Inter-annual variability in phytoplankton summer blooms in the freshwater tidal reaches of the Schelde estuary (Belgium)

The inter-annual variability in phytoplankton summer blooms in the upper reaches of the Schelde estuary was investigated between 1996 and 2005 by monthly sampling at 10 stations. The large inter-annual variations of the chlorophyll a concentration in the freshwater tidal reaches were independent from variations in chlorophyll a in the tributary river Schelde. Summer mean chlorophyll a concentrations were significantly negatively correlated with flushing rate (Spearman correlation: r = −0.67, p = 0.05, n = 9) but not with temperature, irradiance and suspended particulate matter or dissolved silica (DSi) concentrations. During dry summers, low flushing rates permitted the development of dense phytoplankton populations in the upper part of the estuary, while during wet summers high flushing rates prevented the development of dense phytoplankton blooms. Flushing rate was also found to be important for the phytoplankton community composition. At low flushing rates, the community was dominated by diatoms that developed within the upper estuary. At high flushing rates, chlorophytes imported from the tributary river Schelde became more important in the phytoplankton community. The position of the chlorophyll a maximum shifted from the head of the estuary when flushing rates were low, to more downstream when flushing rates were high. Although DSi concentrations tended to be lower during years of high phytoplankton (mainly diatom) biomass, the relation with flushing rate was not significant.     

Tidal exchange between a freshwater tidal marsh and an impacted estuary: the Scheldt estuary, Belgium

Tidal marsh exchange studies are relatively simple tools to investigate the interaction between tidal marshes and estuaries. They have mostly been confined to only a few elements and to saltwater or brackish systems. This study presents mass-balance results of an integrated one year campaign in a freshwater tidal marsh along the Scheldt estuary (Belgium), covering oxygen, nutrients (N, P and Si), carbon, chlorophyll, suspended matter, chloride and sulfate. The role of seepage from the marsh was also investigated. A ranking between the parameters revealed that oxygenation was the strongest effect of the marsh on the estuarine water. Particulate parameters showed overall import. Export of dissolved silica (DSi) was more important than exchange of any other nutrient form. Export of DSi and import of total dissolved nitrogen (DIN) nevertheless contributed about equally to the increase of the Si:N ratio in the seepage water. The marsh had a counteracting effect on the long term trend of nutrient ratios in the estuary.     

Nutrient limitation of phytoplankton growth in the freshwater tidal zone of a turbid,Mediterranean estuary

Identification of the limiting nutrient(s) is a requirement for the rational management of eutrophication. Here, we present the first experimental analysis of nutrient limitation of phytoplankton growth and its seasonal variation in the Guadiana estuary (SE Portugal-SW Spain). Ten microcosm experiments were performed during 2005 and 2008, using water samples collected in the freshwater tidal zone of the Guadiana estuary. Nitrate, phosphate and silicate were added in a single pulse, alone and in combinations. Experimental treatments were incubated for 4 days under controlled laboratory conditions. Phytoplankton response to nutrient enrichment was evaluated through changes in biomass (Chla), and abundance of specific phytoplankton groups.     

Grazing by meso- and microzooplankton on phytoplankton in the upper reaches of the Schelde estuary (Belgium/The Netherlands)

In contrast with the marine reaches of estuaries, few studies have dealt with zooplankton grazing on phytoplankton in the upper estuarine reaches, where freshwater zooplankton species tend to dominate the zooplankton community. In spring and early summer 2003, grazing by micro- and mesozooplankton on phytoplankton was investigated at three sites in the upper Schelde estuary. Grazing by mesozooplankton was evaluated by monitoring growth of phytoplankton in 200 μm filtered water in the presence or absence of mesozooplankton. In different experiments, the grazing impact was tested of the calanoïd copepod Eurytemora affinis, the cyclopoid copepods Acanthocyclops robustus and Cyclops vicinus and the cladocera Chydorus sphaericus, Moina affinis and Daphnia magna/pulex. No significant grazing impact of mesozooplankton in any experiment was found despite the fact that mesozooplankton densities used in the experiments (20 or 40 ind. l⁻¹) were higher than densities in the field (0.1–6.9 ind. l⁻¹). Grazing by microzooplankton was evaluated by comparing growth of phytoplankton in 30 and 200 μm filtered water. Microzooplankton in the 30–200 μm size range included mainly rotifers of the genera Brachionus, Trichocerca and Synchaeta, which were present from 191 to 1777 ind. l⁻¹. Microzooplankton had a significant grazing impact in five out of six experiments. They had a community grazing rate of 0.41–1.83 day⁻¹ and grazed up to 84% of initial phytoplankton standing stock per day. Rotifer clearance rates estimated from microzooplankton community grazing rates and rotifer abundances varied from 8.3 to 41.7 μl ind.⁻¹ h⁻¹. CHEMTAX analysis of accessory pigment data revealed a similar phytoplankton community composition after incubation with and without microzooplankton, indicating non-selective feeding by rotifers on phytoplankton.     

溶解有机碳在混合水中的行为研究

研究溶解有机碳(DOC)在海水和黄河水所组成的混合水中的迁移转化行为,结果表明,海水和已过滤黄河水混合时,DOC呈近似的保守性;海水与未过滤的黄河水混合时,DOC呈明显的非保守性。通过研究沉积物对DOC的解吸过程,发现沉积物在盐水中能解吸出DOC,随着盐度的增大,其解吸量也迅速增大。因此可以认为,DOC在河口区的非保守行为是DOC的絮凝和颗粒物的解吸共同作用的结果。     

Relevance of peat draining rivers in central Sumatra for the riverine input of dissolved organic carbon into the ocean

Sources and discharges of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from the central Sumatran river Siak were studied. DOC concentrations in the Siak ranged between 560 and 2594 μmol l⁻¹ and peak out after its confluence with the river Mandau. The Mandau drains part of the central Sumatran peatlands and can be characterized as a typical blackwater river due to its high DOC concentration, its dark brown-coloured, acidic water (pH 4.4–4.7) and its low concentration of total suspended matter (12–41 mg l⁻¹). The Mandau supplies about half of the DOC that enters the Siak Estuary where it mixes conservatively with ocean water. The DOC input from the Siak into the ocean was estimated to be 0.3 Tg C yr⁻¹. Extrapolated to entire Indonesia the data suggest a total Indonesian DOC export of 21 Tg yr⁻¹ representing 10% of the global riverine DOC input into the ocean.     

春季东海北部近岸水体中的溶解无机碳和有机碳的分布特征及其影响因素

根据2010年4月在东海北部近岸的调查,分析了研究海域溶解无机碳（DIC）和溶解有机碳（DOC）的含量及其分布状况,并分别对DIC、DOC与温度、盐度、表观耗氧量等要素的关系进行了初步探讨。结果表明,春季研究海域表、底层DIC平均含量分别为24．54mg／L和25．03mg／L,平面分布趋势均为近岸高于远岸,象山口附近...     

Evaluation of the performance of HPLC–CHEMTAX analysis for determining phytoplankton biomass and composition in a turbid estuary (Schelde, Belgium)

In the upper Schelde estuary in 2002, phytoplankton biomass and community composition were studied using microscopic and pigment analyses. Chlorophyll a concentration was a good predictor of phytoplankton biomass estimated from cell counts and biovolume measurements. The phytoplankton carbon to chlorophyll a ratio, however, was often unrealistically low (<10). CHEMTAX was used to estimate the contribution of the major algal groups to total chlorophyll a. The dominant algal groups were diatoms and chlorophytes. While diatom equivalents in chlorophyll a predicted diatom biomass relatively well, chlorophyte equivalents in chlorophyll a were only weakly related to chlorophyte biomass. The pigment-based approach to study phytoplankton overestimated phytoplankton biomass in general and chlorophyte biomass in particular in late autumn and winter, when phytoplankton biomass was low. A possible explanation for this overestimation may be the presence of large amounts of vascular plant detritus in the upper Schelde estuary. Residual chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and lutein in this detritus may result in an overestimation of total phytoplankton and chlorophyte biomass when the contribution of phytoplankton to total particulate organic matter is low.     

长江河口潮波时空特征再分析

长江河口的潮波传播受到近岸及河口浅水地形及长江径流的显著影响,表现出很强的时空变化特征。已有相关研究主要关注徐六泾以下的河口段,还缺少对河口系统的潮波特征分析。本文基于大通、南京、徐六泾和牛皮礁4站的年内连续潮位资料,分析了主要天文分潮和浅水分潮的振幅沿程变化、季节变化特征和规律,认识到洪季大径流对江阴以上的近口段潮汐衰减作用显著大于枯季,而河口段的平均潮差有一定的半年周期变化,年内秋季最大。口内高频浅水分潮振幅在河口下段最大,且洪季大于枯季,低频浅水分潮则在河口上游振幅最大,由此反应径流对潮汐改造的非线性作用。这些认识可为水道航运及相关河口研究提供基础认识。最后本文也指出关于长江河口潮汐特征尚需进一步研究的若干问题,以期下一步工作取得相应进展。     

南黄海溶解有机碳的生物地球化学特征分析

依据1997-2003年每年1次的南黄海调查得到的溶解有机碳(DOC)数据,重点分析了2002年秋末冬初季节南黄海DOC的分布特征及其生物地球化学控制机制。结果表明,2002年秋末冬初南黄海表层海水DOC质量浓度为1.62~2.42 mg/L,平均值为2.02 mg/L,高于大洋的平均值,具有典型近海特征;南黄海DOC分布呈现北部高,南部低,在量值上,A断面>B断面>C断面,且有显著近岸高、远离海岸中部海区低的特点。近岸高值区主要受陆源输入影响,包括径流输入和人类活动两个方面,陆源输入相对生物生产过程更为重要;中部低值区主要受控于来自东海低DOC海流的冲淡作用。垂直方向上DOC质量浓度变化不大,这明显与南黄海海水混合较好有关。7 a中南黄海DOC质量浓度总体上呈略微下降趋势,北部海域表现尤为明显,南黄海生物生产量的下降及近年来南黄海整体环境质量的提高是引起DOC下降的主要原因。     

长江口邻近海域冬、夏季溶解有机碳分布特征及影响因子研究

根据2013年1月与8月两个航次测得的数据分析了长江口邻近海域溶解有机碳(DOC)在冬、夏两个季节的含量、分布以及影响因素。结果表明,冬季表、底层DOC浓度范围分别介于35.85~145.11μM和33.60~110.52μM之间,平均值分别为79.15μM与68.99μM;夏季表、底层DOC浓度范围分别为63.48~213.65μM和44.69~123.34μM,平均浓度值分别为100.49μM与61.56μM。由于冬、夏两个季节长江冲淡水径流量、现场浮游植物生物量以及流场状况等控制因素的不同,导致两个季节DOC分布特征具有一定区别。水平分布上,整体都表现出从近岸到外海逐渐降低的趋势;垂直分布上,冬季表底层浓度差距很小,夏季浓度由表层向底层不断降低。长江冲淡水输送是该区域DOC的主要来源,相对于冬季,夏季生物活动过程中的释放对表层水体DOC的浓度具有较大的贡献。     

强潮河口桥墩涌潮压力试验研究

为明确强潮河口设计条件下涌潮压力特征,以嘉绍大桥工程为背景进行了涌潮压力的动态测试和分析。选取主墩围堰和施工栈桥进行现场观测,分析了涌潮压力分布及其变化的特点。利用经验模态分解法,研究了涌潮压力的时均和脉动特性,建立了涌潮压力及其脉动分量极值与涌潮高度的拟合关系。研究结果表明:涌潮压力变化脉动性强,经验模态分解法能较好地处理这种非平稳时变信号;时均分量反映了局部水位的平均变化趋势,脉动分量反映了涌潮与结构物相互作用时自由水面的紊动情况;从垂向分布上看,压力极值在潮前低水位附近最大,并随着传感器安装高程的增加而减小;从平面分布上看,主墩围堰的迎潮面压力极值最大,背潮面最小;涌潮压力及其脉动分量的极值与涌潮高度满足指数分布规律。     

The satellite reversion of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) based on the analysis of the mixing behavior of DOC and colored dissolved organic matter: the East China Sea as an example

The retrieval of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) distribution by remote sensing is mainly based on the empirical relationship of DOC concentration and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) concentration in many literatures. To investigate the nature of this relationship, the distributions and mixing behaviors of DOC and CDOM are reviewed in the world’s major estuaries and bays. It is found that, generally, the CDOM concentration is well correlated with the salinity in most estuaries, while DOC usually shows a nonconservative behavior which leads to a weak correlation between the DOC concentration and the CDOM concentration. To establish a good satellite reversion of the DOC concentration, the East China Sea(ECS) was taken as an example, and the mixing behavior of DOC and CDOM as well as the influence of biogeochemical processes were analyzed except for the physical mixing process with the data from late autumn (November, 2010) and winter (December, 2009) cruises. In the two ECS cruises, the CDOM concentration was found to be tightly correlated with the salinity, influenced little by the photochemical or biological processes. The data from the winter cruise show that DOC followed a conservative mixing along the salinity gradient, while in the late autumn cruise it was significantly affected by the biological activities, resulting in a poor correlation between the DOC and the CDOM. Accordingly, an improved DOC algorithm (CSDM) was proposed: when the biological influence was significant (Chl a greater than 0.8 μg/dm3 ), DOC was retrieved by the conservative and biological model, and if the conservative mixing was dominant (Chl a less than 0.8 μg/dm3 ), the direct DOC concentration and CDOM concentration relationship was used. Based on the proposed algorithm, a reasonable DOC distribution for the ECS from satellite was obtained in this study, and the proposed method can be applied to the other large river-dominant marginal sea.     

钱塘江涌潮对杭州河段水资源的影响

采用钱塘江潮汐、上游径流与杭州河段江水咸度指标的多元相关方程,分析了钱塘江涌潮对杭州河段水资源的影响。结果表明:钱塘江涌潮对杭州河段江水咸度的影响在下游河段比在上游河段大;钱塘江涌潮强度越强,对杭州河段江水咸度的影响越大。     

Terrestrial dissolved organic carbon consumption by heterotrophic bacterioplankton in the Huanghe River estuary during water and sediment regulation

Nearly 20%–50% of the annual terrestrial dissolved organic carbon(DOC)from the Huanghe(Yellow)River was transported to the estuary during the 5-14d of water and sediment regulation.The concentration of DOC increased sharply during the period of water and sediment regulation,which may promote the terrestrial DOC consumption by heterotrophic bacterioplankton.Water and sediment regulation provides an ideal condition for the study of terrestrial DOC consumption by heterotrophic bacterioplankton when terrestrial DOC increases sharply in rainy season,which may help to seek the fates of terrestrial DOC in the estuaries and coasts.In this study,the concentration and stable isotope of DOC,the biomass,growth,and respiration of heterotrophic bacterioplankton were determined.By the study,we found both average percent contribution of terrestrial DOC to the DOC pool and Contribution of terrestrial DOC to the carbon composition of heterotrophic bacterioplankton decreased as distance from the river mouth increased off shore,which was deceased from(39.2±4.0)%,(37.5±4.3)%to(30.3±3.9)%,(28.2±3.9)%respectively.255-484μg C/(L·d)terrestrial DOC was consumed by heterotrophic bacterioplankton.And 29%-45%terrestrial DOC consumed by heterotrophic bacterioplankton releasing as CO2 by respiration.Comparing with tropical estuary,terrestrial DOC consumed by heterotrophic bacterioplankton was lower in temperate estuary(this study).Temperature may limit the consumption of terrestrial DOC by heterotrophic bacterioplankton.     

Changes in phytoplankton diversity and community composition along the salinity gradient of the Schelde estuary (Belgium/The Netherlands)

Phytoplankton diversity and community composition were studied along the Schelde river–estuary–coastal zone continuum during the summer of 2003. DCA analysis indicated a gradual compositional turnover of the phytoplankton community within the estuary. GAM modelling of species response curves along the estuarine gradient was used to identify taxa that had their population maximum in the river, the coastal zone or within the estuary. Taxa that had their population maximum within the estuary did not form a homogenous community but comprised species with different salinity optima and rather restricted salinity tolerances. The observed changes in community composition along the estuarine transition zone correspond more closely to an ecocline than to an ecotone model. Despite the fact that few taxa had their population maximum at or near the salinity gradient, alpha diversity did not display a minimum around the salinity gradient. This lack of a diversity minimum within the estuary was ascribed to an important contribution of taxa of riverine or coastal origin to alpha diversity within the estuary contributed. On average 55% of the alpha diversity in the estuarine samples was due to riverine or coastal taxa. Beta diversity displayed a clear maximum around the salinity gradient. For planktonic organisms which are subject to mass effects, beta diversity is probably a better indicator for the impact of the salinity gradient on diversity in estuaries than alpha diversity.     

Review and suggestions for estimating particulate organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon inventories in the ocean using remote sensing data

Dissolved organic carbon（DOC） and particulate organic carbon（POC） are basic variables for the ocean carbon cycle.Knowledge of the distribution and inventory of these variables is important for a better estimation and understanding of the global carbon cycle.Owing to its considerable advantages in spatial and temporal coverage,remote sensing data provide estimates of DOC and POC inventories,which are able to give a synthetic view for the distribution and transportation of carbon pools.To estimate organic carbon inventories using remote sensing involves integration of the surface concentration and vertical profile models,and the development of these models is critical to the accuracy of estimates.Hence,the distribution and control factors of DOC and POC in the ocean first are briefly summarized,and then studies of DOC and POC inventories and flux estimations are reviewed,most of which are based on field data and few of which consider the vertical distributions of POC or DOC.There is some research on the estimation of POC inventory by remote sensing,mainly in the open ocean,in which three kinds of vertical profile models have been proposed：the uniform,exponential decay,and Gauss models.However,research on remote-sensing estimation of the DOC inventory remains lacking.A synthetic review of approaches used to estimate the organic carbon inventories is offered and the future development of methods is discussed for such estimates using remote sensing data in coastal waters.