Liuhang Rubber dam and the Jiefang, Taoran, Yihe, and Luocheng road bridges were also used. Seven stratigraphic cross sections of the Yihe River paleochannel were confirmed based on electrical sounding and drilling, and samples were collected for ¹⁴C and optically stimulated luminescence dating near Zhuyang village, Chuanliujie village, Liuhang Rubber dam, south bank of the Benghe River bridge, and the riverbed near the Yihe Road bridge. The dating results suggest that the channels below 76.0, 70.0, 69.5, 55.1, 52.4, 56.5, and 56.4 m near Zhuyang village, Chuanliujie village, Liuhang Rubber dam, Jiefang Road bridge, Taoran Road bridge, Yihe Road bridge, and Luocheng Road bridge are paleochannels of the Yihe River during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Lithology of the riverbed is complex and characterized by fracture zones. This reach of the river was braided with high width–depth ratios and the deep, incised valley at the Jiefang and Taoran road bridges was formed by a regional deep cut during the LGM.     

长江口南支上段压咸临界流量分析

Saltwater intrusion in the estuary area threatens the use of freshwater resources.If river discharge increases to a critical value,then saltwater intrusion frequency and salinity level decreases.In this study,long-term river discharge and tidal range data in the Yangtze River Estuary(YRE)and salinity data obtained in the upper South Branch of the YRE were used to analyze the characteristics of different variables and the basic law of their interactions.Two methods,namely,the material analysis method and empirical models,were applied to determine the critical river discharge for saltwater intrusion control.Results are as follows:(1)the salinity might exceed the drinking water standard of China when the river discharge was less than 30,000 m^3/s.Approximately 69%of salinity excessive days occurred when the river discharge was less than 15,000 m^3/s;(2)the tidal range in the YRE roughly varied in sinusoidal pattern with a 15-day cycle length.Exponential relationship existed between daily salinity(chlorinity)and daily mean tidal range.Combining these two features with the cumulative frequency statistics of tidal ranges,it was showed that notable saltwater intrusion occurred when the tidal range was more than 2.7 m at Qinglonggang station.Moreover,the critical discharge was found to be slightly higher than 11,000 m^3/s;(3)various of empirical models for salinity prediction could be chosen to calculate the critical discharge.The values obtained by different models were in the range of 11,000–12,000 m^3/s;(4)the proposed critical discharge to reduce notable saltwater intrusion was 11,500 m^3/s.After the Three Gorges Reservoir operation,the minimum river discharge into the YRE in 2008–2017 was below the critical discharge,thereby suggesting an increase in the minimum river discharge by reservoir regulation in drought periods.     

基于历史地图与遥感影像的近百年来长江荆江段河道演变

基于实测的军事地形图和Landsat遥感影像,重建了20世纪30年代至2015年的近百年长江荆江段河道演变空间数据集,并以此为基础使用计盒维数法在ArcGIS 10.2平台上测算得出河道分形维数近百年来的变化过程。研究表明：荆江河道具有明显的分形特征,河道分维数值在1.074 7~1.049 1之间变动,平均值为1.061 3。近百年来荆江河道演变可以划分为2个阶段：20世纪30~50年代和1976~2015年,其分维均值分别为1.074 3和1.052 6。近百年来荆江河道处于逐渐趋于稳定的过程中。各时间断面下荆江的分维值都高于上荆江,下荆江的河流复杂程度大于上荆江,且荆江河道分维的变化主要取决于下荆江。近百年来荆江河道分维下降的原因主要是1949年后荆江河道大规模治理和人工截弯取直。     

Geometric properties of river cross sections and associated hydrodynamic implications in Wuhan–Jiujiang river reach, the Yangtze River

Based on measured hydrological data by using ship-mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) instrument, we analyzed shapes of river cross sections of the middle Yangtze River basin (mainly focusing on Makou and Tianjiazhen river reach). Hydrodynamic properties of river channels were also discussed. The research results indicate that nonlinear relationships can be identified between river-width/river-depth ratio (W/D ratio), sizes of cross section and mean flow velocity. Positive relations are detected between W/D ratio and mean flow velocity when W/D<1; and negative relations are observed when W/D>1. Adverse relationships can be obtained between W/D ratio and cross-section area. Geomorphologic and geologic survey indicates different components of river banks in the wider and narrower river reaches respectively. These may be the main driving factors causing unique hydrological properties of river channels in the middle Yangtze River basin. Narrower river cross sections tend to raise water level in the upstream river reach near narrower river channel, giving rise to backwater effects. River knots can cause serious backwater effects, which is harmful for flood mitigation. However river knots will also stabilize river channel and this will be beneficial for river channel management. The results of this paper may be helpful for flood mitigation and river channel management in the middle Yangtze River basin.     

Acoustic Doppler current profiler surveys along the Yangtze River

An acoustic Doppler current profiler is used to characterize the river velocity against the morphology of the Yangtze River from Chonqing to the sea. High flow velocities occur in the Three Gorges section and lower velocities in the middle and lower reaches of the river. This is largely due to the change in river pattern from a high gradient deeply-cut valley to a flat fluvial plain. Flow velocities fluctuate in the middle Yangtze due to the presence of meander bends of different length. There are numerous smaller velocity fluctuations in the lower Yangtze channel that reflect multichannel pattern with numerous sand bars and a river morphology affected by bedrock outcrops. Water depths of 40–100 m occur in the Three Gorges valley but decrease to 15–40 m in the middle and lower Yangtze. At the Gezhou Reservoir, 30 km downstream of the Three Gorges damsite velocity drops to low (< 1.0 m s^− 1) 20 km reach. A second low velocity (< 0.5 m s^− 1) zone, about 20 km in length, is located in the lower Yangtze near the coast probably due to the tidal influence. The results from this research will serve as a datum for evaluating changes to the river once the Three Gorges dam is completed in 2009.     

长江中游武汉-九江河段河道形态及水动力学特征

Based on measured hydrological data by using ship-mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) instrument, we analyzed shapes of river cross sections of the middle Yangtze River basin (mainly focusing on Makou and Tianjiazhen river reach). Hydrodynamic properties of river channels were also discussed. The research results indicate that nonlinear relationships can be identified between river-width/river-depth ratio (W/D ratio), sizes of cross section and mean flow velocity. Positive relations are detected between W/D ratio and mean flow velocity when W/D<1; and negative relations are observed when W/D>1. Adverse relationships can be obtained between W/D ratio and cross-section area. Geomorphologic and geologic survey indicates different components of river banks in the wider and narrower river reaches respectively. These may be the main driving factors causing unique hydrological properties of river channels in the middle Yangtze River basin. Narrower river cross sections tend to raise water level in the upstream river reach near narrower river channel, giving rise to backwater effects. River knots can cause serious backwater effects, which is harmful for flood mitigation. However river knots will also stabilize river channel and this will be beneficial for river channel management. The results of this paper may be helpful for flood mitigation and river channel management in the middle Yangtze River basin. Foundation: National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40701015; Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40730635 Author: Zhang Qiang (1974–), Ph.D and Associate Professor, specialized in natural hazards and climatic changes, hydrologic statistics, floods and fluvial geomorphology.     

长江中下游河道岸线的整治与开发利用

通过分析长江中下游河道的各段的整治措施，提出长江中下游河道整治的关键是：（1）控制河势，治理河岸崩塌，增强河床与河岸的稳定性；（2）充分重视三峡工程建成后对河道变化产生的影响；（3）科学合理地控制好长江采砂。并分析了长江岸线开发利用现状及存在问题，提出了岸线利用的原则。在长江中下游河道岸线利用过程中，还存在：河势不稳定，布局不合理，深水浅用浪费岸线资源和水污染严重等问题，提出遵照河道演变规律开发岸线，保护河岸工程的安全，根据河岸水质污污染与河床特点合理布置引水口和排污口，提高引水质量。     

长江南京段近20年来河槽演变及其对人类活动的响应

利用 1998年和2013年历史水下地形数据,结合2015年和2016年多波束测深、流速与河床沉积物数据,探讨了南京段河槽演变对人类活动的响应规律。结果表明：① 1998~2013年南京河段整体呈现冲刷状态,净冲刷量为0.56亿 m³。② 南京段主河槽发育有平床和沙波等微地貌,两侧发育有水下陡坡。其中,平床和小尺度沙波区域平均流速为0.79 m/s,而巨型沙波区域平均流速为1.41 m/s。③ 人类活动对该河段的水下微地貌演变与河势演变起到至关重要的作用。由于三峡大坝等人类活动的影响,上游来沙量仍将持续低于多年平均值,南京段河槽会进一步冲刷并极可能给涉水工程安全带来威胁。     

近20年来中国古河道研究进展

近20年来,我国在嫩江大安古河道、莱州湾南岸平原古河道、长江南京以下段古河道及古深槽、海底古河道等区域的研究,获得了大量研究成果,深化了理论认识,拓展了应用领域。这些新成果与新认识进一步表明,中国各外流大河均有末次盛冰期埋藏古河道,该期古河流深切于末次冰期间冰阶的陆地及浅海大陆架,形成切割谷和谷底部的深槽,谷内堆积了末次盛冰期和早全新世的河流相滞留物质和粗颗粒物质,上部被中全新世海相、海陆交互相或陆相细粒物质覆盖,构成了埋深约20~50 m的浅埋古河道带。古河道中蕴藏着比较丰富的地下淡水,是洪冲积平原及浅海陆架地区的重要水源。     

Assessment and exploitation of the waterfront resources in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

Waterfront resources are important and special kind of natural resources in the marginal area between land and water. The Yangtze River, the longest river in China, is not only rich in waterfront resources, but also has favorable development conditions with great potentiality. Aided by large-scale underwater topographic map, the major factors of the waterfront resources in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, such as the stability, the water depth and the natural conditions for port construction, are assessed in this paper respectively on the basis of the overall investigations. The results show that: (1) the waterfront resources are abundant in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, but lack of perfectly combined high grade waterfront; (2) there exists an obvious regional difference in the natural quality of the waterfront along the Yangtze; (3) the fore-bank water depth and waterfront stability are the main natural factors related to the waterfront quality in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River; (4) the waterfronts along the Yangtze are mainly used for port, warehouse and industrial purposes; and (5) the waterfronts near important cities are highly used, especially the high-quality waterfronts. In addition, some suggestions for the development and utilization of the waterfront resources are presented in this paper.     

长江中游荆江河段同流量-水位演化特征及驱动成因

水库运行改变了坝下游水沙输移条件,在河道冲刷的同时,引起水位过程出现适应性调整.本文以长江中游荆江河段为对象,采用多项式拟合法,对比分析1991-2016年间分级流量一水位变化特征,采用基于河流动力学原理的分离变量法,识别河道冲淤、下游控制水位及河床综合糙率等变化对分级流量-水位变化的影响程度.研究表明:1991-20...     

基于经验模型的长江口南支上段压咸临界流量

河口区域盐水入侵,威胁三角洲地区城市淡水资源取用及生态环境安全,合理确定压咸临界径流流量,有助于进一步改进流域水库群的调度模式。以长江口南支为例,利用2009-2014年期间60余个潮周期氯度资料,综合分析多种盐度预测经验模型的有效性,确定了抑制咸潮入侵的临界径流流量。结果表明:①咸潮入侵强度随径流与潮差组合而不同,长江口径流流量小于30000 m^3/s时可发生盐度超标现象,69%的盐度超标天数发生在流量小于15000 m^3/s时期,当径流量小于12000 m^3/s时盐度超标几率达65%;②盐度与潮差之间为指数型曲线关系,潮差总体呈半月周期变化,根据潮差累积频率分布得到平均意义上"连续10 d盐度超标"临界条件对应的青龙港潮差约为2.7 m,由此推算得到临界大通流量略大于11000 m^3/s;③采用多种盐度预测经验模型进行计算,避免连续10 d盐度超标对应的临界径流流量区间为11000～12000 m^3/s,平均阈值取为11500 m^3/s;④在三峡及上游梯级水库联合运行后,2008-2015年长江入海最低径流流量有所增加,但仍低于压咸潮临界阈值,建议优化水库调度模式,控制长江入海径流最低流量在11500 m^3/s以上。     

长江流域径流量变化过程及其对ENSO和PDO的响应

根据宜昌站、汉口站和大通站的径流量数据,运用M-K检验和小波分析等方法,对1900年以来长江流域径流量的趋势和周期变化进行分析,探究径流量变化对厄尔尼诺?南方涛动（ENSO）和太平洋年代际振荡（PDO）的响应。结果表明：1900 年以来长江流域径流量呈显著的减少趋势,并具有2~8 a的年际周期变化和14~17 a的年代际周期变化。流域径流量与ENSO具有相同的2~8 a周期变化,在El Ni?o发生期,径流量较低,在La Ni?a发生期,径流量较高。14~17 a的周期变化与PDO相关,在暖位相期径流量偏少,在冷位相期径流量偏多。PDO影响着ENSO和径流量之间的相关性,在暖位相期,El Ni?o对径流量的影响增强,在冷位相期,La Ni?a对径流量的影响增强。因此,在分析和预测流域径流量长时间尺度上的变化时要综合考虑ENSO和PDO的影响。     

长江中下游岸线资源的特征及其评价利用

Waterfront resources are important and special kind of natural resources in the marginal area between land and water.The Yangtze River,the longest river in China,is not only rich in waterfront resources,but also has favorable development conditions with great potentiality.Aided by large-scale underwater topographic map,the major factors of the waterfront resources in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,such as the stability,the water depth and the natural conditions for port construction,are assessed in this paper rspectively on the basis of the overall investigations.The results show that:(1)the waterfront resources are abundant in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,but lack of perfectly combined high grade waterfront;(2)there exists and obvious regional difference in the natural quality of the waterfront along the Yangtze;(3)the fore-bank water depth and waterfront stability are the main natural factors related to the waterfront auality in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River;(4)the waterfronts along the Yangtze are mainly used for port,warehouse and industrial pruposes; and (5)the waterfronts near important cities are highly used,especially the high-quality waterfronts.In addition,some suggestions for the development and utilization of the waterfront resources are presented in this paper.     

近30 年来长江口岸滩沉积物与地貌演变特征

通过对长江口潮间带宽度、表层和浅地层柱状样沉积物、典型水下岸坡剖面的现场测量,以及对潮间带宽度及水下岸坡剖面的多幅历史海图分析,研究近30 年长江口岸滩演变特征及岸滩演变的主要原因。结果表明:(1) 岸滩沉积物整体上呈“北细南粗”的变化特征,横沙东滩北岸、长江和东海大桥下等主要大型工程附近潮间带柱状样粒序向上显著变粗;(2) 长江口部分潮间带宽度减少90%以上;水下岸坡由1980 年的“S”形向凹形、斜坡形等侵蚀型形态转变,岸坡明显变陡,侵蚀型岸滩特征凸显;南汇嘴至芦潮港岸段水下岸坡闭合水深1978-2004 年为-8 m,近10 年来滩底发生侵蚀,刷深约1 m;(3) 流域来沙量锐减导致长江口侵蚀型水下岸滩格局的形成;河口大面积围垦、青草沙水库和长江与东海大桥等大型工程建设是造成潮间带大面积损失和局部沉积物粗化的主要原因;沙体变迁是狭长型河槽局部岸滩演变的主要影响因素。