陕北盐盆奥陶系马家沟组沉积相特征与沉积演化

本文主要依据陕北盐盆地的镇钾1井等8口基干井,通过岩心观察、测井解释、镜下薄片鉴定,同时结合区域构造资料并参考前人研究成果,对陕北盐盆奥陶系马家沟组岩石类型、沉积相、沉积演化进行了研究。结果表明岩石类型以碳酸盐岩和蒸发岩为主,碎屑岩等其他沉积岩发育较少。主要发育碳酸盐岩台地相,可进一步划分出开阔台地和局限蒸发台地两种亚相,开阔台地可识别出灰泥丘微相;局限蒸发台地可识别出云坪、盐湖、膏湖、淡化泻湖等微相。沉积演化表明,马一期-马六期,陕北盐盆经历了三次海进-海退旋回,沉积演化为陕北盐盆及钾岩的形成创造了良好的成盐古地理环境,海进期,海水提供充足的成钾物质补给,海退期形成的继承性盐盆,四周隆起,又处在有利的低纬度干旱蒸发气候环境,十分有利于钾岩的形成。陕北盐盆奥陶系马家沟组五段六亚段沉积期,盆底总体表现为"两坳夹一隆"的构造样式,即自西向东依次为呈NNE向展布的西部盐坳、中部隆起和东部盐坳,"西部盐坳"可进一步分为3个次级盐凹,自北向南依次为"西一盐凹"、"西二盐凹"和"西三盐凹";"东部盐坳"可进一步分为2个次级盐凹,即北部的"东一盐凹"和南部的"东二盐凹",这5个盐凹的盐系地层厚度大于150m,是陕北盐盆最佳成钾盐凹,也是优先进行钾盐探井部署的有利目标区。     

国内外古陆表海盆成钾条件对比——兼论华北成钾的可能性

克拉通古陆表海盆中的固体钾盐矿床占居全球钾盐资源总量的90%以上,其中最典型的2个巨型钾盐矿床是加拿大萨斯喀彻温和俄罗斯涅帕。为探究华北奥陶纪古陆表海盆的成钾可能性,对比分析了国内外同类型盆地的成钾条件,结果表明:萨斯喀彻温泥盆纪钾盐矿床的形成主要表现为巨量海水在稳定克拉通预备盆地的持续蒸发浓缩,进而迁移至相对活动的亚稳定构造区汇聚成钾盐矿床,其上覆盖着红层沉积,其成钾模式概括为"泪滴式";俄罗斯涅帕寒武纪钾盐矿床的形成过程总体表现为半封闭巨型蒸发台盆接受巨量海水的多次补给并持续蒸发浓缩,富钾卤水最终汇聚于受同沉积断裂控制的深坳中,形成巨型钾盐矿床,钾盐层系上覆为膏岩或灰岩等淡化沉积层,其钾盐成矿模式概括为"牛眼式"。华北奥陶纪古陆表海盆与形成上述2大典型钾盐矿床的盆地具有十分相似的构造古地理和古气候环境条件,且在华北西部的陕北盐盆已钻获厚1.22 m的钾石盐矿层和厚达64.7 m的钾石盐高矿化段,根据盆地特殊地质条件,建立了陕北奥陶纪盐盆的"复底锅"成钾模型。笔者认为,华北奥陶纪古陆表海盆完全可能形成一定规模的海相固体钾盐矿床,并对其中最有希望的陕北盐盆的钾盐资源潜力和找钾前景进行了分析讨论。     

非洲下刚果盆地钾盐矿床特征、沉积旋回与沉积模式

下刚果盆地位于西非大陆边缘,形成于南美大陆与非洲大陆裂开初期,大西洋打开之时,在早白垩世形成了巨型钾盐矿床。文章在盆地内布谷马西矿区钻孔的岩芯编录的基础上,结合岩相学、地球化学和沉积韵律等研究,探究钾盐矿床沉积特征和盆地内蒸发岩沉积旋回,并总结了矿床沉积模式。下刚果盆地总体较平缓,西南低,北东高,自盆地边缘向中部,沉积厚度逐渐增大,钾盐矿床赋存于下白垩统Aptian阶蒸发岩系中。蒸发岩系主要由石盐岩与光卤石岩互层构成,局部夹(含水氯镁石)溢晶石岩、石膏岩和黑色碳质页岩夹层。矿床由多层水平_近水平层状矿体组成,单层矿体厚度几米至几十米,矿层比较稳定,延续范围广,主要矿层——光卤石层累计厚度超过100 m。主要矿石类型为光卤石型,仅局部为钾石盐型。矿石品位高,KCl平均品位为16.49%。成盐盆地在早白垩世只有一个成盐期,含盐系即为Ⅰ级韵律;根据沉积特征,又可划分为8个Ⅱ级盐韵律和若干个Ⅲ级盐韵律。整个成盐期总体沉积环境较稳定,未出现蒸发岩序列中断,但受地面的沉降变化和海水周期性灌入的影响,出现了石盐与光卤石的韵律互层沉积。下刚果盆地内蒸发岩沉积序列与正常的海相蒸发岩不同,底部缺乏碳酸盐和硫酸盐地层,指示其成钾物质来源于经过一定程度蒸发浓缩的古海水。在上述研究的基础上,结合成盐期盆地岩相古地理与构造条件,总结出下刚果盆地裂谷型钾盐矿床沉积模式。     

陕北奥陶系含钾盆地的形成及其演化

华北奥陶系马家沟组是一套海相碳酸盐岩夹蒸发岩建造,可分成6个岩性段,其中马一段、马三段和马五段为蒸发岩段。古构造和古地理是控制蒸发岩盆地的主要因素。华北含膏盆地是受深大断裂控制的大型克拉通盆地,陕北盐盆是含膏盆地内受同沉积断裂控制的断陷盆地,含钾盆地则是盏盆内的次级凹陷。蒸发岩盆地的周边存在一系列古陆或水下隆起,使水体循环受到限制,有利于蒸发岩的形成。蒸发岩沉积具有多旋回性和多韵律性的特点,以马五段的蒸发强度最强,含钾沉积仅见于该段的第六亚段。蒸发岩盆地具有明显的继承性,各时期的沉积中心基本一致,但面积却有所变化,马一期的含膏盆地和含盐盆地面积较大,马三期达到最大,至马五期缩小。     

华北克拉通西北缘中—晚奥陶世构造体制转换事件的新发现及对找钾的启示

鄂尔多斯盆地作为华北克拉通的一部分, 其研究历史已逾百年, 迄今分别在盆地基底、岩石地层、生物地层、年代地层、层序地层、岩相古地理、构造-沉积耦合关系和石油地质等方面积累了丰硕成果, 研究程度越来越高。同时, 鄂尔多斯盆地作为多种能源重地, 也日益受到工业界的重视。然而, 迄今为止一些基础地质问题仍然悬而未决, 制约了对鄂尔多斯盆地乃至整个华北克拉通的全面认识, 譬如: 鄂尔多斯盆地基底划分、组成、时代和基底顶面起伏特征不清楚, 早古生代鄂尔多斯盆地西缘的构造背景和盆地原型颇具争议, 盆地全区奥陶系地层对比尚未统一, 奥陶纪华北克拉通相对于东冈瓦纳超大陆的古地理配置缺乏足够的约束, 使之成为国际上颇受关注的研究热点。另外一个与海相钾盐找矿有关的科学问题是: 华北克拉通西部奥陶纪陕北盐盆地在中奥陶统马家沟组沉积了巨大规模的石盐, 但仅在马家沟组五段六亚段发现含钾显示和局部薄钾盐层, 迄今并未发现与石盐沉积规模相匹配的大型固体钾盐矿床, 为什么？除了陕北盐盆地及周缘其他次级凹陷可能还存在尚未发现的海相钾盐矿床以外, 是否当时有部分富钾卤水已迁移出陕北盐盆地？为了回答上述科学问题, 对华北克拉通西、南缘若干经典剖面开展了岩石学、地层学、地球化学、沉积学、地球物理学以及锆石年代学等方面的研究, 获得了一些新认识。     

古盐湖卤水温度对钾盐沉积的控制作用探讨

古盐湖卤水的温度对钾盐沉积的控制作用的定量研究是钾盐成矿机理分析的重点和难点。本文分析和测试陕北盐盆奥陶系马家沟组、四川盆地三叠系嘉陵江组、云南兰坪-思茅盆地白垩系及老挝沙空那空盆地白垩系等八个含盐系的石盐岩中的流体包裹体,并利用均一温度计算了古盐湖的蒸发速率。若以老挝白垩纪时盐湖的蒸发速率为标准值100,陕北奥陶纪、四川三叠纪、云南白垩纪的蒸发速率标准值分别为54、68和90,而目前在老挝和云南白垩系都找到了一定规模的钾盐矿,因此高温(气温及水温)是盐湖成钾的有利条件,在卤水演化成钾的过程中可以起到重要的"催化"作用。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东部马家沟组含钾蒸发岩系沉积机制及保存条件

鄂尔多斯盆地中央古隆起东侧奥陶系是海相固体钾盐矿的重要靶区。本文在岩心、测井和地震等资料的基础上,开展了该地区马家沟组中组合(马五~5~马五~(10)亚段)的沉积微相、蒸发岩分布、蒸发岩形成机制和保存条件研究。结果表明:马家沟组中组合总体为局限台地环境,可进一步划分出潮坪、潮缘滩、外潟湖、内潟湖等沉积微相,各微相沿古隆起呈环带状展布,内潟湖是含钾蒸发岩的主要形成环境;内潟湖沉积具有明显的旋回性,马五~6、马五~8、马五~(10)时期为海退蒸发环境,以蒸发岩和白云岩为主,马五~5、马五~7、马五~9时期为海侵环境,以灰岩为主;海退期,向心浓缩作用形成了大型米脂蒸发盐盆,进一步在"深水成盐"机制下沉积了大量厚层含钾蒸发岩系;岩溶地貌与含钾蒸发岩系分布的关系表明含钾蒸发岩系主体分布于岩溶盆地内幕。印支期岩溶作用的强度和深度分析进一步显示古岩溶作用在岩溶盆地范围内基本未破坏到马家沟组中组合的含钾蒸发岩系,具备了钾盐矿的沉积和保存条件。     

库车前陆盆地古近系蒸发岩岩石学、矿物学与成钾环境分析

库车盆地内古近系—新近系发育巨厚的蒸发岩沉积, 尤其是盆地的中部和西部盐层发育好, 厚度大, 局部盐层己暴露地表, 是找寻各种盐类矿床及钾盐的有利地区。DZK01孔是近年来在库车盆地实施的一口以找钾为目的的科研探井。本文主要通过对钻孔古近系蒸发岩岩芯样品进行岩石学及矿物学特征研究, 进而对盆地成钾环境进行分析。DZK01孔古近系蒸发岩以含泥砾石盐岩为主, 含泥砾石盐岩为构造成因, 是古盐湖高度浓缩的产物。盆地古近系蒸发岩以沉积石盐为主, 钻孔中含钾矿物为钾石膏, 钾石盐和光卤石, 同时含钾矿物的发现证明了库车盆地古盐湖可能达到钾盐析出阶段。通过样品分析可知, 库车盆地古近纪时期古盐湖沉积环境为封闭的浅湖沉积环境, 盐湖发育过程中有五次较大规模的淡化事件, 盐类物质得到很好的聚集, 具有良好的成钾环境。     

试论古代异常钾盐蒸发岩的成因：来自柴达木盆地的佐证

本文根据察尔汗盐湖现代钾盐沉积区补给水的化学组成和沉积物岩芯中原生石盐流质包裹体的氢氧同位素组成,研究了钾盐卤水的形成和钾盐蒸发岩的沉积模式。论述了古代异常钾盐蒸发岩可能是或部分是非海相成因的。     

万象盆地不同成钾区的水不溶矿物对比及其指示意义

老挝万象盆地属于沙空那空盆地的次级盆地,沉积了厚层的钾石盐矿,而钾石盐中还存在着部分水不溶物,通过研究不同成钾区域的钻孔发现:水不溶物主要包括硬石膏、方硼石、白云母、石英、水氯硼钙石、碳酸盐矿物以及零散的黄铁矿,通过水不溶矿物在钻孔中的分布及组合特征发现,钾盐从析出到结束,水不溶物出现规律性特征:钾石盐含量越多方硼石含量也越多,而硬石膏且越少,并在钾石盐高峰期出现鲕粒方硼石,鲕粒方硼石分布表明成钾晚期沉积环境为动荡的浅水环境。水不溶矿物组合、形貌特征及硼同位素分析研究显示,在万象盆地成钾阶段,钾盐沉积不是一成不变的而是具有明显的阶段性,其过程可以分为石盐沉积晚期,钾盐沉积早期,钾盐沉积中期和钾盐沉积晚期等4个不同阶段,其中钾盐阶段中期为钾盐沉积高峰期。因此,水不溶物研究能够很好地反演钾盐沉积环境,可作为古蒸发岩沉积研究的重要指标。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861