内蒙古西南部石炭系砂坝─泻湖沉积体系的比较沉积学分析

石炭纪内蒙古西南部广泛发育砂坝─泻湖沉积体系,该体系不同时期形成的泻湖沉积物相互叠置?沉积厚度大?沉积层序多样,这在全新世泻湖中难以形成和观察到?依据沉积特征?沉积层序,识别出与现代同类沉积体系相似的四种基本类型:海侵型?海退型?稳定型和局部海侵型?这表明研究全新世砂坝─泻湖体系得出的地层模式有助于识别地质时期的同类沉积体系?由于研究地区石炭纪砂坝─泻湖体系发育于广阔的空间和较长的时间内,它们常成复合类型,如海侵型─局部海侵型?稳定型─局部海侵型?此外,全新世稳定型砂坝─泻湖体系的上覆和下优层皆为陆相,但是石炭系同类沉积体系在同一地区连续叠置,这是长时期构造持续下陷和岸线相对稳定的反映?海侵型砂坝─泻湖体系形成于海侵层序中,泻湖沉积物的厚度大于砂坝沉积物的厚度,据此,建立了不同于现代同类沉积体系的地层模式?     

内蒙古西南部石炭系砂坝─泻湖沉积体系的比较沉积学分析

石炭纪内蒙古西南部广泛发育砂坝─泻湖沉积体系，该体系不同时期形成的泻湖沉积物相互叠置、沉积厚度大、沉积层序多样，这在全新世泻湖中难以形成和观察到。依据沉积特征、沉积层序，识别出与现代同类沉积体系相似的四种基本类型：海侵型、海退型、稳定型和局部海侵型。这表明研究全新世砂坝─泻湖体系得出的地层模式有助于识别地质时期的同类沉积体系。由于研究地区石炭纪砂坝─泻湖体系发育于广阔的空间和较长的时间内，它们常成复合类型，如海侵型─局部海侵型、稳定型─局部海侵型。此外，全新世稳定型砂坝─泻湖体系的上覆和下优层皆为陆相，但是石炭系同类沉积体系在同一地区连续叠置，这是长时期构造持续下陷和岸线相对稳定的反映。海侵型砂坝─泻湖体系形成于海侵层序中，泻湖沉积物的厚度大于砂坝沉积物的厚度，据此，建立了不同于现代同类沉积体系的地层模式。     

渤海西南岸全新世最大海侵界线及其地貌特征

结合钻孔与探地雷达探测古海相层尖灭点的测量方法与图像处理原则,本研究在沿渤海西南岸分布的8个相关钻孔附近开展了探测,经图像处理、与钻孔对比分析以及在特征位置钻探浅钻的方式,获得了5处最大海侵尖灭点的位置、地层剖面形态以及高程等信息.结合6ka B.P.、2ka B.P.左右和现代黄河流路变迁史及沿岸贝壳堤分布情况,揭示了最大海侵时期小清河向北至漳卫新河范围主要为古黄河形成的广阔三角洲潮滩地貌,海侵线远离海岸线深入内陆,其上的贝壳堤形成主要与黄河流路变迁相关;而渤海湾西南岸黄骅、沧州附近及以北主要为沼泽-潟湖-沙坝海岸地貌特征,海侵线由潟湖的陆侧边缘向海逐渐推进,沿岸分布的6ka B.P.左右贝壳堤的形成则是基于沿岸堤,并伴随风暴作用发育而来.莱州湾南岸依据埋藏古河道古湖泊的分布情况,推断该区全新世最大海侵前后具有与现代相似的海岸地貌特征,海侵时,海水直抵当时最大高潮线附近,使得海岸线与海侵线几乎相当.依据剖面地形校正结果可知,最大海侵时,海水侵入内陆至现代地表高程5.8～ 10.3m范围,后期新构造运动造成的隆起与下沉的区域差异,使得不同区域海侵层高程发生相应的变化,该结果为进一步估算海平面变化提供重要基础.     

苏北海岸带潮成辐射砂脊群的形成及其古地理意义

南黄海潮成辐射砂脊群的面积约为20000km2，以160° 的角度从弓京港向海展开。它与以弓京港为顶点的辐聚辐散潮流场相伴而生。60余个钻孔揭示，毗邻海区辐射砂脊体系的江苏沿岸平原上存在一个面积约3000 km2潮成砂区，其顶点位于东台，同样呈扇形以130°的角度向东展开。在潮成砂区内潮成砂质沉积单元位于冰后期海侵型砂坝-湖沉积层之上，二者之间具明显的冲刷面。砂坝-湖沉积层位于晚更新世基底硬粘土层之上，二者之间有较长的沉积间断。潮成砂沉积层上覆潮坪沉积层，二者呈渐变关系。以潮成砂层底部的侵蚀面为界，其下为海侵序列，其上为海退序列。古潮流的研究揭示，潮成砂区内同样存在辐聚辐散的古潮流场，其顶点位于东台附近。由此推断，沿海平原的潮成砂区内也是辐射状潮成砂脊体系，它形成于全新世海退时期。由于长江和黄河三角洲的前展，以东台为顶点的潮成砂脊体系逐渐暴露成陆。陆上和海域潮成辐射砂脊群形成于相同的潮汐动力环境，但处在不同的发育阶段，前者形成于全新世中期，后者发育于全新世晚期。矿物分析揭示，陆上和海区的潮成辐射砂脊体系主要由长江和黄河沉积物组成，其中长江沉积物由南向北运移，且时间较早；黄河沉积物由北向南运移，时间较迟，这种泥沙的运移趋势一直延续至今。随着海平面上升趋于减缓，长江三角洲增长，江苏海岸线向外推进，苏北潮成砂区逐渐出露成陆。1128年黄河由苏北入海，大量的黄河沉积物的加入，加快了本区海岸线的推进速度。潮成辐射砂脊体系与辐聚辐散的潮流场相伴而生，全新世最大海侵以来，辐聚辐散的潮流场的位置曾经历三次变化，第一次以长江古河口湾为顶点，第二次位于现今陆上潮成砂区，第三次位于以弓京港为顶点的现代海域，代表了潮成辐射砂脊体系发育的三个阶段。只是长江古河口湾的潮成辐射砂脊体系由于河流的巨大改造作用，可能未很好保存，至今未发现典型的辐射砂脊体系。     

乳源桂头镇及周边的测水组

早石炭世的测水组在粤北地区较为发育,普遍可以中部夹的一层含砾石英砂岩为标志划分为上、下两段,整个沉积过程可分出滨浅海相、障壁砂坝相、泻湖相、潮坪相和沼泽相等5种。测水组沉积的初期桂头镇一带处于海退的广阔障壁岛、泻湖和潮坪等滨岸沉积环境;中期为海退与海进的相接时期,也是成煤的有利时期;晚期为海侵的开始,沉积环境向滨海演变。     

卡拉沙依组砂泥岩段层序地层及沉积体系

以塔里木盆地石炭系卡拉沙依组砂泥岩段为研究对象,通过野外剖面勘测、钻井岩心观察、测井曲线解释分析,认为砂泥岩段是一个具有完整海侵至海退旋回的标准Ⅰ型层序,相当于三级海平面旋回沉积地层.砂泥岩段由低位体系域(LST)、海侵体系域(TST)与高位体系域(HST)组成.低位体系域发育冲积扇沉积体系,海侵体系域主要为扇三角洲、潮坪、泻湖、蒸发坪及局限台地组成的沉积体系,高位体系域由扇三角洲、潮坪、蒸发坪及局限台地组成的沉积体系.一个完整的海平面相对升降旋回导致盆地不同时期、不同地区沉积特征不同,各体系域沉积特征揭示了砂泥岩段沉积演化过程.     

豫西晚元古代洛峪群沉积作用及环境演化

洛峪群本身构成一个完整的海侵-海退沉积序列。早期海侵使得洛峪群底部滨岸沉积逐渐被陆棚沉积所超覆,并造成典型的海绿石砂岩凝缩层。随后的海退导致明显的海岸进积,在垂向上形成外陆棚-内陆棚-滨岸/障壁岛-泻湖沉积序列。洛峪群中的硅质碎屑岩沉积主要受风暴控制,形成各种特征的丘状和洼状交错层砂岩以及浅海浊积岩。洛峪群是华北地块南缘中、晚元古代裂谷期的产物,并可能处于裂谷热沉降阶段的后期。     

东海丽水西次凹古新统明月峰组层序--体系域分析及沉积体系展布

古新统明月峰组是丽水西次凹中重要的含油气层段,其浅海-三角洲相沉积构成了一个完整的三级层序。层序界面在地震剖面上表现为下超、削截、下切,界面底部的下切水道在测井曲线上具块状、箱型等特征性的反映。依据初始海泛面、最大海泛面和高位域晚期存在的明显海退界面,三级层序内可划分出低水位、海侵、高水位和下降体系域四部分。层序界面和主要的海侵、海退面均得到了古生物丰度和分异度的佐证。通过对上述4个体系域平面编图,揭示了不同时期沉积体系展布及其演化。低位-海侵期发育下切谷、滨岸碎屑-三角洲及扇三角洲前缘-远端浊积砂体,前者分布在盆地西缘斜坡带,物源来自西北和东南两个方向;后者发育于盆地中部的东缘陡坡带,物源由东向西推进。高位域和下降体系域以发育大型高角度进积的三角洲前缘砂为特征,高位域三角洲分布在盆地西侧,且南部比北部发育;下降域盆地沉积范围明显缩小,三角洲主要集中在盆地西侧中部。     

惠民凹陷中央隆起带沙四上亚段滩坝与风暴岩组合沉积

惠民凹陷沙四上亚段沉积时期,盆地边缘发育三角洲和扇三角洲沉积,受波浪和沿岸流的影响,在中央隆起带滨浅湖区形成了与岸线走向平行或斜交的滩坝砂体和风暴沉积。滩坝沉积成熟度较高,泥质含量少,岩性以中细砂岩和粉砂岩为主,也有少量砾石,砂岩中常见含双壳类化石、生物碎屑和炭屑。滩坝沉积可分为砂坝、砂滩和滩坝间微相,平面上该区滩坝砂体可分为近岸砂滩、近岸砂坝、坝间砂滩、远岸砂坝、远岸砂滩、水下隆起处砂坝和水下隆起处砂滩。此外,受风暴浪的影响,在浪基面和风暴浪基面之间的地带形成风暴沉积,主要由块状层理段、递变层理段、丘状交错层理段、平行层理段和块状泥岩段构成。该组合沉积体系的形成主要受古地形、物源性质、湖平面变化等方面的影响。     

海侵背景下风暴控制的滨岸-陆棚砂体研究——以塔中志留系下沥青砂岩段为例

塔中志留系下沥青砂岩段发育海侵背景下受风暴控制的滨岸-陆棚沉积体系,沉积砂体的类型有滨岸砂、浅海砂坝和陆棚砂。风暴作用改造并控制着陆棚砂、浅海砂坝等砂体,使其发育规模增大。海侵时期形成的上述三种砂体的储集性优于海退时期形成的潮道砂体。滨岸砂、浅海砂坝和陆棚砂体区域上尖灭与陆棚泥岩组合,可形成较好的岩性地层圈闭。     

Bed thickness characteristics of inner-shelf storm deposits associated with a transgressive to regressive Holocene wave-dominated shelf, Sendai coastal plain, Japan

Holocene inner-shelf storm deposits preserved beneath the Sendai coastal plain facing the Pacific coast of north-eastern Japan were formed during a transgressive–regressive cycle. The evolution of the Holocene wave-dominated depositional system along the Sendai coast is reconstructed using 76 AMS (accelerator mass spectrometers) ¹⁴C ages and the origin of bed thickness variations in the inner-shelf storm deposits is explored. The Holocene succession is <30 m thick and overlies latest Pleistocene to early Holocene non-marine deposits above a transgressive ravinement surface. It comprises transgressive ravinement and inner-shelf deposits, and regressive inner shelf, shoreface, and coastal plain deposits. The inner-shelf deposits comprise alternating sand and mud layers interpreted as stacked storm beds. The average preservation interval of a single storm bed is shortest during the transgression (5·7–20·6 years), and then increases to a maximum during the early regression (83·3–250·0 years), decreasing to 7·7–31·3 years with shoreline progradation. Average accumulation rates decreased during the transgression and then increased during the regression, but the sand/mud ratio varies little, reflecting inefficient sediment segregation downdip on the inner shelf. The vertical pattern of sand-layer thicknesses also shows no relationship to position within the cycle, although small-scale intervals of upward thickening and thinning probably relate to lateral switching of river mouths and/or random storm processes. The average thickness of storm beds is the highest in the interval deposited during the period from maximum flooding to early regression. This is probably because of the low preservation potential of thin beds associated with frequent, low-magnitude storms during this period of low accumulation rates and extensive reworking. This preservation bias and the nature of the Sendai inner shelf resulted in an absence of characteristic bed thickness trends in the preserved storm deposits.     

珠江三角洲西缘晚第四纪沉积演化和最大海侵古岸线的重建

第四纪以来,受全球气候和海平面变化影响,海岸带地区发生了一系列强烈的海陆相互作用和海侵—海退等地质事件,包含了丰富的沉积环境演化和海平面变化等信息.选用珠江三角洲西缘台山地区的30个地质钻孔,通过14C、光释光、地球化学特征、底栖有孔虫、磁化率数据,建立了晚更新世以来的地层框架,重建了最大海侵古岸线的位置.研究结果表明...     

Sequence stratigraphy and Quaternary depositional systems in the Sanhu area of the Qaidam Basin,northwest China

The Qaidam Basin is a Mesozoic–Cenozoic compresso-shearing basin in western China. This basin has been subsiding since the Indosinian orogeny, and the subsidence is a strongly inherited feature in its Quaternary development. Five third-order sequences (SQ1, SQ2, SQ3, SQ4 and SQ5) were recognised using drilling/logging, coring and seismic data analysis. Each sequence was further divided into transgressive systems tract and regressive systems tract based on the maximum flooding surface. A sequence stratigraphic framework was established that revealed the distribution of sedimentary systems. Seven depositional systems, namely, alluvial fan, fan delta, braided-delta, shore lacustrine, shallow lacustrine, semi-deep lacustrine and incised valley depositional system, were identified from 105 well logs and 2?D seismic lines covering 1600?km. The sedimentary system distribution was identified as follows: (1) large-scale alluvial deposit located on the southern slope and adjacent to Kunlun Mountain and Yaber tectonic zone located northeast of the study area; (2) braided-delta deposits southeast of the Sanhu area; (3) widely developed fan-delta sediments on the base of Qigequan Formation in the Yaber tectonic zone; (4) well-deposited shoal lacustrine facies along the depositional strike in the regressive systems tract; (5) widely distributed shallow lacustrine facies; and (6) incised valley with large lateral extension and incision depth as an entity at the front of the Golmud Basin in the Sanhu area. Two different depositional models, namely, east and west models, were built by conducting an integrated analysis of sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary process. In the Sanhu area, the main controlling factors of the sequence architecture and depositional systems associations of the Qigequan Formation are tectonic subsidence and climate change with sediment supply and lake-level fluctuation secondary factors. This case study provides an example of the analyses of sequence stratigraphy and depositional systems in a salinised plateau basin. The approach combines seismic and sedimentary facies analysis to investigate Quaternary deposition and stratigraphy. The low-amplitude tectonic belt on the northern slope and the lithological traps on the southern slope are predicted to be favourable for the lithological gas reservoirs.     

Architecture and formation of transgressive–regressive cycles in marginal marine strata of the John Henry Member,Straight Cliffs Formation,Upper Cretaceous of Southern Utah,USA

Marginal marine deposits of the John Henry Member, Upper Cretaceous Straight Cliffs Formation, were deposited within a moderately high accommodation and high sediment supply setting that facilitated preservation of both transgressive and regressive marginal marine deposits. Complete transgressive–regressive cycles, comprising barrier island lagoonal transgressive deposits interfingered with regressive shoreface facies, are distinguished based on their internal facies architecture and bounding surfaces. Two main types of boundaries occur between the transgressive and regressive portions of each cycle: (i) surfaces that record the maximum regression and onset of transgression (bounding surface A); and (ii) surfaces that place deeper facies on top of shallower facies (bounding surface B). The base of a transgressive facies (bounding surface A) is defined by a process change from wave‐dominated to tide‐dominated facies, or a coaly/shelly interval indicating a shift from a regressive to a transgressive regime. The surface recording such a process change can be erosional or non‐erosive and conformable. A shift to deeper facies occurs at the base of regressive shoreface deposits along both flooding surfaces and wave ravinement surfaces (bounding surface B). These two main bounding surfaces and their subtypes generate three distinct transgressive – regressive cycle architectures: (i) tabular, shoaling‐upward marine parasequences that are bounded by flooding surfaces; (ii) transgressive and regressive unit wedges that thin basinward and landward, respectively; and (iii) tabular, transgressive lagoonal shales with intervening regressive coaly intervals. The preservation of transgressive facies under moderately high accommodation and sediment supply conditions greatly affects stratigraphic architecture of transgressive–regressive cycles. Acknowledging variation in transgressive–regressive cycles, and recognizing transgressive successions that correlate to flooding surfaces basinward, are both critical to achieving an accurate sequence stratigraphic interpretation of high‐frequency cycles.     

准噶尔盆地东北缘中-下侏罗统层序地层与油气

通过对边缘露头、钻井和地震等资料的综合层序地层分析,划分出下八道湾、上八道湾、三工河和西山窑等4个层序以及湖退体系域(RST)、湖进体系域(TST)、高位体系域(HST)和冲积体系域(AST)等四种类型的9个体系域.层序形成主要受控于构造作用和湖水进退.RST中形成区域上广布的工业煤层;TST中的粗粒退积型辫状三角洲沉积体系中发育很好的储层.快速湖进形成的TST与构造长期稳定形成的HST反复叠置构成良好的生储盖组合.     

Sequence stratigraphy in the context of rapid regional uplift and high‐amplitude glacio‐eustatic changes: the Pleistocene Cutro Terrace (Calabria,southern Italy)

The Cutro Terrace is a mixed marine to continental terrace, where deposits up to 15 m thick discontinuously crop out in an area extending for ca 360 km² near Crotone (southern Italy). The terrace represents the oldest and highest terrace of the Crotone area, and it has been ascribed to marine isotope stage 7 (ca 200 kyr bp ). Detailed facies and sequence‐stratigraphic analyses of the terrace deposits allow the recognition of a suite of depositional environments ranging from middle shelf to fluvial, and of two stacked transgressive–regressive cycles (Cutro 1 and Cutro 2) bounded by ravinement surfaces and by surfaces of sub‐aerial exposure. In particular, carbonate sedimentation, consisting of algal build‐ups and biocalcarenites, characterizes the Cutro 1 cycle in the southern sector of the terrace, and passes into shoreface and foreshore sandstones and calcarenites towards the north‐west. The Cutro 2 cycle is mostly siliciclastic and consists of shoreface, lagoon‐estuarine, fluvial channel fill, floodplain and lacustrine deposits. The Cutro 1 cycle is characterized by very thin transgressive marine strata, represented by lags and shell beds upon a ravinement surface, and thicker regressive deposits. Moreover, the cycle appears foreshortened basinwards, which suggests that the accumulation of its distal and upper part occurred during forced regressive conditions. The Cutro 2 cycle displays a marked aggradational component of transgressive to highstand paralic and continental deposits, in places strongly influenced by local physiography, whereas forced regressive sediments are absent and probably accumulated further basinwards. The maximum flooding shoreline of the second cycle is translated ca 15 km basinward with respect to that of the first cycle, and this reflects a long‐term regressive trend mostly driven by regional uplift. The stratigraphic architecture of the Cutro Terrace deposits is the result of the interplay between regional uplift and high amplitude, Late Quaternary glacio‐eustatic changes. In particular, rapid transgressions, linked to glacio‐eustatic rises that outpaced regional uplift, favoured the accumulation of thin transgressive marine strata at the base of the two cycles. In contrast, the combined effect of glacio‐eustatic falls and regional uplift led to high‐magnitude forced regressions. The superposition of the two cycles was favoured by a relatively flat topography, which allowed relatively complete preservation of stratal geometries that record large shoreline displacements during transgression and regression. The absence of a palaeo‐coastal cliff at the inner margin of the terrace supports this interpretation. The Cutro Terrace provides a case study of sequence architecture developed in uplifting settings and controlled by high‐amplitude glacio‐eustatic changes. This case study also demonstrates how the interplay of relative sea‐level change, sediment supply and physiography may determine either the superposition of cycles forming a single terrace or the formation of a staircase of terraces each recording an individual eustatic pulse.     

The effects of differential subsidence and coastal topography on high-order transgressive-regressive cycles: Pliocene nearshore deposits of the Val d'Orcia Basin, Northern Apennines, Italy

This study focuses on the lowstand and early transgressive systems tracts of a basin-fill sequence of lower Pliocene nearshore deposits in the Val d'Orcia Basin of the Northern Apennines, Italy. The basin at that time was a semi-enclosed marine embayment, and, in the study area, its margin was subject to highly variable subsidence along the depositional strike, attributed to a decrease in tectonic displacement. The nearshore succession in the more rapidly-subsiding segment of the basin is around 20 m thick, comprising three storeys of laterally-stacked Gilbert-type delta lobes overlain by a shoal-water delta, whereas the nearshore succession in the adjacent, more slowly-subsiding segment, is up to 9 m thick. This succession is characterised by alternation of shoreface and offshore deposits, moderately wave-worked and covered by shoal-water deltaic facies.These coeval nearshore successions consist of several transgressive-regressive cyclothems. The development and lateral variation of the cyclothems was controlled by the local subsidence rate and coastal topographic gradient. Some of the cyclothems are considered to be higher-order sequences and others to be parasequences, with the former passing laterally into the latter in the area where the sea-level fall was countered by fast local subsidence. Some of the bounding surfaces are of limited lateral extent, with two parasequences passing laterally into a single one.Coastal topography controlled particularly the thickness of transgressive deposits. In the low-gradient setting of a delta plain, the relative sea-level rises caused major landward shifts of the shoreline and reduced fluvial sediment supply, with the formation of a transgressive lag in sediment-starved conditions. In the high-gradient coastal setting of the non-deltaic zone, the shoreline shift was minimal and had relatively little impact on local sediment supply, which promoted an accretionary transgression.At the end of the lowstand stage, the rate of sediment accumulation in the non-deltaic nearshore zone was lower, allowing the onset of subsequent transgression to be recorded considerably earlier than in the deltaic nearshore zone. This diachroneity suggests that facies criteria alone may not necessarily be a reliable basis for the recognition of systems tract boundaries.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘晚石炭世沉积体系与高频层序旋回--以呼鲁斯太剖面例析

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘呼鲁斯太剖面上石炭统包括靖远组、羊虎沟组和太原组,发育有堡岛、堡岛-台地和潮控三角洲三种沉积体系,自下而上可以划分出16个海进－ 海退层序旋回,每个层序旋回的时限为1.1 ～ 3.3Ma, 平均 1.9Ma,相当于四级相对海平面变化旋回,属高频层序旋回。每个层序由海侵体系域和早期高位体系域、晚期高位体系域组成,偶发育有强制海退体系域。晚石炭世早期海侵来自祁连海,太原晚期,祁连海与华北连通。研究区古海平面变化表现为先慢速后快速海侵和快速海退,少数为正常海退,并由此建立了古海岸平原的层序地层模式。     

从构造热事件探讨湖南志留纪沉积时限兼论盆地演化特征

湖南地区志留纪的沉积时限一直以来争议颇多,笔者通过对该区沉积特征及层序地层、构造运动分析发现:小溪峪组属于一套有障壁海岸浅海细碎屑沉积,是海水由南东向北西退却期的沉积响应,属于早期高水位体系域;泥盆系云台观组属一套海侵型的海相陆源碎屑岩沉积,从野外的界面特征分析云台观组为一套开阔海岸受波浪作用明显的以石英砂为主体的沉积物,属于广西运动之后由东南向北西形成的海侵过程的沉积响应。小溪峪组与云台观组二者所属沉积盆地环境和演化不同,其界面属于Ⅰ型层序界面,不整合接触。广西运动导致的江南造山带的隆起在430Ma左右结束,志留纪沉积盆地应大部分消亡,由此认为志留纪沉积盆地接受的沉积物时间也应在相对应时段中,小溪峪组在湖南地区不存在晚志留纪沉积物。